CHAPTER 5:

CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND

FERMENTATION
 Course Framework
5.1
Aerobic Respiration

5.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron

Transport Chain And Chemiosmosis

5.3
Fermentation And Its Application
 5.1 Aerobic Respiration
(a) State the needs for energy and the role of
respiration in living organisms.

(b) Outline the complete oxidation of glucose

which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation.
 ENERGY
Most of the processes taking place in cells need energy to make them
happen. Examples of energy consuming processes in living organisms are:

The conduction of electrical

impulses by nerve cells
Building up proteins from
amino acids
The contraction of muscle cells
– to create movement of the
organism, or peristalsis.
The process of active transport,
- the movement of molecules
across a cell membrane
The process of cell division to
create more cells, or replace
damaged or worn out cells, or to
make reproductive cells
How Do Living Organisms Get Energy?
(CELLULAR
RESPIRATION)

Food Digestion Glucose Energy

e.g:Carbohydrate (enzyme)
 OVERVIEW OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• A catabolic pathway for organic molecules (glucose)

• Using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport
chain and producing ATP.
 GLYCOLYSIS
 “Splitting of Sugar”
 In the cytoplasm.
 Break down glucose (6C) into
two molecules of pyruvate (3C).
 Occurs with or without O2 .
 Has two major phases:
1) Energy investment phase
 2 ATP used
 Phosphorylate Sugar
2) Energy payoff phase
 4 ATP yielded

 Net ATP yield : 2 ATP

 Produces : 2 NADH + 2H+
 No carbon is released as CO2
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP P ADP
C C C C C C C C C C C C

Glucose 01 Glucose 6-phosphate

Glucose undergoes phosphorylation to become glucose-

01 6-phosphate.
Catalysed by hexokinase.
ATP is used.
GLYCOLYSIS
P P

C C C C C C C C C C C C

isomerisation
Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate
02

02 Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to its isomer,

fructose-6-phosphate.
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP P
ADP
P P

C C C C C C C C C C C C
phosphofructokinase
Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
03

Fructose-6-phosphate undergoes phosphorylation to

03 become fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysed by phosphofructokinase.
ATP is used.
GLYCOLYSIS P
P
C C C
P P C
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
C C C C C C P
04 P
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate C C C
C
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

04 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate split into dihydroxyacetone

phosphate & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
GLYCOLYSIS
P P
P P
C C C C C C
C C
Isomerisation
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
05

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into

05
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
GLYCOLYSIS
P Pi
P P
PC
C C C PC
C C C
Glyceraldehyde- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphate NAD+ NADH
05

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and undergoes

06
phosphorylation to become 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
 NADH is produced.
GLYCOLYSIS
ADP ATP P
P P

C C C C C C
07

3-Phosphoglycerate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Phosphate group of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is removed to

07 become 3-phosphoglycerate.
 ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
GLYCOLYSIS
P P
PC
C C C C C C

3-Phosphoglycerate 08 2-Phosphoglycerate

 Phosphate group of 3-phosphoglycerate is relocated to

08
become 2-phophoglycerate.
GLYCOLYSIS
H2O P
P
PC
PC C C C
C C C
09 Phosphoenol-
2-Phosphoglycerate pyruvate (PEP)

 Water is removed from 2-phosphoglycerate to

09 become phosphoenolpyruvate
GLYCOLYSIS
ADP ATP
P
PC
C C C C C C
Phosphoenol- 10
pyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate

 Phosphate group of phosphoenolpyruvate is removed to

10 become pyruvate.
 ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
 Summary of Glycolysis
Facts: Products :

 2 ATP used and 4 2 NADH

ATP produced For One 2 ATP
 Net ATP molecule of 2 Pyruvate
production : 2 ATP Glucose
LINK REACTION
 Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2
We Create
Quality Professional Pyruvate Oxidative
PPT Presentation
Glycolysis oxidation Citric
acid
phosphorylation:
Glucose Pyruvate Electron Transport and
Acetyl CoA cycle Chemiosmosis

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation

LINK REACTION
 LINK REACTION

 In the presence of O2.

 Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion by active transport.
 Occur TWICE per glucose molecule.
 Because 2 pyruvate produced from one molecule of glucose (Glycolysis).
 01 02 03
 Oxidative decarboxylation  Coenzyme A (CoA)
 Pyruvate (3C) undergoes  NADH is attaches on 2C sugar to
oxidative decarboxylation to produced form Acetyl CoA.
produce 2C sugar  Acetyl CoA enters the
 CO2 is released Krebs cycle.
KREBS CYCLE
 KREBS CYCLE
NADH and FADH2 produced Occur in mitochondrial
relay electrons to the matrix of eukaryotic cells
electron transport chain. or in the cytosol of
prokaryotes.
Oxidize acetyl CoA to
carbon dioxide KREBS
CYCLE
Every acetyl CoA
generate 1 ATP, 3
Citric acid cycle/ NADH and 1 FADH2
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
KREBS CYCLE
1 • The acetyl group (2C) of
1
acetyl CoA combine with
2
oxaloacetate (4C) to form
citrate (6C).
KREBS CYCLE

• Citrate (6C) is converted

모바일 이미지 2
to its isomer, isocitrate
(6C).
KREBS CYCLE

• Oxidative decarboxylation
KREBS CYCLE • Isocitrate (6C) is oxidized and
3 undergoes decarboxylation to
become α-ketoglutarate (5C).
모바일 이미지 • NADH is produced.
• CO2 is produced.
KREBS CYCLE

• Oxidative decarboxylation
• α-ketoglutarate (5C) is oxidized,
KREBS CYCLE
undergoes decarboxylation and
added with CoA to become
모바일 이미지 succinyl CoA.
4 • NADH is produced.
• CO2 is produced.
KREBS CYCLE
5

• CoA of succinyl CoA is

replaced by a phosphate
KREBS CYCLE group, which is then
transferred to ADP forming ATP.
Succinate (4C) is produced.
모바일 이미지 • ATP is produced by substrate-
level phosphorylation

5
KREBS CYCLE
• Succinate (4C) is oxidized
6 to become fumarate (4C).
8 • FADH2 is produced.

7 7 • Water is added to
KREBS CYCLE fumarate (4C), to
produce malate (4C).
6 모바일 이미지
8 • Malate (4C) is oxidized to
produce oxaloacetate
(4C).
• NADH is produced.
 Summary of Krebs Cycle

2 CO 2 1 FADH 2
One turn of the
Krebs Cycle yields:

3 NADH 1 ATP

# NADH and FADH2 will feed into the electron transport chain
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