A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT (15A03808)

ON

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

Submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR,

ANANTAPURAMU

For the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree

of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

G.DINESH BABU
(184M1A0330)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. E. ANAND KUMAR, M. Tech.,P.h.D

Professor, Dean R&D.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Institution and Accredited by NAAC)
Tirupati – Chittoor Road, Near Pakala, Chittoor (Dt.) A.P-517 112.
2021-2022
 VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY:: P.KOTHAKOTA
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Institution and Accredited by NAAC)
Tirupati – Chittoor Road, Near Pakala, Chittoor (Dt.) A.P-517 112.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar report entitled “OCEAN THERMAL
ENERGY CONVERSION” is being submitted by G DINESH BABU (184M1A0330) in partial
fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, affiliated to the JNTUA, Anantapuramu. This record is a bonafide work carried
out by her under my guidance and supervision during the academic year 2021-2022.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. E.ANANDA KUMAR, M.Tech.,P.h.D, Dr. K.V.N.V.N Rao, M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Professor, Dean R&D Head of the Department,
Department of ME, Department of ME,
Vemu Institute of Technology, Vemu Institute of Technology,
P.Kothakota-517 112. P.Kothakota-517 112.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
An endeavour over a long period can be successful only with an advice and
support of many well wishers. I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and
appreciation to all of those who encouraged me for successfully completion of the
seminar work.

I wish to express my heart full thanks and deep sense of gratitude to the honorable
Chairman Prof. K. CHANDRASEKHAR NAIDU sir, for his encouragement and
inspiration throughout the process.

My special thanks to my principal Dr. NAVEEN KILARI sir, who has provided
all the required facilities and helped in accomplishing the seminar report within time.

I am thankful to HOD Dr. K. V. N. V. N RAO M. Tech, Ph.D., sir, for his valuable
guidance and efforts throughout the seminar report.

I am thankful to my guide Dr. E. ANAND KUMAR, M.Tech., P.h.D Professor for his
valuable guidance and efforts throughout the seminar report.

Finally, I would like to extend my deep sense of gratitude to all the staff members,
friends and last but not greatly indebted to my parents who inspired me at all
circumstances.

G DINESH BABU
(184M1A0330)
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that technical seminar report entitled “OCEAN
THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION’’ has been done by me under the
guidance of Prof., E. ANANDA KUMAR,M.Tech,P.h.D, faculty member, VEMU
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, P.KOTHAKOTA. This seminar work has
been submitted to VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, P.
KOTHAKOTA, as a part of partial fulfilment for the degree of Graduate in
Bachelor of Technology.

I also hereby declare that this seminar report has not been
submitted at any time to any other institute or university for the award of
any degree.

Place: P. Kothakota Name: G Dinesh Babu

Date: 17-03-2022 Roll No: 184M1A0330
SL.NO INDEX Page No.

1 Chapter-1 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Mini OTEC system 4

2 Chapter-2 5

2.1 Construction 6

3 Chapter-3 9

3.1 Types of OTEC plant 10

4 Chapter-4 16

4.1 Working 17

5 Chapter-5 19

5.1 Merits of OTEC 20

5.2 Demerits of OTEC 20

5.3 Applications of OTEC 21

References 22
 LIST OF FIAGURES
SI.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.2 Mini OTEC system 4

2.1 Construction 8

3.1 Closed cycle 10

3.2 Hybrid cycle 13

3.3 Open cycle 14

4.1 Working of OTEC 17

 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of OTEC(Ocean thermal energy conversion) was originally
introduced in 1881 by a French Scientist Arsene D’Arsonval in Paris. According
to D’Arsonval, if you take a liquid with low boiling point such as liquid
ammonia and use the warm tropical sea surface water (24˚+C) to boil the
ammonia, the change from a liquid to gas would involve a significant volumetric
increase of at least 600:1. This great increase in volume in a confined chamber
will create pressurized flow that turns a turbine to generate electric power. When
you then take the deep cold water from the ocean at about 1,000 m depth at 4˚C
to cool the vaporized ammonia, it will return the ammonia gas back to its
original liquid form. The cycle is then repeated again with the warm sea surface
water boiling and evaporating ammonia to generate more power, etc. This can
go on 24 hours a day, year after year, with virtually no workers in attendance or
fuel required and involves very little maintenance.

