REGENERATIVE BRAKING

Project Report submitted to

Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University Bhilai (India)

In partial fulfillment for award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

Electrical Engineering

by

Ansh Mishra Shubham Ojha Masroor Bashir Bhat

Yash Pandey

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Supriya Tripathi

Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bhilai Institute Of Technology
Session 21-22
 DECLARATION BY THE STUDENTS

We the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report titled Regenerative braking is
based on our own work carried out during the course of our study under the supervision of
Dr. Supriya Tripathi.

We assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of our work. We
further certify that

i. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by us under the general
supervision of our supervisor(s).
ii. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this university or any other University of India or
abroad.
iii. We have followed the guidelines provided by the University in writing the report.
iv. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the report and
giving their details in the references.

Ansh Mishra Enrollment No.BB8437

Shubham Ojha Enrollment No.BG1634

Masroor Bashir Bhat Enrollment No.BG1587

Yash Pandey Enrollment No.BG1652

2
 CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISORS

This is to certify that the work incorporated in the project report entitled Regenerative braking
is a record of work carried out by Ansh Mishra Enrollment No. BB8437, Shubham Ojha
Enrollment No. BG1634 , Masroor Bashir Bhat Enrollment No.BG1587 and Yash Pandey
Enrollment No.BG1652 under my/our guidance and supervision for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in the faculty of Department of Electrical Engineering of Chhattisgarh
Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.
To the best of my/our knowledge and belief the project report

i) Embodies the work of the candidates themselves,

ii) Has duly been completed,

iii) Fulfils the requirement BE degree of the University and

iv) Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language for being
referred to the examiners.

(Signature of the Supervisor)

Dr. Supriya Tripathi

Forwarded to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai

(Signature of the Head of the Department)

Dr. Anupama P. Huddar

(Seal of the Department Electrical Engineering)

3
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

This is to certify that the project report entitled Regenerative braking which is submitted by

1. Ansh Mishra, Roll No.300102419300, Enrollment No.BB8437

2. Shubham Ojha, Roll No.300102418117, Enrollment No.BG1634

3. Masroor Bashir Bhat, Roll No. 300102418057 Enrollment No. BG1587

4. Yash Pandey, Roll No.300102418125, Enrollment No.BG1652

has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering from Chhattisgarh Swami
Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai.

(Signature of the External Examiner) (Signature of the Internal Examiner)

(Name of the External Examiner) (Name of the Internal Examiner)

Date: Date:

Designation: Designation:

Institute: Institute:

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project was guided by our mentor Dr. Supriya Tripathi mam, By contributing excellent suggestions and
support from an initial level and giving us knowledge throughout the project. We would also like to express
our acknowledgement to the Principal of our college Dr. Mohan Kumar Gupta, Vice Principle of our college
Prof. Manisha Sharma, Director Dr. Arun Arora and Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr.
Anupama P. Huddar mam at Bhilai institute of technology Durg.

5
ABSTRACT :-
Working of breaks involve high dissipation of kinetic energy in form of heat, but conversion of a fraction of
kinetic energy into electrical energy is possible. Regenerative braking converts much of the energy to
electrical energy, which may be stored for later use. Driving an automobile involves many braking events,
due to which higher energy losses takes place, with greater potential savings. With buses, taxis, delivery
vans and so on there is even more potential for economy. As we know that the regenerative braking, the
efficiency is improved as it results in an increase in energy output for a given energy input to a vehicle. The
amount of work done by the engine of the vehicle is reduced, in turn reducing the amount of energy required
to drive the vehicle. The objective of our project is to study this new type of braking system that can
recollect much of the car’s kinetic energy and convert it into electrical energy or mechanical energy.
Regenerative braking converts a fraction amount of total kinetic energy into mechanical or electrical energy
but with further study and research in near future it can play a vital role in saving the non-renewable sources
of energy.

