4864 Akande Ridwan

THE EFFECT OF BRIBERY ON CONTENT
DELIVERY IN JOURNALISM
(A CASE STUDY OF THE COCA COLA BOTLING COMPANY NIGERIA

LIMITED)
BY
AKANDE ABIDEMI RIDWAN

BA/ND/F19/4864
A RESEARCH PROJECT SUMMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND
MANAGEMENT STUDIES FEDERAL POLYTECHNICS, OFFA KWARA
STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION
APRIL, 2021
1
CERTIFICATION
This research project has been read and approved as meeting the required standard
for the award of National diploma of the department of Business administration
the Federal Polytechnic Offa , Kwara state.
……………………. …………….
Project supervisor Date
…………………… ………………
Head of department Date
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
……………………. …………………
THE RESEARCHER Date
AKANDE ABIDEMI
2
DEDICATION
I dedicated this project to almighty allah and to my lovely parent Mr AKANDE
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am particularly grateful to almighty Allah my creator, the beneficent; the merciful

on me and for making this project a reality.
I also appreciate the effort of my parent Mr and Mrs
4
Abstract
Journalism is thought by many scholars to have an immense effect in

controlling corruption. However, they do not know the conditions under which
its performance brings about positive results in some countries while serving to
protect corrupt policies and corrupt policy makers in some other countries.
Journalism combats corruption through its content, freedom, structure,
independence, ownership patterns, diversity, ethics, and professionalism, all of
which demonstrate significant variations across cultures and nations. As a social
institution, journalism does not work in a vacuum. Its impact is heavily
determined by a variety of interacting variables characterizing both the nation
system and international system in which it operates. The purpose of this chapter
is to develop a hierarchical universal theory of journalism-corruption
determinants. The theory perceives corruption act as an outcome of a
continuous interaction between five hierarchical levels. They are: (1)
journalistic level, (2) economic level, (3) political level. In general, each level
has many sublevels interacting with each other to bring about an effect on
corruption that could be negative or positive, minor or major, and finally in one
domain or multiple domains. The suggested theory is based on a critically
assessment revision of the current literature in several disciplines. The ultimate
purpose is to create linkages capable to explain corruption, predict it, direct the
future studies, and finally contribute to reducing it.
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THE PRILIMINARY PART
TITLE PAGE
THE CERTIFICATION
THE DEDICATION PAGE
THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGE
THE ABSTARCT PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENT
MAIN BODY
CHAPTER ONE (INTRODUCTION)
1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA OF STUDY 1
1.2 PROBLEM ANALYSIS/ STAEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2
1.3 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS (Tentative ) 3
1.4 PURPOSE / AIMS/ OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 4
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE / IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 5
1.6 STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS (ses ) ( If any ) 6
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 8
6
1.9 DEFINITION OF UNFARMILIAR TERMS ( If any ) 9
1.10 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 10
CHAPTER TWO (REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE)
2.0 INTRODUCTION 11
2.1.1 MEANING OF THE FIRST VARIABLE2 12
2.1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE VARIABLE 12.1
2.1.3 RELEVANT MODEL AND THORIES 12.2
2.1.4 RELE DISCUSSION ON THE VARIABLE 12.3
2.2.1 MEANING OF THE SECOND VARIABLES 13
2.2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE VARIABLE 13.1
2.2.3 RELEVANT MODEL AND THEORIES 1.3.2
2.2.4 RELEVANT DISCUSSION ON THE VARIABLES 1.3.3
2.3 INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TWO VARIABLES 14
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Journalism and corruption has proliferated in the past two decades, but it is largely
unconnected and its conceptual and theoretical framework is far from complete. As
such, upcoming research will be of little value in either understanding corruption
or curbing its consequences. Corruption is a universal global problem with
detrimental effects on economic growth and performance, political stability, and
societal integration. Despite the dominant satisfaction of the correlation between a
large set of variables and corruption, controversial results seem to be quite
common due to differences in definitions, sources, measures, research designs,
models, cultures, types of corruption control, and period of studies. This general
controversy is deeply applicable to the literature of journalism and corruption
where several empirical and theoretical studies yield dramatically contradicting
results. The existing literature lacks consensus on why it exists, its determinants,
consequences, and more importantly, what makes it so differently widespread
among cultures and countries.
Corruption is an undeserved, unfair, unjust, immoral benefit resulting from

positions of public trust and responsibility used for unworthy behaviors. It violates
any notion of public responsibility on which the construction of democracy is built.
Despite the fact that corruption reality is compacted, complicated, diffused, and
penetrated among all sectors and layers of the society, studies are often designed
and carried out independently. What complicates corruption research is that its
causes in one discipline or level of analysis could be examined as a consequence in
other discipline or level of analysis. The single act of corruption within a small or
big public or private corporation could be traced through several determinants
8
within the corporation itself, the constitutional and legal system, structure of the
economy, politics, culture, rule of law, in addition to historical roots of a given
country in relation to colonialism, among many other factors and forces.
The suggested theory, then, will be designed in hierarchical levels in which the
upper level, the macro level, is supposed to influence the lower level and so on. As
Shoemaker and Rees argue, the hierarchy of influences model is useful for research
in two important respects. First, any single perspective does not offer a
comprehensive view, which is possible only when all levels affecting the variables
under study are considered. Massive studies are conducted at a specific level, but
findings are explained at higher levels. Second, merging multiple hierarchal levels
of analysis provide distinct explanations and direct the attention to the interplay
between them. In addition, as most of corruption behaviors occur within the
transaction process between actors at different systems within and sometimes
outside a given country, the multiple hierarchal levels of study is, perhaps, the only
suitable method that detects different causes behind the illegal behaviors. The
suggested theory is in line with what many authors believe about corruption.
Political corruption, for example, is rooted in the social structure. The state of
willingness for political corruption depends less on the psychological or
personality characteristics of the individual public servant, and more on the
socioeconomic environment and institutional context in which the state and the
market are constructed. Furthermore, readiness for corruption is not constant in a
public official, and can actually vary over time within the same person depending
on the context he/she is found.
Literature on corruption is mainly divided between research that emphasizes either

