LESSON 5 – Cellular Respiration - Gains Electron

- Reduced
Cells and its Energy
LEORA GEROA
“Energy can neither be created or destroyed” LosesElectronOxidizedReducingAgent
In order to obtain energy, it must be first captured GainsElectronReducedOxidizingAgent
by the organism - Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons
but change the electron sharing in covalent bonds.
Two Major types Example…
a. Autotroph (Producers)
- Organisms that are capable of producing complex
compound from their surroundings
Photosynthesis – the process in which an
organism(phototroph) uses the energy from the
sun to turn CO2 and H2O into complex sugars
Chemosynthesis – the process in which an
organism(chemotroph )uses energy released from
surrounding inorganic chemical reactions to
produce food

b. Heterotrophs (Consumers)
- organisms that are incapable of fixing their own
carbon. Thus, needing an external carbon source.
Cellular Respiration
Metabolism - a set of metabolic reactions that takes place in the
- Sum of all the chemical reactions that take place cell
within the cell or body of a living organism - aim to convert biochemical energy from the
- Two Types: ingested nutrients into ATP
Anabolism – Synthesis of complex - Subdivided into two types:
molecules from smaller units. Often uses energy a. Aerobic Respiration
Catabolism – Breakdown of large -; a process where oxygen (O2) is involved
molecules or macromolecules into smaller units. - Starts with Glycolysis(sugar-cutting)
Can create energy - Done in the cytoplasm
- catabolic reaction of glucose (6-carbon)
Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction to pyruvic acid(3-carbon
- The transfer of electrons during chemical
reactions releases energy stored in organic NAD+
molecules. - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
- Chemical reactions that transfer electrons - Reduced to form NADH
between reactants are called oxidation-reduction Pi
reactions, or redox reactions (OIL RIG) - Phosphate (PO4-3)
Oxidation is loss
Reduction is gain Summary of Results: Glycolysis

Reduction = gain ? Adenosine Triphosphate:

- When a neutral substance(charge 0) gains an • 2 ATP used
electron(e-), its charge is reduced to a negative • 4 ATP produced
value. (-2)+(4) = 2 net ATP produced
Example…
NADH:
2 produced

H2O: 2 Produced

Pyruvate: 2 Produced
Reducing agent
Note: In eukaryotes, NADH, pyruvate, etc. are
- the electron donor
transported into the mitochondria.(recall only
- Loses Electron
eukaryotes have a mitochondria -endosymbiotic
- Oxidized
theory). In a prokaryote, pyruvate will remain in the
Oxidizing agent
cytosol.
- the electron acceptor
A. Glycolysis
1. Hexokinase 4. Fructose biphosphate aldose
- phosphorylates (phosphate group from ATP will - splits the 6-Carbon sugar Fructose-
be added to glucose) causing Glucose to become 1,6bisphosphate to the 3-C sugars
Glucose-6-phosphate

dihydroxyacetone phosphate and

2. Phosphogluco isomerase
Glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
- converts Glucose-6-phosphate to its isomer
Fructose-6-phosphate
Note: Glycolysis uses only Glyceraldehyde-3-
Note: Isomers are compounds with same molecular
phosphate(G3P) so dihydroxyacetone phosphate
formula but are structurally different. Fructose and
must first be converted into glyceraldehyde-3-
glucose have the same molecular formula, i.e.
phosphate
C6H12O6
5. Triose phosphate isomerase
- converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
3. Phosphofructo kinase

