Before we begin…

• Practice and familiarise…

0
 Before we begin…
• Practice and familiarise…

1
 What’s in store

Assessment: Content/Skills to be
Term 1 covered:

WA1 • Tourism GI
• Tourism

Term 2 • Food Resources

MYE • Health & Diseases

Term 3 REVISION, REVISION,

REVISION!
Prelims

Term 4
O Levels

2 All About History

 Why was it your most
memorable/unmemorable
tourist experience?

What is your dream holiday

destination?
 My most
memorable trip…
Plot your friends’ trips on your world map
6 All About History
Geography is fundamental to the study of tourism,
because tourism in geographical in nature. ...
Physical geography provides the essential
background, against which tourism places are created
and environmental impacts and concerns are major
issues, that must be considered in managing the
development of tourism places.

Tourism geography studies the relations between places,

landscapes and people, describing travel and tourism as an
economic, social and cultural activity. More concisely, it is all
about the spatial and temporal dynamics, as well as the
interactions between the tourism resources.

https://youtu.be/BJwtUPsnrGs

7
Chapter 1 Global Tourism

Gateway 1: How does the nature of tourism vary from place

to place?
1. Who are the tourists?
2. How do tourist destinations differ from one another?
3. What factors affect the nature of tourism?
Discuss the roles
Describe & give of different groups
Explain why tourist
examples of different in promoting
activities are
types of tourism. tourism.
different at different
places
Describe distribution
of key global tourist
Identify key
attractions by type
features of specific
tourist sites and
associated tourist
activities
Gateway 1: How does the nature of tourism
vary from place to place?
• Earth is home to physical and human environments which
attract tourists

Figure 1.2
Various tourist
sites.
[Clockwise
from top left]
a) Gyeongbok
Palace, Seoul,
South Korea.
b) Jiuzhaigou
Valley, China.
c) Times
Square, New
York City,
USA. d)
Former Nazi
concentration
camp of
Auschwitz-Bir
kenau
Who are tourists?
Anyone who travels to and stays in a place
outside his or her usual environment for more
than 24 hours but
not more than one consecutive year,
regardless of travel purpose.
- UNWTO
What is Tourism?

Domestic International
Travel within own Travel to another
country (large country or
landmass) countries
 Who are the tourists

Classify the following activities as domestic tourism,

international tourism or non-tourist activity.
a) A Singaporean businesswoman working in Dubai for two
years. Non-tourist
b) Town planners from Southeast Asia attending a three-day
conference held in Vancouver. International
c) A family living in Kuala Lumpur spending New Year with
relatives in Penang. Domestic
d) A Singaporean studying in Melbourne for three years. Non-tourist
e) A patient from South Africa going to Bangkok for 2 weeks
to undergo heart surgery.
International
 What are the differences in
these tourist destinations?

13 All About History

How do tourists destinations differ from one
another?
• Different places and environments:
– Offer a wide range of tourist activities:
• Natural environments e.g. coasts, mountains
• Human environments e.g. cities, historical sites

• A destination may have a different tourist activity from another

due to:
– Topography
– Climate
– History
– Investment in facilities

• Example: Climate
– Warm climates and clear coastal waters allow activities such as
swimming and sun-bathing
– Cold climates and mountains provide opportunities for skiing
How do tourists destinations differ from one
another?
We can categorise tourist destinations based on characteristics
of the location:

Places of scenic beauty

Places with good facilities

How do tourists destinations differ from one
another?
We can categorise tourist destinations based on characteristics
of the location:

Places with rich culture

Places of conflict
1. Places of scenic beauty

What? Who?
Earth’s natural People from towns and
environments (e.g. cities
mountains, valleys, rivers,
deserts, waterfalls, coral
reefs and rainforests)
When?
• Affected by seasons
• Often overcrowded
during peak periods
• Honeypot tourism
Why?
• Often involve Where?
awe-inspiring scenery • The Grand Canyon,
• Provide opportunities USA.
for mountaineering, • Halong Bay, Vietnam.
hiking, cycling and Cancun, Mexico.
swimming • Victoria Falls, Zambia
and Zimbabwe.
1. Places of scenic beauty