the influence of structure (determinism), or the influence of agency (freedom), on
human thought processes and behaviors. While agency stands for the capacity of
an individual to freely make his/her own independent choice, structure refers to
factors such as economy, institution, religion, history, social class, and culture that
9
influence the choices of an individual. The rational choice theory represents the
foundation for studies adopting the influence of agency. The unit of analysis is the
individual who chooses a specific course of action on a short term as a rational
action to satisfy his/her self-interest. Though this school of thought provides good
reasons to study the motivation behind the corruption behavior of public officials,
it has its own limitations that make it unsuitable to explain the complexities of this
behavior (for more details on the limitations of the rational choice theory, see
Monroe. Therefore, scholars have turned to the structural factors to overcome the
shortcoming of the individual-based theory of corruption. The current corruption
literature that either adopts cross-sectional analytical traditions often applying
statistical measures and models to large numbers of countries or the case studies
that focus the investigation on specific context. The two approaches have their
limits that never allows to appropriate understanding of corruption. Johnston,
instead, suggests a middle level of comparison—one that does not deny the
benefits of these two traditions but links them together. My conviction is that no
one approach holds all advantages, and that every approach has its own limitations
and shortcomings that require a combination of multi-systems/layers interactive
approach. Corruption is extremely entrenched in the basic historical, political, and
cultural structures. This approach is in line with a growing body of historical
institutionalism stressing the importance of moving away from examining
corruption as individualistic behavior to focus on the informal rules and routines
that enforce individuals to act according to these norms. Historical institutionalism,
in general, is an analytical approach that pays attention to the ways by which
institutions shape and structure behaviors. At this point, it would be useful to
identify the phenomenon with which I am concerned.
The Objectives of the study
The objectives of this study was to establish the relevance of journalism and fight
corruption and the survival of journalism In Nigeria
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❖ Jounalist need to act in the Public Interest, detecting or exposing crime or a
serious misdemeanour
❖ Protecting public health and safety.
❖ Preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of an
individual or organisation.
❖ Since the public is the ultimate source of income for media, acting in their
interest is both an ethical and pragmatic concern for journalists.
❖ Maintaining the Public’s Trust to know the challenges faced by journalist
regarding corruption in the journalism service
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will be beneficial to groups of people such as:
1. The Journalist.
2. The management of news media by giving enough insight into the
corruption in journalism.
3. Student of BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION as it will serve as reference
work
4. It will also be beneficial to the society at large. It is equally hope that the
study would provide basis on which further research could be carried out.
Furthermore, the study will be of immense benefits to the lecturers and also
the government.
This study will help .
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on corruption I journalism and how to tackle it
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PROBLEMS
The political forms of restrictions are more effective in determining corruption

than the economic or any other form of restrictions.
Press freedom and democracy are complements rather than substitutes in the fight
against corruption.
The effect of press freedom in reducing corruption is magnified by the existence of

democracy.
The watchdog role of the press hinges on the plurality of ownership patterns,
diversity of views, and its credibility.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
The approach we adopt in building this theory is based on the concept of science as
a dynamic process of critical thinking, raising questions, and formulating
hypotheses and not a body of knowledge. It is a matter of identifying the possible
relationships between variables we can empirically observe and test the following
list of hypotheses is just initial step in the ongoing research and conceptual work
that helps understand journalism-corruption determinants in their comprehensive
framework. They are not by any definition a comprehensive view.
H1
As journalism institutions become more restricted in nondemocratic countries

corruption will expand and flourish in all spheres of life.
H1
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The more independent journalism institutions, the more rule of law and
accountability mechanisms, the more free and the less corruption levels prevail.
H1
The watchdog role of journalism enhances good governance, rule of law,

accountability, less levels of income inequality and lower levels of corruption.
H1
As social networks penetration increase, accountability dominates, the cost of

corrupt behavior grows, and incidence of corruption reduces.
H1
Watchdog journalism is likely to prevent corruption in a context where power of

the elites is at its minimum, and finally where the judicial system offers higher
level of corruption penalty.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
NEWS
News is Information about recent events or happenings, especially as reported by

Newspapers, Periodicals, Radio, or Television. News is not just an event but an
account of an event written for people who did not witness it. News is an account
of a recent event or opinion which is important or interesting. News must have one
quality which is truth.
LIMITATION TO THE STUDY
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it is beyond my capacity, time and space limit to review all relevant theoretical and
empirical works that fit into each level of analysis. Given the richness and
unlimited scholarship produced on the subject, it would be impossible to cover all
at once. The aim of my attempt is to redesign a new theory that aims at drawing a
universal map for what has been carried out and what is still missing. What is
important is the conceptual framework and methodological underpinnings that
future research can consider.
Despite the fact that multidisciplinary international comparative studies are the
recommended type of research to test the cross-border hypotheses, other types of
research studies and methods, quantitative and qualitative, single cases using
different indexes measuring corruption through one point of time or longitudinal
studies are of added value for understanding corruption.
CHAPTER TWO
INTRODUCTION
It is not common that journalists make news. By the very construction of
journalism, journalists depend on sources other than themselves to legitimate
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events and issues as news. It points to a fundamental problem. For a
profession whose legitimacy to inquire into the workings of other aspects of
social life is constantly questioned, and whose own structural shortcomings
are often cited, relying on a credibility system to claim the moral high
ground is as critical as its own claimed role in society.
Therefore, when journalists, whose role is to illuminate society’s
asymmetrical power relations on behalf of citizens, are caught in the very
acts they are supposed to expose, it is as ironical and regrettable as it is
indefensible. corruption in journalism in a broader context, arguing that
wayward practices such as extortion, bribery and content-influencing gifts
are prevalent not only in nigeria, but generally in African journalism (and
the rest of the developing world). Drawing from the different theorizations
about the malpractices.
I suggest that beyond the usual conclusions about the possible causes such as
poor pay, a generally corrupt society or the incompatibility of the
Eurocentric journalism ethics with African culture, we need to go one more
step into the very heart of journalism, that is, the journalist- source
relationship upon which the occupation of journalism and its ideologies such
as objectivity, impartiality and independence are constructed.
The report highlights world-wide acts of bribing journalists and the
worrying trend of near legitimization of the culture of journalists exchanging
news with material gifts from sources – otherwise known as cash for news.
It surveys a number of countries, from Nigeria, South Africa, Cambodia
CORRUPTION
Corruption as dependent variable here implies that things, behaviors, and policies
are not what they ought to be. They have been deviant from the normal and
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expected paths. In the process of so deviating, the corrupt have unfairly and
intentionally gained in some way that should not have happened or would not
otherwise have occurred at the expense of everyone else, who, significantly, have
thereby been disadvantaged. The existence of corruption requires three elements to
simultaneously coexist: first, the powerful person who has a discretionally power;
second, an economic rent linked to this authority; and third, low probability of
detection by the judicial system. Klitgaard presents an elegant understanding of the
determinants of corruption that views it as the ultimate output of the interaction
between three pillars: monopoly power, discretion, and accountability. Its
existence requires little or no accountability mechanisms, and presence of both
imperfect competitive markets and discretion. The corrupt behaviour may be either
passive or active. That is when the law is not totally or partly imposed or when the
public official intentionally applies it selectively and unfairly to favour some
persons or some organizations over others in the transaction processes. In a corrupt
country, public resources are more likely directed toward protecting the elite of the
corrupt regime the armed forces, the police, the executives, and other cliques of
social control as the regime seeks to perpetuate its control. This is why corruption
is usually defined as the criminal misuse of power. A corrupt individual occupies
higher social, political, and economic status. Given this fact, it is expected that
corruption precludes the socioeconomic development expenditure and widens the
gap between the rich and the poor population.
In this context, it would also be useful to distinguish between grand corruption on

the one hand and petty corruption on the other. The first has been defined as the
misuse of public power by heads of state, ministers, and senior officials for private
financial gain. The second refers to bribes citizens pay to lower level officials to
speed the delivery of services or to fasten the appropriate guidelines. Obviously,
the huge and rapidly growing literature around corruption bears a conceptual bias
when it confines it to public sector and defines it from a state perspective.
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Reviewing literature of the conceptual framework of this key term in economy,
sociology, political science, and so forth ignores the reality of corruption in private
sphere.
WHAT IS MEDIA CORRUPTION?
There is no clear differentiation in the literature between the concepts of media