6
 CONTENTS

CHAPTERS TOPIC PAGE

NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 9

2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND 11

THEORY

3 METHODOLOGY 15

4 MATLAB SIMULATION 18

5 RESULT ANALYSIS AND 17

DISCUSSION

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE 19

SCOPE

REFERENCES AND 21
APPENDICES

7
 LISTS OF FIGURES
Fig. no. Page no.
S.NO
1 2.1 12
2 2.2 12
3 2.3 13
4 3.1 16
5 3.2 16
6 3.3 16
7 3.4 16
8 3.5 17
9 3.6 17
10

8
 CHAPTER-1
INRODUCTION

9
 INTRODUCTION

A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used
for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished by
means of friction. The term ‘Braking’ in a moving vehicle means the application of the brakes to reduce its
speed or stop its movement, usually by depressing a pedal. The braking distance is the distance between the
time the brakes are applied and the time the vehicle comes to a complete stop. In braking systems on
conventional vehicles, friction is used to counteract the forward momentum of a moving vehicle. As the
brake pads rub against the wheels or a disc that is connected to the axles, excessive heat energy is created.
This heat energy dissipates into the air wasting as much as 30 percent of the vehicle's generated power. Over
time, this cycle of friction and wasted heat energy reduces the vehicle's fuel efficiency. More energy from
the engine is required to replace the energy that was lost by braking.

The solution for this kind of this problem is Regenerative Braking System. This is a new type of braking
system that can recollect much of the car & kinetic energy and convert it into electrical energy or
mechanical energy. The energy so produced can then be stored as mechanical energy in flywheels, or as,
electrical energy in the automobile battery, which can be used again.

10
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
AND THEORY

11
 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY
The most common form of regenerative brake involves using an electric motor as an electric generator. The
working of the regenerative braking system depends upon the working principle of an electric motor, which
is the important component of the system. Electric motor gets activated when some electric current is passed
through it. But, when some external force is applied to activate the motor (during the braking), then it
behaves as a generator and generates electricity. This means that whenever motor runs in one direction, the
electric energy gets converted into mechanical energy, which is then used to accelerate the vehicle and
whenever the motor runs in opposite direction, it performs functions of a generator, which then converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy, which makes it possible to utilize the rotational force of the
driving axle to turn the electric motors, which results in regenerating electric energy for storage in the
battery and simultaneously reducing the speed of the car with the regenerative resistance of the electric
motors. This electricity is then used for recharging the battery.

Fig 2.1

MACHINE BEHAVIOUR :-
A machine behaves as a generator when mechanical input is given, And when electrical energy is feed to
that machine it behaves as motor, An electric vehicle is driven by electrical energy which draws power from
a source, But when we add the feature of regenerative breaking to an electric vehicle, It gets the benefit of
charging while breaking, however charging process completely depends upon how many times the brakes
are used and therefore they are not very helpful in highways.

Fig 2.2
In most of the 2
wheeler EV DC machine is
used, So working of a DC
machine can be studied in two
modes, Generating and
motoring.

MOTORING
ACTION :-

12
In an EV driven by DC, potentiometer is used as throttle so whenever throttle is pulled battery starts getting
discharged and DC machine acts as a motor.

Fig 2.3

In Fig1.3 brushes are used for providing electrical input to the machine , which concludes to formation of
magnetic field and produces torque,Torque is extracted from shaft.

GENERATING ACTION:-

When brakes are used the DC machine starts receiving rotation from the wheels of vehicles and hence
perform generating action.There are two voltages working in a DC machine one is input voltage and other is
back emf.
Input voltage is fed in terminals of machine and a counter balancing emf is induced in machine to oppose thr
chagne in voltage in armature which we call as baack emf.
While braking the back emf becomes greater than input voltage and, Battery instead of charging starts
getting dischared, therefore while braking the machine behaves as a generator.

ADVANTAGES OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING:-

1. It prolongs the charge of the battery.

Once the energy is captured by the regenerative brakes, the energy is used to recharge the batteries of
the vehicle. Because this energy would normally be lost, it allows each vehicle to experience a
prolonged charge while driving.
2. It improves the fuel economy of the vehicle.
The amount of fuel consumed can be dramatically reduced with this type of braking system. The fuel
could be electrical energy or combustible fuels.