Honeypot tourism: Tourism that attracts

large numbers of people due to a site’s
scenic beauty
• Tourists come to these sites like bees to flowers; hence the term
‘honeypot’, e.g. Grand Canyon, Halong Bay, Victoria Falls

• Overcrowded during peak seasons

• As tourist facilities such as hotels, shopping centres and

transport stations are developed at these sites, more tourists are
attracted
Figure 1.5 The world’s major locations for places
of scenic beauty. a) The Grand Canyon, USA. b)
Halong Bay, Vietnam. c) Cancun, Mexico. d)
Victoria Falls, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
 2. Places with good facilities
What?
• Meetings, Incentives,
Conventions and Events
(MICE) facilities
• Educational facilities
• Medical and spa facilities
• Theme parks
MICE, Medical, Theme parks
Who?
• MICE- Organisers who organise
trade fairs, business travellers.
• Educational- people who travel for
educational purposes or to learn
something about the place, such
as its language or heritage.
• Medical & Spa- Medical tourism,
health tourism
• Theme parks- Cater to a variety of
people, including the young and
old
 (i) Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and
Events (MICE) facilities

WHY?

• Can host large-scale events

• e.g. meetings, conventions
• Have supporting infrastructure and services,
• e.g. hotels, retail shops

These will attract organisers who organise trade fairs,

bringing in business travellers.

WHERE?
• Cities located along international air routes

• Cities associated with other attractions, e.g. resorts,

entertainment, shopping

21 All About History

 (i) Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and
Events (MICE) facilities
WHERE? Case Study: Singapore

• Leading convention city in Asia-Pacific

in 2012 HOW
?
1 . Be
st air
• Drew 3.2 million business travellers hub) port (
aviati
2 . on
(24% of all visitors) in 2012 Reliab
le
teleco
mmu
• Hosted important meetings, n etwor nicati
3. S k s on
conventions and events: hoppi
ng &
• Annual Meetings of the Boards of
e n tertai
nmen
Governors of the International Monetary t
Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Group in
2006
• Youth Olympic Games in 2010
• International Air Transport Association A venue for large-scale events at
Suntec Singapore Convention and
(IATA) Global Aviation Human Capital Exhibition Centre.
Summit in 2011 Retail shops at Marina Bay Sands
22 All About History
(ii) Educational facilities

WHAT?
Educational tourism: When people travel to a place for
educational purposes or to learn something about the place,
such as its language or heritage

Figure 1.9 Educational tourism includes tours to

nature reserves to observe wildlife or to attend
overseas educational programmes. [Clockwise from
top left] a) Elephants at a nature reserve in Sri
Lanka. b) The University of Oxford and c) the
University of Cambridge, two reputable universities
in the UK with many international students.
(ii) Educational facilities
WHY?
Study tours Intensive educational programmes
lasting from a Visiting Intensive overseas educational
few days to a nature programmes which tap on facilities such
few weeks in reserves to as universities with reputations for
a foreign observe educational excellence
country wildlife,
e.g. Angkor e.g. Yala – Example: United Kingdom
Wat National Park o Attracts almost one million
(Cambodia), (Sri Lanka) people annually from overseas
Great Sphinx o Programmes last from a few
of Giza days to several years
(Egypt) o Over US$4 billion is earned
annually through education
fees, accommodation and
recreational spending
WHERE?
(iii) Medical & Spa facilities

WHAT?
• Medical tourism: When people travel to a destination to
undergo medical procedures that would enhance or restore
health.