corruption and cash for news coverage (Li, 2013). Scholars include a wide variety
of practices under the umbrella term “media opacity”, which includes “any form of
payment for news coverage or any influence on editors and journalists’ decisions
that is not clearly stated in the finished journalistic product”. Case studies that
focus on corruption in media and journalism in different countries are extremely
popular among researchers there are numerous ways corruption manifests itself in
journalism and media. For example, a journalist might demand a bribe to keep a
corruption scandal quiet. Journalists can also be part of wider corrupt networks that
support and encourage corruptive behaviours and editors may accept payments
from political actors before or during election periods or effectively ban criticism
of major advertisers (Mancini et al., 2016). Media corruption normally involves
direct or indirect payments and benefits (financial or other) for covering (or not
covering) certain news and intentionally misleading audiences on behalf of the
briber (Yang, 2012). The phenomenon is categorised further in the literature by the
nature of the behaviour and the scale: for example, individual envelope taking and
institutional profit seeking (Li, 2013). The practice of envelope journalism,
normally attributed to “a few bad apples” is generally regarded as relatively
unimportant in comparison to institutional/organisational large-scale corruption
where the institution itself engages in repeated/habitual corrupt acts (Ristow,
2010). There are no detailed case studies on media corruption in Bulgaria but
scholars have noted instances of both individual corruption among journalists and
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institutional rentseeking behaviour . This paper will examine how media
corruption manifests itself on individual and institutional level by examining the
following categories that are most common in studies of media corruption in
emerging democracies: direct payments (e.g. cash for news coverage,
gifts/freebies) and indirect (e.g. hidden advertising/advertorials, smear campaigns).
Direct payments – cash for news coverage, gifts/freebies Direct payments involve
cash paid specifically for content to appear in the media. The phenomenon is also
described in the literature as “envelope journalism” “cash for comment” and
“payola” in the United States “red envelope” in China (Li, 2013, p. 300). On an
individual level “envelope journalism” refers to the way the cash is handed to
journalists in exchange for favourable or unfavourable news coverage, an event
that is particularly widespread in transitional societies and an accepted part of
source-journalist relationships (Voltmer, 2013). It is important to consider the
institutions, or those who offer cash for news,the context that allows the problem
to flourish, and the inadequate media ethics training received by journalists
Overall, cash for news coverage involves journalists purposefully producing biased
or misleading content in exchange for benefits, which can affect the credibility of
media, hamper the flow of information and interfere with the public’s right to
know (Yang, 2012).
Most journalists in the world today experience the modern and seemingly more
benign version of bribery: the freebie (Keeble, 2008). This includes free trips,
meals, small or large gifts, hotels, discounts, tickets, entertainment and junkets.
In the literature often the blame for gift-acceptance is placed on the shoulders of
individual journalist. The practice is explained, and sometimes defended, either by
poverty, poor pay and financial insecurity of journalists or by immorality,
immature understanding of the role of the press in emerging democracies and
cultural tolerance Freebies tend to be frowned upon in many countries in Europe
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and North America but in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, for example, the receipt
of small gifts, trips and meals is perceived by the majority of journalists as
acceptable In Kuwait, receiving and even asking for gratification, has become
common practice in journalism, not because of poverty but as a result of poor
ethics training, hiring part-time unqualified reporters and negligent attitude from
media owners towards ethical guidelines.
Indirect payments – hidden advertising/advertorials, smear campaigns Indirect

payments and influences are somewhat more complex than handing cash.
Both bribery and instumentalization of the media by private and state interests is
problematic for journalism. Journalists’ perceptions of their roles and the norms
that they follow correspond to the dominant values and belief systems of a
particular society and its political and economic context. As has pointed out,
journalism does not develop in a vacuum. For example, in a culture where taking
cash payments is an acceptable norm, journalists might not be immune to behavior
which contradicts ethical guidelines. Evidence from scores of countries shows that
Codes of Ethics and ideas of good journalistic practice can either be ignored or
misused. It has been noted that the self-regulatory mechanisms of the Bulgarian
press are very weak and fail to address practices such as selling content to the
highest bidder. Therefore, it is important to explore journalists’ perceptions
ETHICAL LIMITATION IN MEDIA PRACTICE
● Influence
Pressure is any force or influence, which causes a journalist to feel strongly

compelled to act in a manner desirable to the source of such force or influence.
This can be internal or external. Internal pressure emanates from within the
organisation in which the journalist works. The publishers or the General manager
for instance could pressurize an editor to write a report an editorial in a way that
suit him, External pressure, on the other hand, comes from the wider community or
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society. These range from politicians, advertisers, including families and friends
of journalists can constitute sources of this type of pressure.
● Reward and gratification
In journalism, the ethical problem of materialism is manifested in the form of

bribery and acceptance of gifts. Unfortunately, some journalists usually accept
money and other non-monetary gifts before performing their normal duties of
disseminating information. This might compromise the integrity of journalists and
media organisations.
● Sensationalism
When a newspaper or any other mass medium presents news in a way designed to
arouse a quick and excited reaction, it is said to be guilty of sensationalism. This
type of reaction is evoked when a newspaper, for instance, seizes on the most
sordid disgusting aspect to play up in its news story. Some newspapers and soft
sell magazines deliberately encourage this practice and thrive on it in Nigeria.
● Brown Envelope Syndrome
It is not only reporters who receive money from news sources; sometimes, news
sources receive money from the news media to give out exclusives. However, there
is no doubt that money distorts both the news and the news judgment of reporters
and editors, giving or receiving money does not make a reporter objective in
writing.
● Disguise Journalism
The rule is that a reporter should always introduce himself before he begins an
interview. However, there are special occasions when one can break the rule.
Many editors think that if a story is important to the public, the reporter can obtain
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facts under cover. Nevertheless, it does not end there Obtaining information under
cover is certainly one issue that requires more discussion in today’s journalism.
● Self-Censorship
This is a socially irresponsible and unprofessional act. It is a situation whereby a

journalist believes that writing or publishing certain stories would be offensive to
his or her employer or the government of the day and therefore refuses to write or
publish the story, even without external pressure not to do so.
● Privilege and non disclosure
Journalist should observe the universally accepted principle of confidentiality and

should not disclose the source of information obtained in confidence.
BROWN ENVELOPE IN JOURNALISM:

The report discovers different continental and country-specific names that
journalists use to refer to the practice, from “Red envelopes” in China, to
“Brown envelopes” in many parts of Africa, which is a reference extortionist
journalists use to extract money from their victims in exchange for
“blocking” (withholding) a damaging story. For someone familiar with the
Nigeria medias cape, these world-wide practices are not strange to Nigeria .
More often than not we have seen journalists ‘taking events’ organizers
hostage‘ demanding for transport refund, facilitation, and all sorts of
references. Through my many year of working with journalists across the
country, justify demanding money from their sources. CIMA’s report, using
the analogy of the 5Ws and H, captures the extent to which these practices
have become almost as cultural as the inverted pyramid. “From the “Red
Envelopes” of China to the “Brown Envelopes” of Africa; from “extortion
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journalism” to a “sitting allowance”; from a few dollars for “facilitation” to
a few million to put a news outlet on a retainer, the phenomenon of cash for
news coverage can seem as much as part of the craft as the who-what-when-
where-why lead paragraph” Isn’t it then ironical that journalism, with all its
moral and ideological power has its own vulnerabilities? The CIMA report
again captures this irony: “For all the power journalism may have to topple
government and expose the inner secrets of giant multinationals, it can also
be an exceptionally fragile institution, vulnerable to the petty greed or
strained economic circumstances of a single reporter or edit. At the heart of
the discussion therefore, are the causes of this vulnerability, it is personal
greed or economic hardships. But there has been several causes advanced,
especially from an African perspective.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS OF CORRUPTION AND THE

EMPIRICAL DETERMINANT
POLITICAL
studies. the hierarchical universal theory of journalism/corruption determinants.