- transfers a phosphate group from ATP to

Fructose-6-phosphate. Since ATP donated one of
its phosphate group it will become ADP and
Fructose-6-phosphate will now become Fructose-
1,6,-bisphosphate
Note: “bis” for two phosphate groups. These phosphate
groups are attached to the 1 st and 6th carbon atoms, hence the
name. 6. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- In here, 2 molecules of a free phosphate group
will be attached to 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation
of 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
into 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Consequently, 2 molecules of NAD+ is reduced to 2
molecules of NADH.
b.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Form of respiration that uses electrons
acceptors other than oxygen (O2)
7.Phosphoglycerate kinase
- transfers a phosphate group from Carbon no.1 of
the two molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to
2 ADP forming 2 ATP through substrate-level
phosphorylation. In turn, the two molecules of 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate now becomes two molecules
of 3-phosphoglycerate
Note: 2 ATP are produced
8. Phosphoglycerate mutase
- relocates the phosphate group from Carbon no. 3
in 3-Phosphoglycerate to Carbon no.2 in 2-
phosphoglycerate. Two molecules of 3-
Phosphoglycerate become two molecules of 2-
phosphoglycerate
9. Enolase
- removes a water molecule from 2-
Phosphoglycerate which causes a formation of
double bond and 2-Phosphoglycerate now
becomes phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Two
molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate becomes
phosphoenolpyruvate
10. Pyruvate kinase
- removes a phosphate group from
Phosphoenolpyruvate turning it into Pyruvate.
The removed phosphate group will be added to
ADP forming ATP. Note: 2 ATP are produced
- used by bacteria and other fungi; either Obligate
anaerobe or Facultative anaerobe
- Animal muscle cells can also undergo Anaerobic
Respiration(muscle cramps)
- Done when oxygen is present in low
quantities, or absent at all.
- Results to muscle fatigue and soreness
Oxidative Decarboxylation (pyruvate) and the
Krebs Cycle
B.1. Oxidative Decarboxylation
-In Cellular respiration, this is the process in which
pyruvate binds to Coenzyme A (CoA) to produce
acetyl CoA
-Before the citric acid cycle (or Kreb’s cycle) can
begin, 2 molecules of pyruvate must be converted
to 2 molecules of acetyl CoA, which links the citric
acid cycle to glycolysis
 Succinyl-CoA now becomes Succinate mainly
1. The carboxyl group(-COOH) of pyruvate is due to the removal of CoA-SH
removed and given off as CO2
2. The remaining 2-C fragment is oxidized forming 6. Succinate is oxidized,
acetate. As a “consequence” NAD+ is reduced to reducing FAD to FADH2
NADH. and Fumarate is formed
3. Coenzyme A (CoA), a sulfur-containing
compound derived from Vitamin-B is attached to
acetate forming the very reactive (with high
potential energy) acetyl-CoA. 7. Addition of water
molecule transforms fumarate into
malate (malic acid)

8. Malate is oxidized reducing NAD+ to

NADH and
regenerating
Summary of Results: oxaloacetate
NADH: 2 produced
CO2: 2 released Summary of Results: Krebs
Cycle
B.2. Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Krebs cycle Total
- Also known as the Citric cycle and or phosphorylation
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
- Happens either in the cytosol (Prokaryote) or in ATP 0 2 2
the mitochondria (Eukaryote)
NADH 2 6 8
- The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each
catalyzed by a specific enzyme FADH 0 2 2
CO2 2 4 6
1. Acetyl-CoA adds its 2-C Acetyl
group to oxaloacetate (4-Carbon),
producing citrate (6-Carbon). Note: C. Electron Transport Chain
Coenzyme-A (CoA-SH) is removed - A chain of compounds that transfer electrons to a
series of compounds to create a proton [H+]
gradient
- Majority of the ATP is created here
2. Citrate is converted to - Occurs in the Mitochondria
its isomer isocitrate by removal of one - Located in the inner membrane of the
water molecule and addition of another mitochondria
Has four major complexes:
3. Isocitrate is oxidized and CO2 is • Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase
complex
removed turning it into α-keto-glutarate
• Complex II: Fumerate Reductase
(5-Carbon). As a “consequence” (of
• Complex III: Cytochrome b-c1 complex
the oxidation), NAD+ is reduced to
• Complex IV: Cytochrome oxidase
NADH.
ATP synthase
Ubiquinone and Cytochrome C

4. Another
Electron Transport Chain: ATP produced
CO2
• NADH: 2.5(x) ATP
molecule is
lost, and α- keto- Example: 10 NADH produced = 25ATP
glutarate is oxidized, • FADH: 1.5(x) ATP
reducing NAD+ to Example: 2 FADH produced = 3ATP
NADH. The resulting
molecule is attached to Coenzyme A (CoA-SH) by *** Other references use NADH: 3; FADH2: 2
an unstable bond. The resulting molecule is called
Succinyl-CoA Practice SET:
In cellular respiration, how many ATP will be
5. Coenzyme A (CoA-SH) is displaced by a produced if the cell used:
phosphate group. This phosphate group is a) 1 molecule of glucose
transferred to GDP (Guanosine diphosphate) b) 2 molecules of pyruvate
forming GTP (Guanosine triphosphate), a molecule
c) 1 molecule of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
with functions similar to ATP. Using substrate-level
phosphorylation GTP d) 1 molecule of Acetyl-Coenzyme A (CoA)
will donate its e) If an enzyme that binds to NAD+ was introduced
phosphate group to into a cell, how many ATP will be produced if the
ATP forming ADP. cell used exactly 1 glucose molecule?
GTP will become GDP
again. a) 1mol glucose
Glycolysis Oxidative Krebs
Phosphorylation Cycle
ATP 2 0 2
 NADH 2 2 6 NADH 10 10 * 2.5 25
FADH 0 0 2 FADH2 2 2 * 1.5 3
2 Glycolysis 6
& Krebs
Glycolysis, Oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs 34ATP in 2molecule of G3P
Cycle generates a total of 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 Answer: ~17ATP in 1molecule of G3P
FADH2. NADH and FADH2 and the electrons that
they carry will be used in the electron transport d) 1 molecule of Acetyl-Coenzyme A (CoA)
chain Recall that 1 molecule of glucose : 2 molecules of
Electron Transport Chain Acetyl-CoA
Total ATP Glycolysis Oxidative Krebs
NADH 10 10 * 2.5 25 Phosphorylation Cycle
FADH2 2 2 * 1.5 3 ATP 0 0 2
Glycolysis 4 NADH 0 0 6
& Krebs FADH 0 0 2
Answer: ~32ATP in 1molecule of glucose 2