WHY?
• Some countries have excellent reputations for medical
procedures
• Example: South Korea
– Popular for those seeking cosmetic surgery
– Renowned for highly skilled doctors and advanced
technology
(iii) Medical & Spa facilities

WHERE?
• A country will attract more medical tourists if it
offers quality health care services at affordable
prices

Medical Singapore India Malaysia South Taiwan Thailand

procedure (US$) (US$) (US$) Korea (US$) (US$)
(US$)
Valve 29,500 8,500 18,500 33,000 18,000 20,000
replacement
with bypass
Hip 20,700 8,000 18,500 15,500 10,500 13,000
replacement
Knee 18,500 9,500 12,500 15,000 12,000 11,500
replacement
(iii) Medical & Spa facilities
WHAT?
• Health tourism: When people travel to a destination to
maintain, enhance or restore their minds and bodies
– Visits to spa towns, thermal springs and mud pools
• Example: Dead Sea, Israel/Jordan
– Located 400 metres below sea level between Jordan and
Israel
– High level of salt and mud contents believed to be
beneficial to those suffering from rheumatism, arthritis
and skin conditions
(iv) Theme parks
WHAT?
• Theme parks: Places with
amusement park settings.
• have a central subject or theme, such
as movies, history, education and
fantasy
• Often a large-scale enterprise that is
part of an international chain, e.g.
Walt Disney theme parks

WHO?
• Cater to a variety of people, including
the young and old
(iv) Theme parks

WHERE?
Theme Example Description
Famous Window of the World Features miniature replicas of
landmarks Shenzhen, China famous tourist spots around the
world
Fantasy and Everland Resort Features different zones such as
adventure Yongin, South Korea European Adventure, Magic Land
and American Adventure
History and Upper Canada Village Exhibits the lifestyle and heritage
heritage Morrisburg, Ontario, of an 1860s town in Upper
Canada Canada
Education Ocean Park Well-known for its range of land
Hong Kong, China and marine animal exhibits
Health Nagashima Spa Land Famous for its extensive range of
Kuwana, Japan outdoor hot baths and therapeutic
treatment areas
(iv) Theme parks

WHERE,WHY?
• Example: Walt Disney
World in Florida
– Occupies an area about
one-fifth the size of
Singapore
– Consists of six theme
parks and water parks,
five golf courses, dozens
of recreational venues
and 23 on-site themed
hotels
– Attracted around 17
million visitors in 2011
 2. Places with good facilities (WHERE?)

Figure 1.7 The world’s major locations for places with good facilities.
 3. Places with rich culture
Who?
What?
Millions of tourists travel
Culture: Distinct ways in
to experience the rich
which people live that have cultures of the past and
developed over time. present
Includes language, social
customs, values and beliefs
– Heritage tourism
– Film-induced tourism
– Pilgrimage tourism

Why?
i. Heritage tourism
ii. Film-induced
tourism
iii. Pilgrimage tourism
(i) Heritage tourism

Heritage tourism: When people travel to locations to

experience different cultures and to understand the history of
places better

WHY?
• Reinforces national identities for domestic tourists
• Promotes a country’s identity, culture and history to
international tourists

WHERE?
• Examples of heritage tourism locations:
– Museums
– Traditional festivals
– National and historical monuments
(i) Heritage tourism

Figure 1.17
Examples of
locations for
heritage
tourism.
[Clockwise
from left] a)
London, UK.
b) Beijing,
China. c)
Machu Picchu,
Peru. d)
Kandy, Sri
Lanka.
(i) Heritage tourism
WHERE? WHY?
UNESCO World heritage sites
• Some places are so unique that the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared them
as World Heritage Sites
• Sites selected for their cultural and natural significance to the
world and their own countries
• As of 2012, 745 World Heritage Sites have been listed

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list
36 All About History
(ii) Film induced tourism
WHY?
• Film-induced tourism: When people travel to see
locations featured in films
• Films can influence people to travel to places they have not
considered travelling to before
• Helps tourists understand how certain scenes were filmed
and how place inspired parts of the film

WHERE?
• Examples of famous locations in films:

Location Featured in
Various locations in New The Lord of the Rings film
Zealand series
Lotte World, Seoul, South Stairway to Heaven
Korea
Slums of Mumbai, India Slumdog Millionaire
(ii) Film induced tourism

