ATMOSPHERIC WATER GENERATION BY THERMOELECTsRIC

EFFECT
A Project Report Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by
IV B.Tech II Semester
J.P.MADHAN (16KF5A0201)
M. NIHARIKA (15KF1A0214)
K. BHAGYA LAKSHMI (15KF1A0212)
G. CHANDRA SEKHAR (15KF1A0204)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. A. SENTHIL KUMAR (PRINCIPAL,EEE)
(B.E,M.E,MBA,PGDVLSI,DISM,PhD(IITR),SENIOR PDF(VSB-TUO).,EUROPE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SANSKRITHI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Behind Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital,
Beedupalli Knowledge Park, Prasanthigram, Puttaparthi-515134, Anantapur dist., AP
(2015-2019)
 SANSKRITHI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Behind Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital,
Beedupalli Knowledge Park, Prasanthigram, Puttaparthi-515134, Anantapur dist., AP
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that the project report entitled

“ATMOSPHERIC WATER GENERATION BY THERMOELECTRIC

EFFECT”
Is the bonafide work done by

J.P.MADHAN (16KF5A0201)
M. NIHARIKA (15KF1A0214)
K. BHAGYA LAKSHMI (15KF1A0212)
G. CHANDRA SEKHAR (15KF1A0204)

In the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sanskrithi School of Engineering, Puttaparthi is
affiliated to JNTU-Anantapur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering during 2015-2019. The work has been carried out
under my guidance and supervision. The results embodies in this project report have not been submitted
in any university or organization for the award of any degree or diploma.

INITIAL GUIDE: HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. A. SENTHIL KUMAR (PRINCIPAL,EEE) Mr. N. PAVAN KUMAR, M.E

(B.E,M.E,MBA,PGDVLSI,DISM, Assistant Professor & HOD
PhD(IITR),SENIOR PDF(VSB-TUO).,EUROPE) Dept of EEE
SSE, Puttaparthi SSE, Puttaparthi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our special thanks to Sri Dr., SENTHIL KUMAR

(B.E.,M.E.,MBA.,PGDVLSI.,DISM.,Ph.D(IITR).,PDF(TUT,SA).,Senior PDF(VSB-TUO, EUROPE ) Designation, for his valuable guidance and
supervision and constructive suggestions to complete this project.

We express our sincere thanks to Sri B.Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy, Chairman, Sanskrithi School of
Engineering, Puttaparthi for his inspiring all the way and for arranging all the facilities and resources needed to
completion of the course.

We thankfully acknowledge to Dr.P.Naraya Reddy,M.B.A.,Ph.D., Group Director, Sanskrithi Group of

Institutions, Puttaparthi, for his valuable suggestions and advices throughout the course.

We thankfully acknowledge to Sri Dr.A.Senthil Kumar,

B.E.,M.E.,MBA.,PGDVLSI.,DISM.,Ph.D(IITR).,PDF(TUT,SA).,Senior PDF(VSB-TUO, EUROPE)., Principal,
Sanskrithi School Of Engineering,
Puttaparthi, for his valuable suggestions and advices throughout the course.

We thankfully acknowledge to Mr.N.Pavan Kumar, M.E., Head of the Department of EEE,

Sanskrithi School of Engineering, Puttaparthi, for his valuable suggestions and advices throughout the course.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our parents and family members, who gave moral support in
completion of the course

We express our heartfelt thanks and gratitude to all professors, lab coordinators, non teaching staff and
who have help me understanding, encouragement and support made this effort worthwhile and possible.
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that project report entitled “ORGANISISNG USER SEARCH

HISTORIES” is a genuine project work carried out by us in the B.Tech
( ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING) degree course of
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, ANANTAPUR and
has not been submitted to any other courses or university for award of any degree by us.

Signature of the students:

1.

2.

3.

4.
CHAPTER NAME OF THE CHAPTER PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT III
LIST OF TABLE IV
LIST OF FIGURES V

1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methodology
1.3 Existing System
1.4 Proposed System
1.5 Principal
1.6 Implementation
2
2.1 Importance of Project
2.2 Types of atmospheric water generation
2.3 Explanation
2.4 Electronic peltier method

3
3.1 Components
3.2 Construction
3.3 Working
3.4 Performance \
3.5 Time vs Temperature test
3.6 Heat sink
3.7 Brushless Fan
3.8 Battery Model
3.9 Battery fundamentals
3.10 Battery construction
 3.11 Charge Methods
3.12 Power circuit
3.13 Power operation
3.14 Solar panel