DISADVANTAGE OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING:-

13
 The main limitation of regenerative brakes when compared with dynamic brakes is the need to closely
match the electricity generated with the supply. With DC supplies this requires the voltage to be closely
controlled and it is only with the development of power electronics that it has been possible with AC
supplies where the supply frequency must also be matched.

14
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

15
 METHODOLOGY

In the regenerative braking mode, the motor slows downhill the car. When we apply force to pedal of brake,
then car gets slow down and motor works in reverse direction. When running in invalidate direction motor
acts as the generator and thus charge the battery as shown in figure 3.1 and figure 3.2.

Fig3.1 Fig3.2

When using regenerative braking in electric vehicles, it reduces the cost of fuel, increasing the fuel financial
system and emission will be lowered. The regenerative braking system provides the braking force during the
speed of vehicles is low, and thus deceleration required is less in electric vehicles. The motor which is use in
electric vehicles is BLDC (Brushless DC motor). This motor is the heart of the whole electric vehicles.
BLDC motor control is the main control of inverter, the commutation which is achieved to control the order
of conduction on the inverter arm bridge.

Under normal driving condition

In figure 3.3 the armature current flows through the
positive side to negative side of source battery. The
diode is linked in parallel with every MOSFETs.
Those diode can be used as freewheeling diode such
for that PWM can be useful to switch devices, thus
the efficiency of system is perfect.

Fig 3.3

Under initial braking condition

Fig 3.4 In figure 3.4 When we apply brakes to the vehicles,
when it is in motion the system switches to braking
mode. The braking mode is converted in two types of
conduct stages. During first stage of brake the back emf
and battery which goes in series. In this type Q2, Q3 are
switched on and Q1, Q4 are switched off, so as to
change the direction of armature current easily.

16
 While regenerative braking
To change the direction of armature current, in first
stage of initial braking mode the back-emf and the
battery goes in the series connections shown in figure
figure3.5. In this mode of initial braking, Q2 and Q3
are switched on and Q1 and Q4 are switched off so
that armature current can change its direction
automatically. When armature current increases and
changes the direction itself, the state of MOSFETs
Fig 3.5 will come to back automatically to its position as
shown in figure 1.8 and battery will get charged
automatically. This is how regenerative braking get
implemented .

Figure 3.6 is the demonstration of an ICE vehicle which

has regenerative braking system installed in it, It is shown
that motor is directly linked with the wheels so that the
battery gets charged we braking is done, Whenever brakes
are applied motor gets attached to the axel of wheel thus
generates electricity,

Fig 3.6

17
 CHAPTER 4
MATLAB SIMULATION

18
19
20
 RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

As regenerative braking save up to 30% of energy new inventions can be discovered in the form of new
electric motors through which more energy can be saved and installed in many vehicles which can helpful in
avoidance of transmission losses, increase the efficiency and helpful in for conservation of energy for
greener future.

21
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE

22
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Regenerative braking systems require further research to develop a better system that captures more energy
and stops faster. As the time passes, designers and engineers will perfect regenerative braking systems, so
these systems will become more and more common. All vehicles in motion can benefit from these systems
by recapturing energy that would have been lost during braking process and thereby reducing fuel
consumption and increased efficiency. Future technologies in regenerative brakes will include new types of
motors which will be more efficient as generators, more powerful battery which can bear more frequent
charging and discharging, new drive train designs which will be built with regenerative braking in mind, and
electric systems which will be less prone to energy losses.

The regenerative braking system used in the vehicles satisfies the purpose of saving a part of the energy lost during
braking. Also it can be operated at high temperature range and are efficient as compared to conventional braking
system. The results from some of the test conducted show that around 30% of the energy delivered can be recovered
by the system. Regenerative braking system has a wide scope for further development and the energy savings. The use
of more efficient systems could lead to huge savings in the economy of any country.

23
REFERRENCES AND APPENDICES

1) www.irjet.net
2) REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES BY R.H.ADWARE
3) www.researchgate.net

24