In 1979, our company structurally modified a steel barge on loan from the U.S.
Navy to serve as a floating platform to support OTEC facilities off the southern
coast of the island of Hawaii. This facility known as MINI OTEC performed a
major breakthrough in proving the D’Arsonval Theory by generating 50 KW of
electric power while using 40 of the 50 KW generated to operate the system
resulting in a net 10 KW output. Dr. Hans Krock, a retired Professor of Ocean
Engineering at the University of Hawaii, played a scientific role in these and
subsequent studies, and, together with Yee Precast Design Group Ltd. (YPDG),
have entered into a strategic relationship to jointly pursue ocean thermal
engineering projects. YPDG’s role is to design and supervise the construction of
ocean platforms required to support the OTEC facility.

This OTEC(Ocean thermal energy conversion) cycle operates in tropical seas

where water depths exceed 1,000 meters and a 20ºC or more differential
temperature exists between the warm sea surface and the cold deep sea water. In
the tropical zone between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn girdling the
earth along the equator, the sea water warmed by the sun’s rays daily absorbs
about 10,000 times the energy consumed by all of mankind in that same 24-hour
period. The cold water originates from the Arctic and Antarctic, and because of
its cold temperature, it is heavier than the warm water so the cold water sits low
along the bottom of the sea.

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The areas of the equatorial belt that are deep and cold enough (1,000 m)
generally involve a minimum of 20ºC+ temperature differential between sea
surface and sea bottom and provide a sufficient environment to operate an
OTEC facility. The warm sea surface and deep cold water has been there for
millions of years and all of this potential energy has remained virtually
untapped.

OTEC(Ocean thermal energy conversion) is the only source of energy that is

virtually limitless and sustainable and large enough to replace fossil fuels. The
operation of OTEC involves no emissions to our atmosphere. With the energy
produced by OTEC we can manufacture hydrogen and oxygen by separating the
H2 from the O in seawater by electrolysis. The H2 and O can then be liquefied,
transported in cryogenic tankers to various destinations for use in space
programs, fuel cell cars, industrial manufacturing, power generation, etc. The
virtues of the fuel cell cars are well known as these will result in a major
reduction in emissions of CO2, NOx, CO, etc., into our atmosphere, thus assist in
mitigating the impending global warming catastrophe.

With the OTEC process, fresh water can be produced from the seawater by
using the generated electric power. The electric power can be used to operate the
reverse osmosis desalination process. If we were to substitute seawater for liquid
ammonia in the OTEC process (open cycle method) we can vaporize the
seawater by simply inducing a vacuum in an enclosed chamber so that the
seawater can boil at a lower temperature when activated by the warm surface
seawater. When water is vaporized in this manner, there will also be a large
change in volume that creates a draft to activate the turbine, generating power
and the subsequent condensation of the water vapor by the cooling effect of
deep ocean cold water will become distilled fresh drinking water.

There are many other alternative energy solutions being used such as windmills,
wave machines, solar panels, etc., but none have the potential magnitude and
capacity to entirely replace fossil fuels to generate sufficient power required by
our growing world-wide population and civilization

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1.2 MINI-OTEC SYSTEM:

Hawaii A reduced scale OTEC platform (Mini OTEC) was put into
operation off the coast of the Island of Hawaii at Keyhole Point in 1979. This
facility was able to generate electric power by processing the warm sea surface
water and the cold deep ocean water (2,700 ft depth) through the system of heat
exchangers and turbines to generate 50 KW of power with a net yield of 10 KW.
The platform was constructed by modifying an old navy barge to support the
OTEC equipment at a floating off-shore location. This project is recognized as a
major break-through in the application of the OTEC concept first published by
French scientist Arsene D’Arsonval in 1881.

Fig 1.2: Mini-otec system

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CHAPTER-2
CONSTRUCTION

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2.1 CONSTRUCTION:

At the Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University (IOES), an OTEC basic

experimental equipment was constructed. The OTEC basic experimental
equipment adopts the Uehara Cycle 7. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the 30-kW
OTEC basic experimental equipment in IOES. Table 1 shows the principal
symbols used in the simulation model. The overall system consists of 18
essential components: the regenerator, evaporator, separator, absorber,
condenser, after-condenser, tank 1, heater, tank 2, turbine 1, turbine 2, generator
1, generator 2, diffuser, working fluid pump 1, working fluid pump 2, warm
seawater pump, and cold seawater pump. The components are connected by
pipes, in which the working fluid, warm seawater, and cold seawater flow from
one component to the succeeding component. The principle of the power
generation of the OTEC plant using Uehara cycle is explained as follows.