4 4.1 Block Diagram

5 5.1Advantages
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Referance
 CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Atmosphere contains large amount of water in the form of vapour, moisture etc. Within
those amounts almost 30% of water is wasted. This amount of water can be used by
implementing a device like Atmospheric Water Generator . This device is capable of
converting atmospheric moisture directly into usable and even drinking water. The
device uses the principle of latent heat to convert water vapour molecules into water
droplets. In many countries like India, there are many places which are situated in
temperate region; there are desert, rain forest areas and even flooded areas where
atmospheric humidity is eminent. But resources of water are limited. In the past few
years some projects have already been done to establish the concept of air condensation
as well as generation of water with the help of peltier devices, such as harvesting water
for young trees using Peltier plates that are powered by photovoltaic solar energy , etc.
So, this project will be helping to extend the applications of such devices further in the
near future. According to previous knowledge, we know that the temperature require to
condense water is known as dew point temperature. Here, the goal is to obtain that
specific temperature practically or experimentally to condense water with the help of
some electronics devices. This project consists of a thermoelectric peltier (TEC) couple,
which is used to create the environment of water condensing temperature or dew point,
indeed conventional compressor and evaporator system could also be used to condense
water by simply exchanging the latent heat of coolant inside the evaporator. The
condensed water will be collected to use for drinking purpose and various other uses.

1.2 METHODOLOGY

Atmosphere contains large amount of water in the form of vapor, moisture etc.
Within those amounts almost 30% of water is wasted. This amount of water can be used
by implementing a device like Atmospheric Water Generator. This device is capable of
converting atmospheric moisture directly into water.
Methodology involves use of a thermoelectric peltier (TEC) couple, which is
used to create the environment of water condensing temperature or dew point. The
concept of this project can also be used as a better alternative in refrigeration science
against conventional systems.
The peltier thermoelectric device has two sides( a p-type and an n-type
semiconductor), and when DC current flows through the device, it brings heat from one
side to other, so that one side gets cooler while the opposite one gets hotter. This is
called Peltier effect and electron hole theory.
A conventional cooling system contains three fundamental parts-the evaporator,
compressor and condenser. A TEC also has some analogous parts. Energy (heat) is
absorbed by electrons at the cold junction, as they pass from a low energy level in the p-
type semiconductor element, to a higher energy level in the n-type semiconductor
element. It is the power supply that provides the energy to make those electrons to
move through the system. At the hot junction, energy is expelled to a heat sink as
electrons move from a high energy level element (n-type) to a lower energy level
element (p- type). Peltier coolers consist of a Peltier element and a powerful heat
sink/fan combination.
When this device is kept within a comparatively humid environment and air is
pushed towards the cooler side of TEC device, so that the water vapor gains its latent
heat, required for the dew point temperature and thus water condensation takes place.
Air capacity of holding water-vapor varies according to the temperature of the air and
humidity. The warmer the air, the more water- vapor it can hold. The moisture air is
pumped first into the tube thus the cold side of the Peltier element helps to decrease the
air temperature. So, as the air cools down, its capacity of holding water decreases and
water moisture starts condensing. The air is then passed through to the hotter side of
TEC that cools the temperature of hot side, as shown in above diagram. This warm air
can be sent to the cooler side to increase the water generation.
This type of device is can freeze good amount of the water within several minutes.
The condensed water falls into a reservoir then passes through a filter. The
condensed water will be collected to use for drinking purpose and various other
uses.

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

Atmospheric water generator, a compressor circulates refrigerant through a
condenser and then an evaporator coil which cools the air surrounding it. This
lowers the air temperature to its dew point, causing water to condense. A controlled-
speed fan pushes filtered air over the coil. The resulting water is then passed into a
holding tank with purification and filtration system to help keep the water pure and
reduce the risk posed by viruses and bacteria which may be collected from the
ambient air on the evaporator coil by the condensing water.

The rate at which water can be produced depends on relative humidity and ambient
air temperature and size of the compressor. Atmospheric water generators become
more effective as relative humidity and air temperature increase. As a rule of thumb,
cooling condensation atmospheric water generators do not work efficiently when
the temperature falls below 18.3°C (65°F) or the relative humidity drops below
30%. This means they are relatively inefficient when located inside air-conditioned
offices. The cost-effectiveness of an AWG depends on the capacity of the machine,
local humidity and temperature conditions and the cost to power the unit.