Obviously, the most commonly examined political issue is democracy and
democratization where the available evidences tentatively indicate the association
between higher political competitiveness, democracy, and lower level of
corruption; however, this effect is not linear. Some authoritarian countries actually
experience slightly less corruption than countries at intermediate levels of
democracy. Even authoritarian regimes do not have similar effect with regard to
corruption behaviour. Dictatorial regimes are significantly more corrupt than
single-party and military regimes.
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Following the transitional phase where countries enjoy more political
competitiveness, they tend to be less corrupt. The general idea is that partial, young
democracies or countries that experience the transition to consolidated democracy
perform worse than authoritarian regimes and much worse than full or older
democracies. In support of this ideal view, Montinola and Jackman provide
evidence that moderate levels of democracy do not reduce corruption if compared
to autocratic regimes. After the transition period to democracy ends, democratic
practices do curb corruption. Consistent with this evidence, Ensung suggests that
democracy in general decreases corruption with the exception of the early stages of
the political liberalization that witnesses higher levels of corruption. His
explanation assumes that it is the societal indicators of each society that determine
how much democratic reforms can curb corruption [92]. In parallel, with these
studies and results, political parties and its strength were also found to be deterring
mechanisms. But, corruption prevails in the transition toward modernization where
political parties are absent or have no influence on the public involvement in
political decision-making. In general, political parties have been found to be
behind the prevalence and spreading of corruption as they may reduce the risks of
corruption acts [94]. From a political point of view, what influences corruption is
not only democracy-related issues, but the overall social, political, and judicial
institutions of a given country. Corruption is no more than a contest between those
who benefit and those who lose from this illegal and abnormal practices. These
two partners reflect the socioeconomic structure in any society. Political changes,
therefore, do not curb corruption unless they redesign the balance of power in
favor of fighting corruption.
The overall result accordingly suggests a failure of the conceptual association

posed between democracy and the reduction of corruption. Yet, there exists a
complementarity effect of democracy and press freedom. Democratic institutions
are much more effective in controlling corruption if the press is free, and free press
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can only be effective if politicians are accountable to the public Based on cross-
country and panel data, Kalenborn and Lessmann show that conditionality matters,
in the sense that press freedom is an important conditioning variable concerning
the influence of democratic elections on corruption. Results of their study suggest
a collaborative effect of democratic reforms and freedom of the press to provide
unbiased information to the voters. Only in countries with high press freedom,
voters are able to examine the corrupt behavior of politicians. In this respect,
scholars highlight three key democratic institutional factors that deter corruption:
first, an increased number of veto players in the form of multiple legislative
houses, independent executive branches, and constitutional courts; second,
heightened transparency that enables exposure of corrupt behavior and activates
vertical and horizontal accountability; and third, strong and large ruling coalition’s
that disable monopoly. Similarly, data indicate that democracy empowers
electorate to remove leaders from office and thus mitigate the impeding effect
corruption has on economic growth. Therefore, leaders of many democracies
refrain from growth-damaging corruption because they are afraid of punishment at
the upcoming election.
Based on the preceding discussion, it is obvious that press freedom and

democratization have a cooperative relationship. As countries become more
democratic, the critical investigative role of the press is intensified. Subsequently,
press role in curbing corruption increases. Empirical studies that are based on
cross-sectional analyses confirm that free press role is intensified if it is
accompanied with powerful horizontal political institutions able to hold corrupt
official accountable. The most obvious agency is the independent judiciary system
that works to sustain the critical role of the press. The picture, then, is that no
single factor can fight corruption alone. This fight requires a collaborative role of
all accountability mechanisms. The picture, now, will be more confusing if we
know that democracy may have dual effects on perception of government
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corruption. Results obtained from the study of democracy and citizens’ perception
of government corruption find a significant relationship between macro
institutional democracy and micro individual perceptions of government
corruption. When conditional effects of rationality including both instrumental
calculations and intrinsic values on corruption perceptions were considered, the
opposite effect exists. Democracy reduces the perception of government as corrupt.
JOURNALISTIC LEVEL
At this first level of the hierarchal theory, the revision will confine to conditions
and functions of journalism that have distinct implications for corruption
determinants, consequences, and policy reforms. In theory, conditions are different
from functions, they are the elements and characteristics that enable or disable
journalism as a social institution in the fight against corruption. Freedom,
independence, and diversity are the main conditions of journalism that empower it
to perform the functions of (1) watchdog, (2) accountability, and (3) agenda-setter.
These conditions and functions relate to the existence of corruption, its diffusion
and control.
CONDITIONS
A commonly held belief is that a free and independent press serves as deterrent to
corruption due to its ability to detect corrupt behaviors and officials. A number of
recent papers that consider the relationship between press freedom and corruption
lend support to this conviction. Ahrend finds that lower levels of press freedom are
correlated with higher levels of corruption, a result that is supported by
Chowdhury, Stapenhurst, and Bojanic who explained the positive effect of press
freedom in the presence of democracy. The overwhelming majority of empirical
studies support the theoretical view that restrictions to press freedom lead to higher
corruption and that political and economic restrictions are strongly and robustly
25
related to corruption. This view is totally supported in OPEC members where
journalism was not serving as a check against corruption due to the restrictions
imposed on its ownership and performance.
In this context, two competing views on the relation between perception of