(1) The working fluid of the binary mixture of water and ammonia is sent to the
evaporator, and the vapor is generated by heat exchange with the warm seawater
in the evaporator.

(2) The two-phase flow of the working fluid generated in the evaporator is
separated into vapor and liquid in the separator. Then, the vapor is sent to the
turbines and the liquid is sent to the regenerator.

(3) The vapor that is sent to the turbines generates electric power in a rotating
generator connected to the two turbines.

(4) Part of the vapor from the first turbine is extracted, and the extracted vapor is
sent to the heater and the remaining vapor is sent to the second turbine.

(5) The working vapor in the second turbine is sent to the absorber and is
absorbed into the liquid working fluid from the diffuser, and the working fluid is
sent to the condenser.

(6) The working fluid returns to the liquid through the condenser, engaging in
heat exchange with the cold seawater in the condenser.

(7) The vapor which cannot be condensed in the condenser is sent to the after-
condenser, and is completely condensed.

(8) The condensed working fluid in the condenser and that in the after condenser
are stored in tank 1 and then sent to the heater by working fluid pump 1.
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(9) The working fluid sent by working fluid pump 1 and the working fluid
extracted in turbine 1 undergo heat exchange and are stored in tank 2, then sent
to the regenerator.

(10) The working fluid from the condenser is propelled by working fluid pump 1
through the heater, and joins the working fluid sent by working fluid pump 2 at
the inlet of the regenerator.

(11) The heat of the working fluid at the inlet of the regenerator is exchanged
with that of the working fluid from the separator in the regenerator.

(12) The working fluid from the heater is sent to the evaporator and that from
the separator is sent to the diffuser.

(13) The diffuser adjusts the pressure difference between the evaporator and the
condenser.

In the OTEC basic experimental equipment, a boiler is employed to generate hot

water instead of warm seawater, and a refrigerator is also employed to generate
cold water instead of cold seawater.

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Fig 2.1: CONSTRUCTON OF OTEC

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CHAPTER-3
TYPES OF OTEC PLANTS

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3.1 closed cycle

3.2 hybrid cycle
3.3 open cycle
3.1 CLOSED CYCLE: Closed cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
systems use a working fluid with a low boiling point, Ammonia for example,
and use it to power a turbine to generate electricity. Warm seawater is taken in
from the surface of the oceans and cold water from the deep at 5o. The warm
seawater vaporizes the fluid in the heat exchanger which then turns the turbines
of the generator. The fluid now in the vapour state is brought in contact with
cold water which turns it back into a liquid. The fluid is recycled in the system
which is why it is called a closed system.

Fig 3.1: Closed cycle

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3.2 HYBRID CYCLE:

OTEC Some marketing studies have suggested that OTEC systems that can
provide both electricity and water may be able to penetrate the marketplace
more readily than plants dedicated solely to power generation. Hybrid cycle
OTEC was conceived as a response to these studies. Hybrid cycles combine the
potable water production capabilities of open cycle OTEC with the potential for
large electricity generation capacities offered by the closed cycle. Several hybrid
cycle variants have been proposed. Typically, as in the Claude cycle, warm
surface seawater is Sash evaporated in a partial vacuum. This low pressure
steam Sows into a heat exchanger where it is employed to vaporize a
pressurized, low-boiling-point such as ammonia. During this process, most of
the steam condenses, yielding desalinated potable water.

The ammonia vapor Sows through a simple closed-cycle power loop and
is condensed using cold sea water. The uncondensed steam and other gases
exiting the ammonia evaporator may be further cooled by heat transfer to either
the liquid ammonia leaving the ammonia condenser or cold sea water. The non
con then compressed and discharged to the atmosphere. Steam is used as an
intermediary heat transfer medium between the warm sea water and the
ammonia; consequently, the potential for biofouling in the ammonia evaporator
is reduced significantly. Another advantage of the hybrid cycle related to
freshwater production is that condensation occurs at significantly. higher
pressures than in an open cycle OTEC condenser, due to the elimination of the
turbine from the steam Sow path. Economics of OTEC Studies conducted to
date on the economic feasibility of OTEC systems suffer from the lack of
reliable cost data.