Fig. 1
1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The aim of the experiment conducted by the authors of this paper was to obtain a
specific temperature practically or experimentally to condense water with the help
of some electronics devices. The setup made use of a thermoelectric peltier couple
(TEC), whose main purpose was to create the environment of condensing water to
dew point. The condensed water could be collected to use for drinking purpose and
various other uses. The apparatus consisted of a solar cell unit with an output of 12
V with the maximum output power of 120 W, which is able to supply enough power
to run three 40 W (3.5 A) Peltier coolers (TEC) connected in parallel. The Peltier
device has a dimension of 4x4x0.8 cm. The maximum temperature difference (∆T)
of 87°C. A 3000rpm, 15x15cm (size of TEC) fan that is capable of producing
airflow of at most 500 cfm was used for circulation of the air. The heat sinks used
were made of aluminum and anodized.

1.5 PRINCIPLE

Practically TE couples are combined in a module, connected electrically in series

and thermally in parallel to obtain a promising output. But it will be inconvenient
to use such a device that has less advantageous work done to power ratio. There
are modules available in the market according to variety of sizes, shapes,
operating voltages-currents and ranges of heat pumping capacity. The present
trend, however, is towards a larger number of couples operating at lower
currents; before choosing an efficient device, some parameters must be
determined. These are:
TC: Temperature at Cold Surface. TH: Temperature at Hot Surface.

This TH incorporates two major parameters:

1. The efficiency of the device i.e. between the hot surface of the TEC and
the ambient environment.
2. The temperature of ambient environment into which the heat is being
rejected.
QC: The heat to be absorbed at the Cold Surface.
The object to be cooled is intimately confined with the cold surface of TEC, thus
the temperature of that object starts falling until it is as same as the temperature
of the cold surface of the TEC.
Now, ∆T can be defined as:
∆T = TH - TC (1)
This conflict should be accurately determined if the design is to operate as
desired.

The ratio of QC to P is the heat absorbed at the cold junction, divided by the
input power i.e. QC / P is known as COP [5] which is often used to pick out
better device.

Fig. 2 Fig. 3
1.6 IMPLEMENTATION

So, as the air cools down, its capacity of holding water decreases and water
moisture starts condensing. The air is then passed through to the hotter side of TEC
that cools the temperature of hot side, as shown in above diagram. This is necessary
to keep running of peltier device; otherwise the temperature will increase at hot side
so much that the device could be damaged. This warm air can be sent to the cooler
side to increase the water generation, as described earlier. The condensed water
falls into a reservoir then passes through a filter (optional).

When testing an assembly of this type it is important to monitor temperature and

relative humidity. Measuring the temperature and the humidity of the cooling inlet
and outlet air as well as flow rates is necessary to build a closed loop control unit.
It is built using TC1046 Sensor and a PIC16F872 or ATmega series
microcontroller to control the system and keeping the temperature of the
circulating air above the water freezing point. It senses the temperature of two
sides of TEC1 by using two temperature sensors and accordingly follows an
algorithm to control the fan’s speed as well as system safety.

According to the output, and a bit estimation it is observed that, this system can
produced almost 1 Litre of condensed water per hour during the day light, when it
is running at its optimum working condition.

Fig. 4
CHAPTER 2

XIV
2.1 IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT

In many countries like India it is difficult to obtain water resources for irrigation
or other purposes, especially in the arid regions. The problem of water scarcity is
also observed in other places of the world due to lack of rainfall. However, in
highly humid areas such as places close to the sea, water can be obtained by
condensing the water vapour present in air. Here, the paper presents the method to
develop a water condensation system based on thermoelectric cooler. The system
consists of cooling elements, heat exchange unit and air circulation unit. A solar
cell panel unit with a relevant high current output drives the cooling elements
through a controlling circuit. Atmospheric Water Generator is a device that can
convert atmospheric moisture directly into usable and even drinkable water. It is
such a device which uses the principle of latent heat to convert molecules of
water vapour into water droplets. It has been introduced a bit before, though it is
not very common in India and some other countries. It has a great application
standing on such age of technology where we all are running behind renewable
sources. This paper also describes the experimental results and the system’s
performance.

XV
 2.2 TYPES OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER GENERATOR

1) CONDENSATION TYPE WATER GENERATION

2) ELECTRONIC PELTIER METHOD

2.3 EXPLANATION:

CONDENSATION TYPE WATER GENERATOR

(VAPOUR COMPRESSOR WATER GENERATOR)

XVI
 Fig. 5

Vapour-compression refrigeration is the most widely used method for air-

conditioning in today’s world.