b) 2mol pyruvate Glycolysis, Oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs

Recall that 2mol pyruvate are created in the end of Cycle generates a total of 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2
glycolysis, so in this condition we have to neglect FADH2. NADH and FADH2 and the electrons that
every ATP, and other by-products that are produced they carry will be used in the electron transport
during glycolysis. chain
Glycolysis Oxidative Krebs Electron Transport Chain
Phosphorylation Cycle Total ATP
ATP 0 0 2 NADH 6 6 * 2.5 15
NADH 0 2 6 FADH2 2 2 * 1.5 3
FADH 0 0 2 Glycolysis 2
2 & Krebs
20ATP in 2 molecules of Acetyl- coA
Glycolysis, Oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs Answer: ~10ATP in 1molecule of Acetyl-coA
Cycle generates a total of 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2
FADH2. NADH and FADH2 and the electrons that e) If an enzyme that binds to NAD+ was introduced
they carry will be used in the electron transport into a cell, how many ATP will be produced if the
chain cell used exactly 1 glucose molecule?
Electron Transport Chain Answer: If an enzymes binds to NAD+, that will
Total ATP hinder the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The cell
NADH 8 8 * 2.5 20 will use 2ATP in glycolysis but the following steps
FADH2 2 2 * 1.5 3 will no longer be possible. Hence, there will be
Glycolysis 2 -2ATP
& Krebs
Answer: ~25ATP in 2molecule of pyruvate

c) 1 molecule of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

Recall that 1 molecule of glucose : 2 molecules of
G3P.
We have to neglect the 2ATP used before G3P was
created. Now, 4ATP produced – 0ATP used = 4net
ATP
Glycolysis Oxidative Krebs
Phosphorylation Cycle
ATP 4 0 2
NADH 2 2 6
FADH 0 0 2
2

Glycolysis, Oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs

Cycle generates a total of 6 ATP, 10 NADH, 2
FADH2. NADH and FADH2 and the electrons that
they carry will be used in the electron transport
chain
Electron Transport Chain
Total ATP
Molecule Total ATP produced
Glucose 32ATP
G6P OR F6P 33ATP
G3P(2mol) 34ATP
FBP 29ATP
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate 29ATP
3-phosphoglycerate or 2-phosphoglycerate or PEP 27ATP
Pyruvate(2mol) 25ATP
Acetyl coA(2mol) 20ATP
Citrate(2mol) 20 ATP
Isocitrate(2mol) 20 ATP
a-ketoglutarate(2mol) 15 ATP
Succinyl coA(2mol) 10 ATP
Succinate(2mol) 8 ATP
Fumarate(2mol) 5 ATP
Malate(2mol) 5 ATP
Oxalate(2mol) 0 ATP
NOTE:
• NADH: 2.5(x) ATP
Example: 10 NADH produced = 25ATP
• FADH: 1.5(x) ATP
Example: 2 FADH produced = 3ATP

a. Glycolysis  Glucose -6 phosphate dehydrogenase

 Hexokinase  6-phosphoglucolactonase
 Phosphoglucoseisomerase  6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
 Phosphofructokinase
 Aldolase
 Triosephosphate isomerase
 Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
 Phosphoglycerate kinase
 Phosphoglycarate mutase
 Enolase
 Pyruvate kinase

b. Gluconeogenesis
 Pyruvate carboxylase
 Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
 Fructose 1 6 bisphosphotase
 Glucose 6 phosphatase

c. Krebs cycle
 citrate synthase
 aconitase
 aconitase
 isocitrate dehydrogenase
 a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
 succinyl coA synthase
 succinate dehydrogenase
 fumarase
 malate dehydrogenase

d. Glycogenesis
 Hexokinase
 Phosphoglucomutase
 UDP-GLC pyrophosphorylase
 Glycogen synthase

e. Glycogenolysis
 glycogen phosphorylase
 phosphoglucomutase
 Glc 6 Pase

f. Pentose phosphate pathway