corruption and actual corruption deserve more elaboration. The first view sees that
higher levels of corruption’s perception led citizens to hold their governments
accountable through democratic mechanisms and, specifically, the electoral
process. This view hinges on the assumption that higher perception of corruption
corresponds to a higher level of actual corruption, and that press is independent
and the public uses its power to punish the government. Perception is a function of
press coverage for corruption in real world and the role of the press will be to
decrease it [48]. The second view implies that heightened perception of corruption
can increase its actual level by publicizing the view of corruption as a normal
activity and therefore lower the threshold of inhibition for others to engage in the
same kind of behavior. Proponents of this view argue that more perception of
corruption threatens state legitimacy and creates credibility and trust crises in the
state.
In fact, existing literature as a whole emphasizes the significant impact of the free
press as a highly effective mechanism of external control on corruption because it
works not only against extortive but also against collusive corruption [43].
Extortive corruption as explained by Brunetti and Weder [43] happens when the
government official has the discretionary power to refuse or delay a service in
order to extract a rent from the private agent in the form of a bribe. The collusive
corruption occurred when the official and the client have mutual interests and the
two partners benefit from the transaction. Generally, press freedom is highly
correlated with low levels of corruption, but its effectiveness is only related to
26
collusive corruption [43]. Free press is a prerequisite for investigative journalism,
which in turn is a fundamental mechanism contributing to both vertical and
horizontal accountability. Journalism as institution would be of little value in
curbing corruption unless it is free, independent, and plural. Leaders of
international economic bodies such as the World Bank have paid attention to the
importance of press freedom as the core of the equitable development [50]. This
positive attitude has coincided with publication of several articles that demonstrate
a strong correlation between a free press and low corruption levels across countries
for example, provides a strong empirical evidence indicating that causation runs
mainly from lower levels of press freedom to higher levels of corruption.
FUNCTIONS
It has long been recognized that journalism plays a key role in curbing corruption.
This is because of its fundamental role in enabling citizens to monitor the actions
of the government officials. This, in turn, rationalizes the voting behavior of the
citizens to the extent that they can punish the corrupt and unresponsive
governments. Literature offers two models linking journalism to corruption. The
first has been developed by Stromberg [55] focusing on the impact of journalism
on policy issues including corruption. The main concept of the model implies that
when voters are deprived from free flow of journalism information, they are not
likely informed citizens, and the government is more likely to allocate resources
that do not serve the interest of people. It also sets policies that are associated with
higher rents and corruption.
The second model in which voters who have been informed by a free press can
vote corrupt officials out of office, but where, at the same time, corrupt politicians
can capture and silence the press. The latter deprives citizens of any possibility to
form an enlightened voting, and hence increases the likelihood for corrupt
government officials to continue in office. The model is in line with a long
27
tradition of many political thinkers including Rousseau, Smith, Hobbes, Locke,
Madison, Jefferson, and Mill who have argued that press freedom is a prerequisite
for citizens to make rational and knowledgeable decisions about public affairs [8].
Regardless of these two models, there are two ways through which journalism
fights corruption: tangible and intangible. The first role is apparent when public
office-holders are accused, or forced to resign after their crimes are exposed to
public space. Investigative journalism that defends social and ethical norms, and
intensifies competition, works as an indirect check against corruption [38]. Unlike
legislative, executive, and judicial bodies, journalism, as a fourth estate, has no
specific means to sanction mismanagement of public officials [56]. Corruption
flourishes in the presence of cooperation among horizontal institutions of the state.
The independent press can replace cooperation by disputes when it highlights
corruption behaviors and thus create unfavorable atmosphere that eradicates
corruption. Through the watchdog function of journalism, three patterns of policy
effects are generated: The first occurs when the government bodies discuss the
problems raised by the press and take the procedures to present solutions. The
second takes place if sanctions are applied against persons or institutions as a result
of corruption or wrongdoing. The third happens when the parliament made
changes in laws and legislations as a response to the investigate reports.
28
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK JOURNALISM
Journalism is the act of aggregating, writing, editing and presenting of news or

news articles for widespread distribution. typically, in periodicals (print and
broadcast news media ) for the purpose of informing the audience. Journalism is
the study and practice of writing for communication media.
Adegboye in Adegboye (2015) says BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION journalism

is the art of composing, writing, rewriting, reviewing, and editing of news, scripts
and other creative compositions for the media.
Denis Mcquail (2000) refers to Journalism as the product and work of professional
news people, As a product it means informational report of recent or current event
of interest to the public. As a work process it has mixed connotation, reflecting
uncertainties about the status of the profession.
Also, Adisa (2005) observes that: Journalism is a discipline of collecting,

verifying, reporting and analyzing information gathered regarding current events,
including trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as
journalists.
Journalism developed around 1700 in the English speaking countries, where the
first newspaper and periodicals were published. Journalism can be defined as the
practice of investigating and reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad
audience. Journalists report areas such as government, sport, culture, business,
entertainment, education and so on.
29
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter of research contains the description of the research techniques,
sample, population and methodology adopted in the course of the study. This study
made use of descriptive and statistical method; data collection is based on primary
and secondary data. The primary source of data collection includes personal
interview, administering of questionnaire and participant observation.
3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN
The descriptive survey research design was used for the study. Descriptive
survey is a process of collecting data in order to answer question concerning the
current status of the subject in the study.
3.2. POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population of the study is the employees of media news paper journalist
, which constitute 120 and sample size of 92 employees was drawn from the
population
3.2.1 METHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Preparation and presentation of data is simply the process and arrangement of data
in such a way that one can easily make meaning from at the end of the day. The method
use in presenting data for this research work is tabulation and literary presentation.
However, after the presentation of data, analysis of data follows. This analysis is
the summary, description and interpretation of the result of the subject under study. The
analysis of data of this research work will take the form of descriptive analysis and
descriptive statistics will be majorly used.The statistical tool that was used in the analysis
of this data collected is simple percentage which is calculated as:
Simple percentage = n X 100%
N
Where n = number of response
N = total numbers of respondents

3.3. SAMPLING SIZE AND TECHNIQUE
30
For the purpose of this research random sampling method was adopted.
Reasons being that researcher will randomly distribute the questionnaire to every
member of the population.
Yamane formula below was used to generate the sample size from the population
N
1+N (e)2
N= Population
1= constant
e= error
120
1+120(0.05)2 = 92.3
3.4. SOURCE OF DATA

There are two main sources of data collection viz; primary sources and secondary
3.4.1. PRIMARY SOURCE
The primary method that shall be used for this study will be obtained
through the use of questionnaire.
Research Instrument.
Questionnaire: The questionnaire was properly and adequately structured and
prepared, comprising 29 questions structured in Likert scale format, which
constitute the major source of primary information for this project. Since the study
set out mainly to know the effect of bribery on content delivery in journalism , the
copies of the questionnaire were distributed among memebers of media house in
offa The questionnaire was divided into two parts, the first part tried to get
personal information about the respondents such as; sex, age, qualification e.t.c.
while the second part sought to determine the opinion of respondent concerning
employees participation in decision making on organizational performance.
3.5. METHOD OF DATA ANALYSES
31
In the study, the researcher analyzed, interpreted and presented the data
collected in meaning full and simple for the understanding of the readers.
The data collected were analyzed with tables and percentage so as to make the data
more understandable and reasonable to readers while chi- square was used to test
the hypothesis however after the chi square computation the decision rules will be
to accept H1 and reject H0 if the calculated value is greater than the tabulated
value, the reverse will however be the case. That is; reject H1 and accept H0, if the
tabulated value is greater than calculated value.
3.4.2 SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA INSTRUMENT
The secondary source refers to information that is already in existence but it is

found useful and is actually used in accomplishing another purpose. In this study the
researcher also makes use of such information which is done by extensive use of the
library, textbooks, internet, published and unpublished data.
3.5 ADMINISTRATION OF DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

For this study, questionnaire is the main instrument to be used in this research
work. Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other
prompts for the purpose of gathering/eliciting information from respondents.
32
The language of the questionnaire is not ambiguous in order to give respondents
the true picture of what researcher wanted. The following assumptions were made by the
researcher as regard to the use of questionnaire.
● That each respondent would voluntarily complete the questionnaire objectives.
● That the respondent will answer the questions as precisely as possible and by
breaking the column they take to be right.
● That what they say is their opinion based on observation and experience.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter analyzed the data from various respondents based on the subject of
the research. Questionnaire and the information were collected and were gathered for
sampling. Simple percentage were used to analyze the data and questions in the
questionnaire.
Simple percentage is the most commonly used tools by researchers to describe
the state of the art after presenting the data on the table. The tool will be used in the
values of data collected as a percentage of the total.
4.1 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
The analysis of content to interviews confirms much of the ideas debated and explored
in the theoretical framework. For journalists, justice is characterized as slow, and
marked by the delay; while the media – designating spaces where they work – are
driven by the need to respond to requests instantaneously, particularly when it comes
to news involving politicians. The entire group of interviewed journalists agree with this
time division, between the media system and the judicial system, as well as with the
current trend towards online information production and the difficulty in obtaining
appropriate waiting times for further research before publishing uncertain contents.
33
4.1.1 PARTICIPATION AND RESPONSE RATE
The view of the respondents were analyzed and presented as shown which
system and standard statistical formulation are used. The total number of questionnaire
printed and distributed was twenty-Five (25), twenty (20) were returned filled by the
respondent and Five (5) was not retrieved.
4.2 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL DATA

SECTION A: BIO DATA
Table 4.2.1: GENDER DISTRIBUTION
VARIABLE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
MALE 8 40
FEMALE 12 60
TOTAL 20 100
SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, (2018).