The vapour-compression consists of a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium

which absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently
rejects that heat to the atmosphere. Figure 2 depicts a single-stage vapour-
compression system. Basically the system has four components: a compressor, a
condenser, a thermal expansion valve and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant
enters the compressor as saturated vapour and is compressed [1]. This results in
high pressure which in turn is responsible for higher temperature. The compressed
vapour then comes out as superheated vapour and attains a temperature and
pressure at which condensation can take place with the help of cooling water or
cooling air. That hot vapour is passed through a condenser where it is cooled and
condensed. This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system.

The condensed liquid refrigerant known as saturated liquid is next passed through
an expansion valve where there is a sudden drop in pressure. This results in the
adiabatic flash evaporation of the liquid refrigerant. The Joule-Thomson effect [2]
as it is called lowers the temperature of the liquid and vapour refrigerant mixture
which makes it colder than the temperature to be achieved (temperature of the
enclosed space).

The cold mixture is passed through the coils in the evaporator. A fan circulates the
warm air in the enclosed space across the coils carrying the cold refrigerant liquid
and vapour mixture. That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant
XVII
and at the same time, the circulating air is cooled and as a result it lowers the
temperature of the enclosed space to the temperature to be achieved. The
circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat from the evaporator which is then
rejected in the condenser and transferred by the water or air used in the condenser.

For the completion of the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapour coming out of
the evaporator which is again a saturatedvapour is returned back into the
compressor.

2.4 ELECTRONIC PELTIER METHOD

Fig. 6

XVIII
According to the previous elaboration, the objective is to calculate the dew point
temperature Tdp from the gathered information about that ambient environment
into which the device is going to run i.e. the information regarding Hr and T a.
Once the dew point temperature is obtained, the peltier coefficient P and the
current rating of the device (TEC1) can also be obtained from device data table;
thus the estimated time for generating water droplets from the humid air is
calculated readily. As soon as the device is powered the hot side starts getting
hotter and cold side cooler; reaching the dew point temperature. The cold side of
TEC starts to cool the air passing through its heat sink area and water vapors start
to condense just like the water condensation happens outside a glass full of ice. It
is important to keep in mind that when TEC starts it takes a longer time to actually
produce water, though it reaches the dew point temperature readily, but after some
time the process acquires the speed to produce sufficient water according to the
experiment result of this project.
TEC1 is a device that is used for average efficiency requirement according to the
power is fed and time taking to reach its optimum level of cooling effect.

XIX
CHAPTER 3

XX
 3.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED WITH THEIR
SPECIFICATION

COMPONENTS RATINGS

PELTIER MODULE 12 Volts, 6 A mps, 40 Watts

SOLAR PANEL 12 Volts,6 Amps, 120 Watts
BATTERY 12 Volts. Lead acid battery
AC ADAPTER 12 Volts 6Amps 200 Watts
BRUSHLESS FAN 12 Volts 2400 Rpm
WATER CONTAINER Plastic
HEAT SINK WITH FINS Aluminium material
SMALL FLAT PLATE Aluminium material

XXI
 WORKING OF COMPONENTS

PELTIER FIGURE

Fig.7 Fig. 8
3.2 Construction
Two unique semiconductors, one n-type and one p-type, are used because they
need to have different electron densities. The semiconductors are placed thermally
in parallel to each other and electrically in series and then joined with a thermally
conducting plate on each side. When a voltage is applied to the free ends of the two
semiconductors there is a flow of DC current across the junction of the
semiconductors causing a temperature difference. The side with the cooling plate
absorbs heat which is then moved to the other side of the device where the heat
sink is. Thermoelectric Coolers, also abbreviated to TECs are typically connected

XXII
side by side and sandwiched between two ceramic plates. The cooling ability of the
total unit is then proportional to the number of TECs in it.

Some benefits of using a TEC are:

 No moving parts so maintenance is required less frequently
 No chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
 Temperature control to within fractions of a degree can be maintained
 Flexible shape (form factor); in particular, they can have a very small size
 Can be used in environments that are smaller or more severe than
conventional refrigeration
 Long life, with mean time between failures (MTBF) exceeding 100,000
hours
 Controllable via changing the input voltage/current

Some disadvantages of using a TEC are:

 Only a limited amount of heat flux can be dissipated
 Relegated to applications with low heat flux
 Not as efficient, in terms of coefficient of performance, as vapor-
compression systems (see below)

3.3 WORKING

Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the
junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or
thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat
from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy,
depending on the direction of the current. Such an instrument is also called a
Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric
cooler (TEC). It can be used either for heating or for cooling,although in practice
the main application is cooling. It can also be used as a temperature controller that
either heats or cools.

