INTRODUCTION

- Glucose as an Energy Source

o broken down through cellular respiration
o to eventually produce adenosine triphosphate
 used to power the different metabolic processes in animal cells
- Cellular Respiration
1. Pathway 1 (Aerobic Pathway) -> produces higher ATP
a. Glycolysis (can occur aerobically or anaerobically, does not require O2
b. Transitional Reaction
c. Krebs Cycle
d. Oxidative Phosphorylation
i. Electron Transport Chain
ii. Chemiosmosis
2. Pathway 2 (Anaerobic Pathway) -> produces lesser ATP
a. Lactic Acid Fermentation
i. Glycolysis
ii. NAD+ Regeneration
GLYCOLYSIS
- Nutshell:
o Glucose is broken down into pyruvate and ATP
I. Energy Investment Phase (2 G3P MOLECULES)
1. Phosphorylation
 START:
 One Glucose Molecule
 ENZYME:
 Hexokinase
 DESCRIPTION:
 invests some ATP in order to gain more ATP later on
 a phosphate group from ATP will be added to a glucose molecule
 END:
 Glucose 6-phosphate
2. Isomerization
 START:
 Glucose 6-phosphate
 ENZYME:
 Phosphoglucoisomerase
 END:
 Fructose 6-phosphate
3. Phosphorylation
 START:
 Fructose 6-phosphate
 ENZYME:
 Phosphofructokinase
 DESCRIPTION:
  a phosphate group from ATP will be added to fructose 6-
phosphate
 END:
 Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
4. Cleavage
 START:
 Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
 ENZYME:
 Aldolase
 DESCRIPTION:
 splits into two (2) different structures
 END:
 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
5. Isomerization
 START:
 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
 ENZYME:
 Isomerase
 DESCRIPTION:
 transforms DHAP molecule into another G3P molecule
 END:
 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
II. Energy Harvesting Phase
6. Oxidation/Dehydrogenation and Phosphorylation
 START:
 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
 ENZYME:
 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Dehydrogenase
 DESCRIPTION:
 hydrogen is released and binds to NAD+ to form NADH
 a phosphate from the cytoplasm combines with G3P
 END:
 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
7. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
 START:
 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
 ENZYME:
 Phosphoglycerate Kinase
 DESCRIPTION:
 BPG releases a phosphate group
 the phosphate group binds to an ADP molecule turning it into an
ATP molecule
 END:
  3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
 ATP molecule
8. Isomerization
 START:
 3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
 ENZYME:
 Phosphoglycerate Mutase
 END:
 2-Phosphoglycerate (2-PGA)
9. Dehydration
 START:
 One Glucose Molecule
 ENZYME:
 Hexokinase
 DESCRIPTION:
 invests some ATP in order to gain more ATP later on
 a phosphate group from ATP will be added to a glucose molecule
 END:
 Glucose 6-phosphate