WHERE?
• Example: Avatar
– Featured scenery inspired by
Zhangjiajie National Forest
Park in China
– One of the park’s rock
columns renamed as the
Avatar Hallelujah Mountain
– Special Avatar-themed tours
created for tourists
39 All About History
(iii) Pilgrimage tourism

WHY?
• Pilgrimage tourism: When people travel to take part in a
religious activity
• Often involves a journey to a sacred place (e.g. shrine,
mosque, temple, church) that is important to a person’s
beliefs and faith
• Major religious holidays or events play a big role in drawing
large crowds to these sites
(iii) Pilgrimage tourism

WHERE?
• Key religious sites attract 300 million pilgrims a year
Mecca Jerusalem

• Christians
• Muslims
• Jews
• Muslims

Vatican City Varanasi

• Catholic
Christians • Hindus
(iii) Pilgrimage tourism

WHERE?
• Example: Mecca
– Annual Hajj to Mecca is the world’s largest pilgrimage
– Attracts 3 million pilgrims (including 1.8 million from
other countries)
– Pilgrimage to Mecca is a religious duty for every
physically able Muslim
Figure 1.16 The world’s major locations for places with rich culture.
 4. Places of conflict
What?
Dark tourism: Tourism
that involves travelling
to sites associated with
death and tragedy
Who?
People who take part in dark
tourism include survivors,
relatives and friends of those
affected, and people interested
to know more about an event

Where?
Areas where wars, battles,
man-made tragedies and
Why? unfavourable political
People who take part in situations have occurred
dark tourism include • Examples of dark tourism
survivors, relatives and sites:
friends of those affected,
and people interested to – Battlefields
know more about an event – Fortifications
– Museums
– Memorials
Dark Tourism
 4. Places of conflict (Dark Tourism)
Event/Site Example
Military
Dark campaign
tourism Cu Chi and Vinh Moc Tunnels, Vietnam

Natural disaster Ruins of Pompeii, Italy

Terrorist attack Ground Zero, New York, United States of
America
Human atrocity Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall,
Nanjing, China
Genocide Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Cambodia

Prison or concentration camp Auschwitz, Poland

Figure 1.21 Key dark tourism sites. [Clockwise from top] a) Cu Chi Tunnels, Vietnam. b) Tuol Sleng
 How do tourist destinations differ from one
another?

Are you able to…

❑ Describe and give examples of different types of tourism
❑ Explain why tourist activities are different at different
places
❑ Classify key global tourist attractions by type
❑ With reference to a map, describe distribution of key
global tourist attractions by type
❑ Identify key features of specific tourist sites and
associated tourist activities

46 All About History

 What factors affect the nature
of tourism?
Success criteria;

Discuss the roles of different groups in

promoting tourism.

All About History

47
 What factors affect
the nature of
tourism?
Natural Human
factors factors

• Type of landscapes • Cost of travelling

• Climate and weather • Effectiveness of
• E.g. The Grand Canyon marketing
can attract visitors • Quality of
because of its scenic infrastructure
beauty • E.g. A destination
• The Sahara Desert does
that is cheap, is
not attract many
marketed well or has
visitors because of its
hostile environment excellent
infrastructure will
draw more tourists
All About History
48
What factors affect the nature of tourism?

Tourism is affected by different groups of people

that help promote it as an industry
1. Government
2. Media (incld Travel writers)
3. International organisations

Air bnb experiences

https://www.airbnb.com.sg/host/exp
eriences?from_nav=1

Turkey tourism 2020 Japan Merlion

https://youtu.be/vnntP5joBlI https://youtu.be/9_GBTv4GK7w
1. Role of Government
What is the role of government in promoting tourism?

• Can influence the number of visitors and

their length of stay, (i.e. visas)
• Authorise air landings (e.g. air transport
agreement)
• Allow the building of facilities &
infrastructure (e.g. hotels)

STB 2018 video

https://youtu.be/BJE3HIkQ4zU
1. Role of Government

How does the government influence tourism?