XXIII
This technology is far less commonly applied to refrigeration than vapor-
compression refrigeration is. The primary advantages of a Peltier cooler compared
to a vapor-compression refrigerator are its lack of moving parts or circulating
liquid, very long life, invulnerability to leaks, small size, and flexible shape. Its
main disadvantages are high cost and poor power efficiency. Many researchers and
companies are trying to develop Peltier coolers that are cheap and efficient. (See
Thermoelectric materials.)

3.4 PERFORMANCE
A single-stage TEC will typically produce a maximal temperature difference of
70 °C between its hot and cold sides. The more heat moved using a TEC, the less
efficient it becomes, because the TEC needs to dissipate both the heat being moved
and the heat it generates itself from its own power consumption. The amount of
heat that can be absorbed is proportional to the current and time.

where P is the Peltier coefficient, I is the current, and t is the time. The Peltier
coefficient depends on temperature and the materials the TEC is made of.

In refrigeration applications, thermoelectric junctions have about 1/4th the

efficiency compared to conventional means (they offer around 10–15% efficiency
of the ideal Carnot cycle refrigerator, compared with 40–60% achieved by
conventional compression-cycle systems (reverse Rankine systems using
compression/expansion). Due to this lower efficiency, thermoelectric cooling is
generally only used in environments where the solid-state nature (no moving parts,
low maintenance, compact size, and orientation insensitivity) outweighs pure
efficiency.

Peltier (thermoelectric) cooler performance is a function of ambient temperature,

hot and cold side heat exchanger (heat sink) performance, thermal load, Peltier
module (thermopile) geometry, and Peltier electrical parameters.

Requirements for thermoelectric materials]

 Narrow band-gap semiconductors because of room-temperature operation

 Heavy elements because of their high mobility and low thermal
conductivity
 Large unit cell, complex structure
 Highly anisotropic or highly symmetric
 Complex compositions
XXIV
Common thermoelectric materials used as semiconductors include bismuth
telluride, lead telluride, silicon germanium, and bismuth-antimony alloys. Of these
bismuth telluride is the most commonly used. New high-performance materials for
thermoelectric cooling are being actively researched.

3.5 Time vs. temperature Test Keeping a Constant

Voltage

After analyzing a lot of journal our first laboratory test was to find out the
phenomena of peltier device across different voltage. We wanted to find out
the temperature vs voltage graph and from that we wanted to find out some
important information for our project. We have started applying voltage from
5v till 12v having an interval of .5v. Keeping voltage in constant position,
after each five second we measure the temperature of the hot and the cold side
of the peltier device. We plotted those value on the graph to understand the
phenomena of peltier device when a constant DC voltage is applied, the
change in temperature with time (second). For our purpose we applied 16
different constant voltage starting from 5v to 12 v.

XXV
 Fig. 9

3.6 HEAT SINK

Fig. 10 Fig.11

XXVI
An Aluminum heat sink is the most widely used product for thermal solutions.
Aluminum (Aluminum) is the second most widely used metal in the world after
Iron. After oxygen and silicon, aluminum is the most common element in the
Earth’s crust. The properties that make a aluminum heat sink popular include:

 Good thermal and electrical conductivity

 Low density with a density ~ 2,700 kg/m3
 Low weight
 High strength of between 70 and 700 MPa
 Easy malleability
 Easy machining
 Excellent corrosion resistance
 non-magnetic which avoids interference of magnetic fields
 Easy to recycle

Compared with other metals, aluminum has a relatively large coefficient of linear
expansion. Aluminum’s malleability is essential for the extrusion process, and in
bending and other forming products.

An Aluminum heat sink is an excellent conductor of heat.

 A6061 has a thermal conductivity of ~ 167W/m-K and is typically used for

machined heat sinks
 A6063 has a thermal conductivity of ~ 167W/m-K and is typically used for
extruded heat sinks

Although the thermal properties are less than copper, an aluminum heat sink
weighs approximately half as much as a copper conductor having the same
conductivity, and is also less expensive.

Aluminum reacts with oxygen in air to form an extremely thin layer of Aluminum
Oxide. Anodizing increases the thickness of the oxide layer and improves the
strength of the natural corrosion protection.

XXVII
3.7 BRUSHLESS FAN

Fig. 12

The article How Electric Motors Work explains how brushed motors work. In a
typical DC motor, there are permanent magnets on the outside and a spinning
armature on the inside. The permanent magnets are stationary, so they are called
the stator. The armature rotates, so it is called the rotor.