The table 4.2.1 above shows that 8 respondents representing 40% were male
while 12 respondents representing 60% were female.
Table 4.2.2: AGE DISTRIBUTION

RESPONDENTS
BELOW 25 YEARS 5 25
25 – 35 YEARS 8 40
34
36 – 45 YEARS 4 20
45 YEARS AND ABOVE 3 15
TOTAL 20 100
SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, (2021)

The table 4.2.2 above shows that 5 respondents representing 25% were below
the age of 25 years, 8 respondents representing 40% were between the age of 25 – 35
years, 4 respondents representing 20% were between the age of 36 – 45 years and 3
respondents representing 15% were between age of 45 years and above.
TABLE 4.2.3: MARITAL STATUS

RESPONDENTS
MARRIED 7 35
SINGLE 10 50
DIVORCED 2 10
WIDOWED 1 5
TOTAL 20 100

The table 4.2.3 above shows that 7 respondents representing 35% were married,
10 respondents representing 50% were single, 2 respondents representing 10% were
divorced and 1 respondent representing 5% were widowed.
35
TABLE 4.2.4: EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
RESPONDENTS
NCE - -
OND 4 20
HND/BSC 10 50
PHD 6 20
TOTAL 20 100

The table 4.2.4 above, shows that 4 respondent representing 20% were OND
holders, 10 respondent representing 50% were HND/BSC holders while 6 respondents
representing 30% were PHD holders.
Table 4.2.5: LENGTH OF YEARS OF SERVICE

RESPONDENTS
6 – 10 YEARS 4 20
11 – 15 YEARS 3 15
16 – 20 YEARS 5 25
ABOVE 20 YEARS 8 40
TOTAL 20 200
36
The table 4.2.5 above shows that 4 respondent representing 20% were between
the years of 6-10 years of service, 3 respondent representing 15% were between the
years of 11-15 years of service, 5 respondents representing 25% were between the
years of 16-20 years of service and 8 respondents were between the years of 20 years
and above length of service.
4.3 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTION

SECTION B: RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Table 4.3.1: THE EFFECT OF BRIBERY ON CONTENT DELIVERY IN JOURNALISM
RESPONDENTS
Strongly Agreed 5 25
Agreed 8 40
Undecided 3 15
Disagreed 1 5
Strongly Disagreed 3 15
TOTAL 20 100

From the above table 4.3.1, 5 respondents representing 25% were strongly
agreed, 8 respondents representing 40% were agreed, 3 respondents representing 15%
were undecided 1 respondent representing 5% were disagreed while 3 respondents
representing 15% were strongly disagreed.
This shows that corruption of journalism service in journalism industry has been
effective
TABLE 4.3.2: corruption STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY journalism AGENCY IN corruption
journalism SERVICESHAS BEEN EFFECTIVE IN corruption OF journalism SERVICES
37
RESPONDENTS
Agreed 6 30
Undecided - -
Disagreed 3 15
TOTAL 20 100

The table 4.3.2 above shows that 8 respondent representing 40% were strongly
were disagreed and 3 respondents representing 15% were strongly disagreed.
This shows that as been effective in corruption of journalism services.
TABLE 4.3.3: THE EFFECT OF BRIBERY ON CONTENT DELIVERY IN JOURNALISM .

RESPONDENTS
Agreed 3 15
Undecided 8 40
Disagreed 3 15
TOTAL 20 100
38
The table 4.3.3 above shows that 5 respondents representing 25% were strongly
were undecided, 3 respondents representing 15% were disagreed and 1 respondent
representing 5% were strongly disagreed.
This shows that customer relation management has either been effective nor
effective in corruption of journalism service in the journalism industry.
Table 4.3.4: THERE ARE CHALLENGES FACED BY JOURNALIST REGARDING CORRUPTION

IN THE JOURNALISM SERVICE.
RESPONDENTS
Agreed 5 25
Undecided 3 15
Disagreed 1 5
TOTAL 20 100

The table 4.3.4 above show that 9 respondents representing 45% were strongly
were undecided, 1 respondent representing 5% were disagreed and 2 respondents
representing 10% were strongly disagreed. This shows that there are challenges faced
by journalist regarding corruption in the journalism service.
Table 4.3.5: EFFECT OF CORRUPTION IN JOURNALIMS
39
RESPONDENTS
Agreed 5 25
Undecided 1 5
Disagreed 3 15
TOTAL 20 100

From the table 4.3.5, above, 8 respondents representing 40% were strongly
agreed, 5 respondents representing 25% were agreed, 1 respondent representing 5%
representing 15% were strongly disagreed. This shows that there has been impact by
journalism marketers in corruption of journalism services and its transperancy
TABLE 4.3.6: THE EFFECT OF BRIBERY ON CONTENT DELIVERY IN JOURNALISM

VARIABLE NUMBER OFRESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Agreed 7 35
Undecided 3 15
Disagreed 2 10
TOTAL 20 100
40
This table 4.3.6 above shows that 5 respondents representing 25% were strongly
were undecided, 2 respondents representing 10% were disagreed and 3 respondents
representing 15% were strongly disagreed. This shows that’s marketers and journalism
intermediaries assists to improve and ensure sales and survival of journalism business.
TABLE 4.3.7: THERE IS NO CHALLENGES FACED IN JOURNALISM THROUGH

CORRUPTION.
VARIABLE NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Strongly Agreed 1 5
Agreed 2 10
Undecided 5 25
Disagreed 12 70
Strongly Disagreed - -
TOTAL 20 100

The table 4.3.7 above shows that 1 respondent representing 5% were strongly
were undecided and 12 respondents representing 60% were disagreed. This shows that
there is no challenges faced in journalism through corruption.
TABLE 4.3.8: LEADWAY MEDIA COMPANY LIMITED HAS BEEN PERFORMING LESS
THAN BEFORE THROUGH CORRUPTION OF JOURNALISM.
41
Agreed 7 35
Undecided 2 10
Disagreed 1 5
TOTAL 20 100

were undecided and 1 respondent representing 5% were disagreed. This shows that
leadway media company limited has been performing less than before through
corruption of journalism
TABLE 4.3.9: MEASURES NEEDS TO BE PUT IN PLACE IN ORDER TO AVOID THE
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF CORRUPTION.
Agreed 5 25
Undecided 2 10
Disagreed 1 5
TOTAL 20 100
SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY (2018)

42
were undecided, 1 respondent representing 5% were disagreed and 2 respondents
representing 10% were strongly disagreed. This shows that there has been measures
put in place in order to avoid the negative effect of corruption.
TABLE 4.3.10: GORVERMENT SUPPORTS CORRUPTION IN JOURNALISM THROUGH ITS

HINDERING POLICIES
Agreed 6 30
Undecided 4 20
Disagreed - -
TOTAL 20 100
SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY (2018).