• Directly involved in planning,
funding and building
infrastructure projects linked to
tourism
• e.g. airports, roads, ports
• Ensure safety and security of
sites that tourists frequently
visit.
• Sets up agencies that devise
strategies to help promote
tourism in their country,
• e.g. tourism marketing
campaigns, promotional
events
 1. Role of Government

Where has this been done?

Example: Singapore Tourism Board (STB)

• Government agency that aims to develop
Singapore as a leading tourist destination for
leisure and business in the region
• Develops tourism as an industry.
• HOW? Facilitate tourism-related businesses to invest in
Singapore, e.g. hotels, resorts, cruises, airlines
• Creates new business opportunities
• HOW? encourages development of new attractions, e.g. River
Safari, Integrated Resorts

http://str.sg/oj3R http://str.sg/433Q

SIA safety video

https://www.suss.edu.sg/courses/detail/emt309
https://youtu.be/25brQSPMORg
?urlname=bachelor-of-general-studies-gsp
2. Role of Media

What is the role of media in promoting tourism?

• Media: Channels through which news and information are

communicated to the public
– Television
– Radio
– Newspapers
– The Internet
• Media reports can encourage or discourage tourists in
visiting a place.
 2. Role of Media

How does the media influence tourism?

1. Reports about a country or area could influence decisions of

tourists to visit
• Positive reports can encourage tourists to visit
• Negative reports can deter visitors both immediately and
for many years to come

2. More aware of destinations that were previously not

considered
• E.g.: Visits to Antarctica, treks in the Himalayas
Mountains, homestay with indigenous groups and
long-distance cruises are growing in popularity
2. Role of media (Travel writers)

Who are Travel writers?

• Visit and write reviews about places

What do they do?

• Evaluate the destination for their readers, such as the type
of accommodation, transport and food available
• Give advice on the best and cheapest places to visit and a
few ‘dos and don’ts’ on tourist behaviour
• Reviews appear in travel guidebooks, travelogues,
magazines and on the Internet

How do they influence tourism?

• Reviews may inspire readers to travel to destinations that
they may not have thought of before
3. Role of international organisations

What are international organisations?

• International organisation: A group of different countries
that work together for a common purpose

• Examples of international organisations:

– Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) Tourism Committee
– World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
– World Health Organization (WHO)

How do they influence tourism?

• Reports produced encourage or discourage tourists in
visiting a place
3. Role of international organisations
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Example 1:
• OECD Tourism Committee
– Meets regularly to promote the sustainable growth of
tourism
– Addresses economic, sustainability, employment issues
in tourism
– Produces guidelines on measuring social and economic
impacts of tourism
– Produces analysis of key challenges that affect tourism,
e.g. employment, local developments
 3. Role of international organisations
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Example 2:
• UNWTO
– Promotes tourism as a way of
spurring economic growth and
environmental sustainability
– Strives to improve tourism
knowledge and tourism policies
worldwide
– Introduced a Global Code of
Ethics for Tourism, which
promotes tourism as a means
of achieving the United Nations
Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)

https://youtu.be/y6OnwsOwHIw
3. Role of international organisations

• There are similarities and differences between the goals of

the OECD Tourism Committee and UNWTO

OECD
Works primarily with
governments, as well as
international organisations such
as the UNWTO and the
International Labour Organization
Has 38 member countries, mostly
developed countries
Provides tourism statistics from
OECD members and selected
non-members
Promotes tourism as a tool for
national growth and job creation
UNWTO
Works primarily with private
organisations, including tourism
organisations and the academic
community, as well as
governments
Has 154 member countries
Provides tourism statistics from
its 154 member countries
Promotes sustainable tourism
development and tourism as a
tool for poverty reduction, and
job and business creation
3. Role of international organisations

Example 3
• World Health Organization (WHO)
– Leading authority for health within the United Nations
system
– Capable of influencing global behaviour
o WHO provided situation updates and health advisories
on avian influenza (H5N1) from 2003 to 2013
o These updates can discourage tourists from visiting
at-risk countries
 Who plays the most
important role in
promoting a place as
a tourist destination?
Why?

61 All About History