The armature contains an electromagnet. When you run electricity into this
electromagnet, it creates a magnetic field in the armature that attracts and repels
the magnets in the stator. So the armature spins through 180 degrees. To keep it
spinning, you have to change the poles of the electromagnet. The brushes handle
this change in polarity. They make contact with two spinning electrodes attached to
the armature and flip the magnetic polarity of the electromagnet as it spins.

This setup works and is simple and cheap to manufacture, but it has a lot of
problems:

 The brushes eventually wear out.

XXVIII
  Because the brushes are making/breaking connections, you get sparking
and electrical noise.
 The brushes limit the maximum speed of the motor.
 Having the electromagnet in the center of the motor makes it harder to
cool.
 The use of brushes puts a limit on how many poles the armature can have.

With the advent of cheap computers and power transistors, it became possible to
"turn the motor inside out" and eliminate the brushes. In a brushless DC motor
(BLDC), you put the permanent magnets on the rotor and you move the
electromagnets to the stator. Then you use a computer (connected to high-power
transistors) to charge up the electromagnets as the shaft turns. This system has all
sorts of advantages:

 Because a computer controls the motor instead of mechanical brushes, it's

more precise. The computer can also factor the speed of the motor into the
equation. This makes brushless motors more efficient.
 There is no sparking and much less electrical noise.
 There are no brushes to wear out.
 With the electromagnets on the stator, they are very easy to cool.
 You can have a lot of electromagnets on the stator for more precise control.

The only disadvantage of a brushless motor is its higher initial cost, but you can
often recover that cost through the greater efficiency over the life of the motor.

XXIX
3.8 BATTERY MODEL

Fig. 13

3.9 Battery Fundamentals

Batteries operate by converting chemical energy into electrical energy

through electrochemical discharge reactions. Batteries are composed of one
or more cells, each containing a positive electrode, negative electrode,
separator, and electrolyte. Cells can be divided into two major classes:
primary and secondary. Primary cells are not rechargeable and must be
replaced once the reactants are depleted. Secondary cells are rechargeable
and require a DC charging source to restore reactants to their fully charged
state. Examples of primary cells include carbon-zinc (Leclanche or dry cell),
alkaline-manganese, mercury- zinc, silver-zinc, and lithium cells (e.g.,
lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-sulfur dioxide, and lithium- thionyl
chloride). Examples of secondary cells include lead-lead dioxide (lead-acid),
nickel-cadmium, nickel-iron, nickel-hydrogen, nickel-metal hydride, silver-
zinc, silver-cadmium, and lithium-ion. For aircraft applications, secondary
cells are the most prominent, but primary cells are sometimes used for
powering critical avionics equipment (e.g., flight data recorders).
Batteries are rated in terms of their nominal voltage and ampere-hour
XXX
capacity. The voltage rating is based on the number of cells connected in
series and the nominal voltage of each cell (2.0 V for lead- acid and 1.2 V
for nickel-cadmium). The most common voltage rating for aircraft
batteries is 24 V. A 24-V lead-acid battery contains 12 cells, while a 24-V
nickel-cadmium battery contains either 19 or 20 cells (the U.S. military
rates 19-cell batteries at 24 V). Voltage ratings of 22.8, 25.2, and 26.4 V
are also common with nickel-cadmium batteries, consisting of 19, 20, or
22 cells, respectively. Twelve-volt lead-acid bat- teries, consisting of six
cells in series, are also used in many general aviation aircraft.
The ampere-hour (Ah) capacity available from a fully charged battery
depends on its temperature, rate of discharge, and age. Normally, aircraft
batteries are rated at room temperature (25°C), the C-rate (1-hour rate), and
beginning of life. Military batteries, however, often are rated in terms of the
end-of- life capacity, i.e., the minimum capacity before the battery is
considered unserviceable. Capacity ratings of aircraft batteries vary widely,
generally ranging from 3 to 65 Ah.
The maximum power available from a battery depends on its internal
construction. High rate cells, for example, are designed specifically to
have very low internal impedance as required for starting turbine engines
and auxiliary power units (APUs). Unfortunately, no universally accepted
standard exists for defining the peak power capability of an aircraft
battery. For lead-acid batteries, the peak power typically is defined in
terms of the cold-cranking amperes, or CCA rating. For nickel-cadmium
batteries, the peak power rating typically is defined in terms of the current
at maximum power, or Imp rating. These ratings are based on different
temperatures (—18°C for CCA, 23°C for Imp), making it difficult to
compare different battery types. Furthermore, neither rating adequately
characterizes the battery’s initial peak current capability, which is
especially important for engine start applications. More rigorous peak
power specifications have been included in some military standards. For
example, MIL-B-8565/15 specifies the initial peak current, the current
after 15 s, and the capacity after 60 s, during a 14-V constant voltage
discharge at two different temperatures (24 and —26°C).
The state-of-charge of a battery is the percentage of its capacity available
relative to the capacity when it is fully charged. By this definition, a fully
charged battery has a state-of-charge of 100% and a battery with 20% of its
capacity removed has a state-of-charge of 80%. The state-of-health of a
battery is the percentage of its capacity available when fully charged relative
to its rated capacity. For example, a battery rated at 30 Ah, but only capable
of delivering 24 Ah when fully charged, will have a state-of-health of 24/30
× 100 = 80%. Thus, the state-of-health takes into account the loss of
capacity as the battery ages.