The table 4.3.10 above shows that 10 respondents representing 50% were
strongly agreed, 6 respondents representing 30% were agreed and 4 respondents 20%
were undecided. This shows that gorverment supports corruption in journalism
through its hindering policies
.
Table 4.3.11: THERE IS IMPACT OF corruption ON journalism transparency AND
PROMOTION
Strongly agreed 12 60
Agreed 7 35
Undecided 1 5
43
Disagreed - -
Strongly disagreed - -
TOTAL 20 100

strongly agreed, 7 respondents representing 35% were agreed and 1 respondent
representing 5% were undecided. This shows that there has been impact of effective
corruption on journalism industry transperancy
and promotion.
4.3.12: THERE IS SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE ORGANIZATION, PUTTING

EFFECTIVE corruption OF journalism SERVICES INTO CONSIDERATION.
VARIABLE NUMBER OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGES (%)
Agreed 4 20
Undecided 2 10
Disagreed - -
TOTAL 20 100

strongly agreed, 4 respondents representing 20% were agreed, 2 respondents
44
representing 10% were undecided. This shows that there has being significant change in
the organization, putting effective corruption of journalism services into consideration.
TABLE 4.3.13: WILL YOU APPROVE THAT CORRUPTION IN JOURNALISM IS FROM THE
JOURNALIST.
Agreed 6 30
Undecided - -
Disagreed 1 5
TOTAL 20 100

strongly agreed, 6 respondents representing 30% were agreed and 1 respondent
representing 5% were disagreed. This shows that will you approve that corruption in
journalism is from the journalist.
TABLE 4.3.14: CORRUPTION OF JOURNALISM SERVICE REDUCE VALUE TO

JOURNALISM INDUSTRY.
Agreed 5 25
Undecided 1 5
Disagreed 3 15
45
Strongly disagreed 2 10
TOTAL 20 100

agreed, 5 respondents representing 25% were agreed, 1 respondent representing 5%
were undecided, 3 respondents representing 15% were disagreed and 2 respondents
representing 10% were strongly disagreed. This shows that corruption of journalism
service reduce value to journalism industry.
TABLE 4.3.15: CORRUPTION LEADS TO MORE CORRUPTION .

Agreed 3 15
Undecided 6 30
Disagreed 8 40
Strongly disagreed 1 5
TOTAL 20 100

The tables 4.3.15 above shows 2 respondents representing 10% were strongly
representing 5% were strongly disagreed. This shows that corruption leads to more
corruption .
46
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the
study based on the objectives of the study.
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study sought to find out the corruption of journalism services an essential
ingredients for the survival of journalism in Nigeria. The objectives of this study was to
establish the relevance of effective corruption in the survival of journalism industry in
Nigeria. The study made use of descriptive statistic and simple percentage analysis to
achieve these objectives.
5.2 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
The notion of a corrupt media outlet, owner, editor or reporter exists relative to the
established notion of what uncorrupt media and journalists are believed to be namely
truth-seekers, whose job it is scrutinise, expose abuses of power and hold those in
power to account. This is certainly an ideal role that many journalists from Eastern
Europe and Nigeria were encouraged to adopt as soon as communism collapsed.
However, the views of journalists presented in this paper indicate that harsh economic
reality, financial dependency and careless attitude towards ethical guidelines prevent
the Nigerian media from acting as an independent check on corruption. As scholars have
noted, media organisations in fragile democracies without self-sustaining financial
mechanisms are a soft target for regimes that can manipulate them for selfish agendas
(Carrington and Nelson, 2002). The practice of using state advertising as a bargaining
chip for favourable coverage has deprived national and local media of their critical
47
voice. Both literature and findings clearly demonstrate that corruption in Nigeria is
widespread and this is seriously affecting the way media and journalists work. The
corrupt environment can be traced back to the top of the political, corporate and media
pyramid. The findings corroborate previous research on post-communist countries
where “intricate web of connection and interaction between elites and news media
makes the elites’ control or influence over news coverage for political or economic
purposes relatively difficult to resist on the part of journalism practitioners” (Yang, 2012,
p. 206). The analysis of Nigerian journalists’ views points to a muzzled post-communist
media that is very vulnerable financially and a soft target by political and corporate
forces determined to control the public agenda. The majority of journalists and outlets
are forced to focus mostly on economic survival and are coerced to sell content in
exchange for much needed income.
Corrupt practices appear to penetrate all levels of the journalist hierarchy from junior
reporters to editors-in chief and owners – posing further threats to already-low ethical
and professional journalistic integrity and ethics. While media corruption, including the
offering of payments and exchange of favours, is perceived by the interviewees as a very
negative practices, individual corrupt acts are noted as hard to prove with tangible
evidence. However, the allegations from most interviewees that they know of
journalists who have taken money is troubling, partly because cases of alleged envelope
journalism are never investigated by the authorities and rarely probed by journalists
themselves. Existing ethical codes do nothing to discourage or prevent corruption in the
media or to promote ethical behavior. Formost participants, it is clear that when the
media become complicit in corruption, there is little possibility for them to act as a
check to those in power and scrutinize their actions. The main factors that seem to
explain media corruption in Nigeria can be summarized as follows: the prevalence of
society-wide systemic corruption; a political and journalistic culture that is tolerant of
corruption; close inter-elite relationships that involve media owners, editors and
journalists; media’s strong dependence on state advertising and private sponsorship;
lack of solidarity and agreements between media with regard to ethical codes and
48
norms; and the low pay of journalists in Nigeria. The findings corroborate the claim that
media corruption is caused by complex political, economic and cultural factors that go
far beyond journalistic morals and integrity (Yang, 2012).
While this research is limited because it’s based on the views of a small cohort of
Nigerian journalists, interviews with Nigerian media experts validated those
perceptions.
Unless systemic corruption and the environment in which media operate is targeted
with adequate anti-corruption measures, there will be little opportunity for the press to
act as watchdog and expose corruption. A huge variety of activity is perceived as media
corruption and the ways of dealing with it are correspondingly diverse: there is no
“magic bullet” solution to problems that were discussed in this paper. Efforts to combat
corruption in society have lost momentum, but Nigeria still needs urgent institutional
anti-corruption measures that put media and journalists at the heart of this battle.
Further cross-national research is also needed to investigate the complex relationship
between politics, business and media in all post-communist societies in order to aid
their democratization.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
49
The study recommends that management in journalism companies should need
to employ skillful, knowledgeable and qualified work forces who could effectively
market journalism services the journalism industry need to adopt effective corruption
strategies, select efficiency channel of advertisement and improve on delivery of quality
of journalism services as well as advertise aggressively to attract more customers.
The study recommends the management of journalism industry’s need to make
effective choice of communication channel, enhance reliability in the delivery of
journalism, reduce fraudulent claims, manage premium and develop journalism brand
to enhance corruption of journalism services.
The journalism company’s premises should be located in an attractive building,
attracting landscaping and good interior furnishing of staff offices, accessibility of the
journalism policies to enhance the corruption of services.
The journalist should engage seasoned and high-powered technology In their
operations and services to facilitate fast and efficient services delivering in any part of
the country so as to collaborate among themselves so that the public interest who
invest in journalism.
The journalist should consider the nature of information awareness and
availability of corruption strategy to ensure that selected corruption strategies achieve
its effectiveness and deduce corruption of journalism services.
5.4 RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY

The study investigated the effect of bribery on content delivery in journalism
A study should be carried out to establish the factor hindering promotion of
journalism services.
Research can also be carried out on corruption of services in other industries other than
the journalism industry.
Further research should be carried out to determine the other factors that can
increase corruption share of journalism companies.
50
REFERENCE
Anderson, J., and Gray, C., 2007. Policies and Corruption Outcomes.
Report: Anticorruption in Transition. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Antonov, S., 2013. The Age of the Oligarchs: How a group of political and economic
magnates have taken control of Nigeria. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Oxford: University of Oxford. Last accessed 21 July 2017
http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/The%20Age%20of%20Oligarc
hs.pdf
Blagov, K., Spassov, O., Spahr, C. and Arndt, M., 2014. Influence on the Media:
Owners, Politicians and Advertisers. Sofia: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Last accessed
21 July 2017
http://www.aej-Nigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/KAS_BOOK.pdf
Bossev, R. and Cheresheva, M., 2015. Nigeria – a study in sensationalism (Report:
Moving Stories: International Review of How Media Cover Migration) Edited by Aidan
White, A. (Ed.), (pp. 19-24). Ethical Journalism Network: London. Last accessed 21
July 2017
http://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/moving-stories-
ejn.pdf
Broun, S., 2007. The Effects of the Political Environment On Public Relations in
Nigeria. Journal of Public Relations Research 19 (3), 199-228.
doi: 10.1080/10627260701331747
Brunetti, A. and Weider, B., 2003. A Free Press is Bad News For Corruption. Journal of
Public Economics 87, 1801–1824.
51
APPENDIX
Department of BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION,
Federal Polytechnic Offa,
Kwara State.
Dear Respondent,
RESEARCH STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BRIBERY ON CONTENT

DELIVERY IN JOURNALISM
The researcher is a National diploma student of Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara

State, under the school of Studies. She is conducting a research on “THE EFFECT OF
BRIBERY ON CONTENT DELIVERY IN JOURNALISM ” in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of National Diploma (ND) in journalism.
You are required to please respond to each of the items on this questionnaire as
applied to you. Be assured that your responses will be held with utmost confidentiality
and will only be used for academic research purpose. I hereby solicit for your co-
operation in giving your response.
Thanks in anticipation of your response.
Yours Faithfully,
IS/HND/F16/1307
52
QUESTIONNAIRE
PERSONAL DATA
Indicate by marking (√) in the provided space.
SECTION A: BIO DATA
1. Gender
a) Male [ ] (b) Female [ ]
2. Age
a) Below 25 years [ ] (b) 25 – 35 years [ ]
c) 36 – 45 years [ ] (d) 45 years and above [ ]
3. Marital Status
a) Married [ ] (b) Single [ ]
c) Divorced [ ] (d) Widowed [ ]
4. Educational Qualification
a) NCE [ ] (b) OND [ ]
c) HND/BSC [ ] (d) PHD [ ]
5. Length of years of service

a) 1-3 years [ ] (b) 4 – 6 years [ ]
c) 7-10 years [ ] (d) Above 10 years [ ]
SECTION B
6. Corruption in journalism has been effective

a) Strongly Agreed [ ] (b) Agreed [ ]
c) Undecided [ ] (d) Disagreed [ ]
e) Strongly Disagreed [ ]
7. strategies adopted by journalist to curb corruption has been effective in journalism

services.
53
8. Government involvement in journalism leads to in active of the journalism industry.

9. There are challenges faced by journalist in the corruption of journalism service.

10. Is there any impact by journalist on journalism service and influence?

11. Corruption is found in journalism because of the society

12. There is no challenges faced in the journalism industry through effective managing
13. A journalist has been performing greatly than before through effective protection and
free of fair from the rich and people of influence..
54
14. Corruption in journalism Is caused by journalist themselves at times

15. Corruption is an act that affect the society if not curb could spread like a diseases
16. There is impact of corruption on journalism transperancy

17.
18. and promotion.
19. There is significant change in journalism, putting effective policies into consideration
20. Will you approve that journalists can work effectively without being monitored by
government bodies.
55
21. The gorvement adds to the downward advancement in journalism with its policy
22. With the use of industry experience, a journalist to less expenses.

56

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4864 Akande Ridwan

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THE EFFECT OF BRIBERY ON CONTENT

(A CASE STUDY OF THE COCA COLA BOTLING COMPANY NIGERIA

AKANDE ABIDEMI RIDWAN

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUMMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

Project supervisor Date

Head of department Date

THE RESEARCHER Date

I dedicated this project to almighty allah and to my lovely parent Mr AKANDE

I am particularly grateful to almighty Allah my creator, the beneficent; the merciful

I also appreciate the effort of my parent Mr and Mrs

Journalism is thought by many scholars to have an immense effect in

THE DEDICATION PAGE

THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGE

THE ABSTARCT PAGE

CHAPTER ONE (INTRODUCTION)

1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA OF STUDY 1

1.2 PROBLEM ANALYSIS/ STAEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2

1.3 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS (Tentative ) 3

1.4 PURPOSE / AIMS/ OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 4

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE / IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 5

1.6 STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS (ses ) ( If any ) 6

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 8

1.10 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 10

CHAPTER TWO (REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE)

2.1.1 MEANING OF THE FIRST VARIABLE2 12

2.1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE VARIABLE 12.1

2.1.3 RELEVANT MODEL AND THORIES 12.2

2.1.4 RELE DISCUSSION ON THE VARIABLE 12.3

2.2.1 MEANING OF THE SECOND VARIABLES 13

2.2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE VARIABLE 13.1

2.2.3 RELEVANT MODEL AND THEORIES 1.3.2

2.2.4 RELEVANT DISCUSSION ON THE VARIABLES 1.3.3

2.3 INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TWO VARIABLES 14

Corruption is an undeserved, unfair, unjust, immoral benefit resulting from

Literature on corruption is mainly divided between research that emphasizes either

The Objectives of the study

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The political forms of restrictions are more effective in determining corruption

The effect of press freedom in reducing corruption is magnified by the existence of

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

As journalism institutions become more restricted in nondemocratic countries

The watchdog role of journalism enhances good governance, rule of law,

As social networks penetration increase, accountability dominates, the cost of

Watchdog journalism is likely to prevent corruption in a context where power of

News is Information about recent events or happenings, especially as reported by

LIMITATION TO THE STUDY

In this context, it would also be useful to distinguish between grand corruption on

WHAT IS MEDIA CORRUPTION?

There is no clear differentiation in the literature between the concepts of media

Indirect payments – hidden advertising/advertorials, smear campaigns Indirect

ETHICAL LIMITATION IN MEDIA PRACTICE

Pressure is any force or influence, which causes a journalist to feel strongly

● Reward and gratification

In journalism, the ethical problem of materialism is manifested in the form of

● Brown Envelope Syndrome

This is a socially irresponsible and unprofessional act. It is a situation whereby a

● Privilege and non disclosure

Journalist should observe the universally accepted principle of confidentiality and

BROWN ENVELOPE IN JOURNALISM:

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS OF CORRUPTION AND THE