Commercialization of the technology is unlikely until a full-scale plant is

constructed and operated continuously over an extended period to provide these
data on capital and personnel and maintenance expenses. Fresh Water The
condensate of the open and hybrid cycle OTEC systems is desalinated water,
suitable for human consumption and agricultural uses. Analyses have suggested
that generation OTEC plants, in the 1}10MW range, would serve the utility
power needs of rural Pacific Island communities. Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning The cold, deep sea water can be used to maintain cold storage
spaces, and to provide air conditioning. The Natural Energy Laboratory of

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Hawaii Authority (NELHA), which manages the site of Hawaii’s OTEC

experiments, has air-conditioned its buildings by passing the cold sea water
through heat exchangers. Mariculture The cold deep ocean waters are rich in
nutrients and low in pathogens, and therefore provide an excellent medium for
the cultivation of marine organisms. The 322-acre NELHA facility has been the
base for successful mariculture research and development enterprises.
Agriculture An idea initially proposed by University of Hawaii researchers
involves the use of cold sea water for agriculture. This involves burying an array
of cold water pipes in the ground near to the surface to create cool weather
growing conditions not found in tropical environments. In addition to cooling
the soil, the system also drip irrigates the crop via condensation of moisture in
the air on the cold water pipes. Demonstrations have determined that
strawberries and other spring crops and Sowers can be grown throughout the
year in the tropics using this method.

Energy Carriers Although the most common scenario is for OTEC energy
to be converted into electricity and delivered directly to consumers, energy
storage has been considered as an alternative, particularly in applications
involving soating plants moored far offshore. Storage would also allow the
export of OTEC energy to industrialized regions outside of the tropics. Long
term proposals have included the production of hydrogen gas via electrolysis,
ammonia synthesis, and the development of shore based mariculture FACULTY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Introduction A power station is
required to deliver power to a large number of consumers to meet their
requirements. While designing and building a power station, efforts should be
made to achieve overall economy so that the per unit cost of production is as
low as possible. This will enable the electric supply company to sell electrical
energy at a profit and ensure reliable service.

The problem of determining the cost of production of electrical energy is highly

complex and poses a challenge to power engineers. There are several factors
which influence the production cost such as cost of land and equipment,
depreciation of equipment, interest on capital investment etc. Therefore, a
careful study has to be made to calculate the cost of production. In this chapter,
we shall focus our attention on the various aspects of economics of power
generation. POWER PLANT ECONOMICS economics of Power Generation
The art of determining the per unit (i.e., one kWh) cost of production of
electrical energy is known as economics of power generation. The economics of

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power generation has assumed a great importance in this fast-developing power

plant engineering. A consumer will use electric power only if it is supplied at
reasonable rate. Therefore, power engineers have to find convenient methods to
produce electric power as cheap as possible so that consumers are tempted to
use electrical methods. Before passing on to the subject further, it is desirable
that the readers get themselves acquainted with the following terms much used
in the economics of power generation: (i) Interest. The cost of use of money is
known as interest. A power station is constructed by investing a huge capital.
This money is generally borrowed from banks or other financial institutions and
the supply company has to pay the annual interest on this amount.

Even if company has spent out of its reserve funds, the interest must be still
allowed for, since this amount could have earned interest if deposited in a bank.
Therefore, while calculating the cost of production of electrical energy, the
interest payable on the capital investment must be included. The rate of interest
depends upon market position and other factors, and may vary from 4% to 8%
per annum. (ii) Depreciation. The decrease in the value of the power plant
equipment and building due to constant use is known as depreciation. If the
power station equipment were to last forever, then interest on the capital
investment would have been the only charge to be made.

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fig 3.2:Hybrid cycle

3.3 OPEN CYCLE: 

Open cycle OTEC directly uses the warm water from the surface to make
electricity. The warm seawater is first pumped in a low-pressure chamber where
due to the drop in pressure, it undergoes a drop in boiling point as well. This
causes the water to boil. This steam drives a low-pressure turbine which is
attached to an electrical generator. The advantage this system has over a closed
system is that, in the open cycle, desalinated water in the form of steam is
obtained. Since it is steam, it is free from all impurities. This water can be used
for domestic, industrial, or agricultural purposes.