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 3.10 Battery Construction

Lead-acid batteries are constructed using injection-molded, plastic

monoblocs that contain a group of cells connected in series. Monoblocs
typically are made of polypropylene, but ABS is used by at least one
manufacturer. Normally, the monobloc serves as the battery case, similar to a
conventional automotive battery. For more robust designs, monoblocs are
assembled into a separate outer container made of steel, aluminum, or
fiberglass-reinforced epoxy. Cases usually incorporate an electrical
receptacle for connecting to the external circuit with a quick
connect/disconnect plug. Two generic styles of receptacles are common: the
“Elcon style” and the “Cannon style.” The Elcon style is equivalent to military
type MS3509. The Cannon style has no military equivalent, but is produced
by Cannon and other connector manufacturers. Batteries sometimes
incorporate thermostatically controlled heaters to improve low temperature
performance. The heater is powered by the aircraft’s AC or DC bus. shows
an assembly drawing of a typical lead-acid aircraft battery; this particular
example does not incorporate a heater.

3.11 Charge Methods

Constant voltage charging at 2.3 to 2.4V per cell is the preferred method
of charging lead-acid aircraft batteries. For a 12-cell battery, this equates to
27.6 to 28.8 V which generally is compatible with the voltage available from
the aircraft’s 28-V DC bus. Thus, lead-acid aircraft batteries normally can be
charged by direct connection to the DC bus, avoiding the need for a
dedicated battery charger. If the voltage regulation on the DC bus is not
controlled sufficiently, however, the battery will be overcharged or
undercharged causing premature failure. In this case, a regulated voltage
source may be necessary to achieve acceptable battery life. Some aircraft use
voltage regulators that compensate, either manually or automatically, for the
battery temperature by increasing the voltage when cold and decreasing
the voltage when hot.

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3.12 POWER CIRCUIT

Fig. 14

3.13 OPERATION
Thermoelectric coolers operate directly from DC power suitable power sources can
range from batteries to simple unregulated “brute force” DC power supplies to
extremely sophisticated closed-loop temperature control systems. A thermoelectric
cooling module is a low-impedance semiconductor device that presents a resistive
load to its power source. Due to the nature of the Bismuth Telluride material,
modules exhibit a positive resistance temperature coefficient of approximately 0.5
percent per degree C based on average module temperature. For many noncritical
applications, a lightly filtered conventional battery charger may provide adequate
power for a TE cooler provided that the AC ripple is not excessive. Simple
temperature control may be obtained through the use of a standard thermostat or by
means of a variable-output DC power supply used to adjust the input power level
to the TE device. In applications where the thermal load is reasonably constant, a
manually adjustable DC power supply often will provide temperature control on
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the order of +/- 1°C over a period of several hours or more. Where precise
temperature control is required, a closed-loop (feedback) system generally is used
whereby the input current level or duty cycle of the thermoelectric device is
automatically controlled. With such a system, temperature control to +/- 0.1°C may
be readily achieved and much tighter control is not unusual.

Power supply ripple filtering normally is of less importance for thermoelectric

devices than for typical electronic applications. However we recommend limiting
power supply ripple to a maximum of 10 percent with a preferred value being <
5%.

Multistage cooling and low-level signal detection are two applications which
may require lower values of power supply ripple. In the case of multistage
thermoelectric devices, achieving a large temperature differential is the typical
goal, and a ripple component of less than two percent may be necessary to
maximize module performance. In situations where very low level signals must be
detected and/or measured, even though the TE module itself is electrically quiet,
the presence of an AC ripple signal within the module and wire leads may be
unsatisfactory. The acceptable level of power supply ripple for such applications
will have to be determined on a case-by-case basis.

Illustrates a simple power supply capable of driving a 71-couple, 6-ampere

module. This circuit features a bridge rectifier configuration and capacitive-input
filter. With suitable component changes, a full-wave-center-tap rectifier could be
used and/or a filter choke added ahead of the capacitor. A switching power supply,
having a size and weight advantage over a comparable linear unit, also is
appropriate for powering thermoelectric devices.

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3.14 SOLAR PANEL

Fig. 15

Electrical energy can be harvested from solar power by means of either

photovoltaic or concentrated solar power systems.
Photovoltaic directly convert solar energy into electricity. They work on the
principle of the photovoltaic effect. When certain materials are exposed to light,
they absorb photons and release free electrons. This phenomenon is called as the
photoelectric effect. Photovoltaic effect is a method of producing direct current
electricity based on the principle of the photoelectric effect.

Based on the principle of photovoltaic effect, solar cells or photovoltaic cells are
made. They convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity. But, a single
photovoltaic cell does not produce enough amount of electricity. Therefore, a
number of photovoltaic cells are mounted on a supporting frame and are
electrically connected to each other to form a photovoltaic module or solar panel.
Commonly available solar panels range from several hundred watts (say 100 watts)
up to few kilowatts (ever heard of a 5kW solar panel?). They are available in

XXXV
different sizes and different price ranges. Solar panels or modules are designed to
supply electric power at a certain voltage (say 12v), but the current they produce is
directly dependent on the incident light. As of now it is clear that photovoltaic
modules produce DC electricity.

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 CHAPTER-4

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Type equation here .

POWER SOURCE
DC ADAPTER
XXXVII
OR

SOLAR PANEL
 WATER
COLLECTOR

Above block diagram shows the entire process of the project at the first stage
power supply is drwan either from the solar panel or from ac adopter source which
is later reccified into dc power this power supply is given to nthe conenser part in
which brushless dc fan is mounted on the heat sink of the condeser plate and
simultaneously power is given to the peltier module where heat is generated at the
one side and other as the cold side this heat is dissipated by th econdenser fan
where at the cold suide the aluminium fin plate is reached at the temperature upto
dew point at this point when the atmospheric air is reached water droplets are
generated which is shown in the above block diagram.

XXXVIII
CHAPTER 5
XXXIX
5.1 Advantages of this device over conventional device:

There are lot of advantages of TEC over the refrigeration system.

 No moving part, so maintenance is required less frequently.

 No use of chlorofluorocarbons.

 Temperature control within fractions of degrees can be maintained.

 Flexible shape (form factor); in particular, they can have a very small
Size.
XL
 Ideal for modern technology trends.

 Can be used in environments that are smaller or more severe than

conventional refrigeration.

 Has a long life, with mean time between failures (MTBF) exceeding
almost 100,000 hours.

 Controllable via changing the input voltage/current very easily.

 Draw comparatively low current than a compressor based refrigeration

system.

5.2 CONCLUSION

By this method we can generate the atmospheric water at anywhere on the

planet. This method is very cost effective but this idea is initial stage which
makes further development and research on atmospheric water generation
by thermo couple (peltier) method.

XLI
5.3 References

[1] Niewenhuis B., Shepperly C., Beek R.V., Kooten E.V. “Water generator water
from air using
Liquid desiccant method”, 2012
[2] Kabeela A.E, Abdulazizb M., Emad M.S. “Solar-based atmospheric water
generator
utilisation of a fresh water recovery: A numerical study”, 2014
[3 ] “Thermoelectric Coolers Basics". TEC Microsystems. 2013
[4 ] Design Manual for Thermoelectric Systems Tellurex: discover what’s possible.
(n.d.).
Retrieved April 12, 2017, from
http://www.tellurex.com/

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[5]
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
https://www.revolvy.com/topic/Carnot%27s%20theorem
%20(thermodynamics)&item_type=topi
c
[6] “Endoreversible Thermodynamics: Curzon-Ahlborn Engine”
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/askarov2/
[7] S. Lee, S. Song, V. Au, and K. P. Moran, “Constriction/spreading resistance
model for
electronic packaging,” Proceedings of the 4th ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering
Joint
Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 199-
206, 1995.
[8] D. Vashaee, J. Christofferson, Y. Zhang, A. Shakouri, G. Zeng, C. LaBounty,
X. Fan, J.
Piprek, J. Bowers, E. Croke, “Modeling and optimization of single-element bulk
SiGe thin film
coolers,” Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 99-118, 2005.
[9] K. Yazawa, A. Shakouri, "Optimization of power and efficiency of
thermoelectric devices
with asymmetric thermal contacts", Journal of Applied Physics 111, 024509, 2012.
[10]Thermoelectric Heat Pump. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2017, from
http://www.colorado.edu/engineering/ASEN/asen5519/10tec.htm

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