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Fig 3.3: Open cycle

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CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF OTEC

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4.1 WORKING: To know about the principle of OTEC plant operation first of
all we will know about OTEC plant, and ocean temperature difference.
OTEC:
OTEC or ocean thermal energy thermal conversion is a technology which
converts solar radiation absorbed by the oceans to electric energy. The ocean’s
can be considered as the world’s largest solar energy collector as it covers two
third of the earth surface.
OCEAN TEMPRATURE DIFFRENCE:
There is different temperature in the different layers of the oceans. This is
because of the heat input from the sun at the surface of ocean. The surface at the
top of the oceans is warmest and gradually the temperature decreases with in
depth. But in the polar regions the temperature at the surface of ocean is low so
there is no gradual change in temperature.
PRINCIPLES OF OTEC PLANT OPERATION:
The working principle of an OTEC plant is that it uses the warm water to heat
and vaporize a liquid (working fluid). And this working fluid develops pressure
which forces it to evaporator and the expanding vapour runs through a heat
engine like turbine, generator, and it is condensed back into a liquid by cold
water brought up from depth and the cycle is repeated.
As we know that water is not perfectly transparent nearly all sunlight is
absorbed in the surface layer which heats up. As warm water raises and cold
water sinks so this warm water stays near the ocean’s surface. Now Wind and
waves circulate the water in the surface layer distributing the heat within it to
some extent, and the temperature may remain quite uniform for the first hundred
metres, but below the mixed layer the temperature drops very rapidly, perhaps
20 degrees Celsius with an additional of 150 m depth. This area of rapid
transition is called thermocline and below it the temperature continues to drop
with depth but very gradually.
Generally thermocline varies with latitude and season but it is permanent in the
tropics, variable in the temperate climates is strongest during the summer and is
weak to non-existent in the polar regions where the water is cold from the
surface to the bottom.

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Fig 4.1 : Working of OTEC

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process that can produce

electricity by using the temperature difference between deep cold ocean water
and warm tropical surface waters. OTEC plants pump large quantities of deep
cold seawater and surface seawater to run a power cycle and produce electricity.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

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5.1 MERITS OF OTEC:

1. Ocean thermal energy power plant is renewable power plant that's why
this plant is pollution free.

2. Power development of OTEC system is continuous because it doesn't

depend on nature(weather).

3. Ocean thermal energy is renewable energy means this energy is free

energy.

4. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plant is Nature

friendly power plant.

5. It can produce power simultaneously nutrients for mariculture.

6. Ocean thermal energy power plant product electrical power and also
generate hydrogen this is also benefit of ocean thermal energy power
plant.

5.2 DEMERITS OF OTEC:

1. Ocean thermal energy power plant capital cost is very high.
2. Conversation efficiency of OTEC system is very less about 4 - 5 %
only this is major disadvantages of ocean thermal energy power plant.

3. In this plant required experience working fluid for working (in closed
OTEC plant )

4. OTEC plant Cost of electric power generation per KWh is very high.

5. Maintenance cost of ocean thermal energy power plant is very high.

6. Temperature differential of sea water is low that's why efficiency of

energy conversion is low.

7. Energy density is very low of Ocean thermal energy conversion

(OTEC)

8. Explosion of energy from sea depth is very difficult and costly.

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5.3 APPLICATIONS OF OTEC:

1) Air conditioning: Air conditioning can be a by-product. Spent cold seawater

from an OTEC plant can chill fresh water in a heat exchanger or flow directly
into a cooling system. Chilled-

2) Soil agriculture: OTEC technology also supports chilled-soil agriculture.

When cold seawater flows through underground pipes, it chills the surrounding
soil. The temperature difference between plant roots in the cool soil and plant
leaves in the warm air allows many plants that evolved in temperate climates to
be grown in the subtropics.

3) Desalination: An OTEC plant that generates 2-MW of net electricity could

produce about 4,300 cubic meters (14,118.3 cubic feet) of desalinated water
each day.

4) Mineral extraction: An OTEC plant that generates 2-MW of net electricity

could produce about 4,300 cubic meters (14,118.3 cubic feet) of desalinated
water each day.

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REFERENCES:
https://byjus.com/physics/non-conventional-sources-of-energy-ocean
https://www.engineeringenotes.com/power-plants-2/otec-power-plants/.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8859969
https://blog.oureducation.in/principles-of-otec-plant-operation

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