Energy and Respiration MS

A Level Biology by Sir Umar Memon
Paper 4
Topic#1 Energy & Respiration
MARKING SCHEME
Energy and Respiration
1
process major products
ATP ;
glycolysis
pyruvate ;
reduced NAD ;
ATP ;
Krebs cycle reduced NAD / reduced FAD ;
CO2 ;
oxidative ATP ;
phosphorylation water ;
NAD / FAD ;
R NADP throughout [8 max]
2 (a) 1 provides, H+ / protons / protons and electrons ; A hydrogen R H2 R produce H+

2 forms, reduced NAD / reduced FAD ; A NAD / FAD, accepts H+
3 passed to ETC / cytochromes ;
4 oxidative phosphorylation ;
5 cytochrome oxidase ;
6 forms water (with oxygen) ;
[3 max]
(b) (i) (initial) steep rise up to 40 (µmol) Al ;

2 paired figs ;
ref. plateau above 40 (µmol) Al ;
(ii) (initially) Al is, activator / cofactor / coenzyme ;
detail of shape change of enzyme ;
enzyme / substrate, limiting, after 40 (µmol) Al / high conc Al ; A end product
inhibition after 40 (µmol) Al
[2 max]
Topical Past Paper Questions Prepared by Sir Umar Memon

Paper 4
3 (a) 1 reduced, NAD / FAD ;
2 passed to ETC ;
3 inner membrane / cristae ;
4 hydrogen released (from reduced, NAD / FAD) ; R H2
5 split into electrons and protons ;
6 protons in matrix ;
7 electrons pass along, carriers / cytochromes ;
8 ref. redox reactions ;
9 ref. energy gradient ;
10 energy released ; R produced
11 protons (pumped) into intermembrane space ;
12 proton gradient ;
13 protons pass through (protein) channels ;
14 ATP synthase / stalked particles ;
15 ATP produced ;
16 chemiosmosis ;
17 electron transferred to oxygen ;
18 addition of proton (to oxygen) to form water / (oxygen) reduced to water ; [9 max]
if candidate mistakenly writes about photosynthesis only allow

marking points 7, 8, 9, 10 and 15 to 5 max
(b) in cytoplasm
19 NAD, becomes reduced / accepts H ;
20 during glycolysis ;
in plants
21 pyruvate converted to ethanal ;
22 ethanal reduced ;
23 by reduced NAD ;
24 ethanol formed ;
in animals
25 pyruvate converted to lactate ;
26 by reduced NAD ;
27 in, liver / muscles ;
28 allows glycolysis to continue ; [6 max]
allow either 23 or 26

Paper 4
4 (a) (i) adenine ;

[2]
(ii) ribose ; R pentose
(b) 1
energy is released when it is hydrolysed ; A equation A joules for
energy
2
easily hydrolysed ;
3
(energy) used in, processes / reactions ; A named process
4
rapid turnover ;
5
links catabolic and anabolic reactions / AW ;
6
found in, most cells / all organisms ;
7
soluble so easily moved (within cell) ;
8
ATP produced from variety of reactions ; A named reactions [4 max]
(c) 1 ETC / inner mitochondrial membrane / crista / stalked particles ;
2 grana / thylakoids / inner

chloroplast membrane ;
3 cytoplasm / cytosol ;
4 mitochondrial matrix ; [2 max]
5 (a) (i) 18 ; [1]
(ii) 0.72 ; [1]
allow ecf from (i)
(b) 1 RQ value falls steeply, initially / 40–80 min ;
2 then, very little change / AW ;
3 sugar / carbohydrate, metabolised at start ; A named carbohydrate
4 then fat metabolised ;

[4 max]
5 (due to) fasting / carbohydrate running out ;
(c) 1 increase in rate of respiration ;
2 kinetic energy increases / more enzyme-substrate complexes / enzyme activity increases ;
3 effects of too high a rise in temperature ; e.g. denaturation of enzymes
4 AVP ; e.g. Q10 = 2 [2 max]

Paper 4
6 (a) 1 (glucose) phosphorylated by ATP ;
2 raises energy level / overcomes activation energy ;
3 hexose bisphosphate ;
4 lysis / splitting, of, glucose / hexose ; R sugar splitting
5 breaks down to two TP ; A GALP / GADP / G3P / PGAL
6 6C → 2 x 3C ;
7 dehydrogenation / description ;
8 2 NAD reduced formed (from each TP to pyruvate formed) ;
9 4 ATP produced / net gain of 2 ATP ;
10 pyruvate produced ;
11 reduced NAD → oxidative phosphorylation / redox ;

accept flow diagram [7 max]
(b) 12 nucleotide ;
13 adenine + ribose / pentose + three phosphates ;
14 loss of phosphate leads to energy release / hydrolysis releases

30.5 kJ ;
15 ADP + Pi ↔ ATP (reversible reaction) ;
16 synthesised during, glycolysis / Krebs cycle / substrate level

phosphorylation ;
17 synthesised, using electron carriers / oxidative phosphorylation /

photophosphorylation ;
18 in, mitochondria / chloroplasts ;
19 ATP synthase / ATP synthetase ;
20 chemiosmosis / description;
21 used by cells as immediate energy donor ;
22 link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions / AW ;
23 active transport / muscle contraction / Calvin cycle / protein synthesis ; [8 max]
[Total: 15]

Paper 4
7 (a) 1 acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate ;
2 to form citrate ;
3 4C to 6C ;
4 decarboxylation / CO2 released ;
5 dehydrogenation / oxidation / release of hydrogen ;
6 reduced NAD produced / NAD accepts hydrogen ;
7 reduced FAD produced / FAD accepts hydrogen ;
8 ATP produced ;
9 substrate level phosphorylation ;
10 series of, steps / intermediates ; A many named steps off a diagram
11 enzyme catalysed reactions ;
12 oxaloacaetate regenerated ;
13 occurs in mitochondrial matrix ; [9 max]
accept diagram
(b) 14 coenzyme ;
15 for dehydrogenase ;
16 reduced ;
17 carries, electrons and protons / hydrogen / NAD
18 from Krebs cycle ;
19 and glycolysis ;
20 to ETC / electron carrier chain / oxidation ;
21 reoxidised / regenerated hydrogen removed ;
22 ATP produced ; [6 max]
[Total: 15]

Paper 4
8 (a) (i) glycolysis ; [1]
(ii) cytoplasm/cytosol ; [1]
(iii) 4 ; A4 –2=2 [1]
(b) (i) inner membrane/cristae/stalked particles ; [1]
(ii) 1 reduced, NAD/FAD ;
2 dehydrogenase enzymes ;
3 release hydrogen ; A H R H2/H+
4 hydrogen splits into proton and electron ;
5 electrons flow down, ETC/AW ;
6 energy released ;
7 protons pumped (across inner membrane/from matrix) ;
8 into intermembrane space ;
9 proton gradient ;
10 protons pass through, ATP synthase/stalked particle ;
11 oxygen final, hydrogen/proton, acceptor ; [5 max]
(c) (i) nuclei and ribosomes ; [1]
(ii) 1 glycolysis, does not occur in mitochondrion/only occurs in cytosol or cytoplasm ;
2 pyruvate produced in glycolysis ;
3 pyruvate can enter mitochondrion/glucose cannot enter mitochondrion ;
4 carbon dioxide produced/decarboxylation, in, Krebs/link reaction ; [3 max]
(iii) 1 cyanide, inhibits cytochrome oxidase is a non-competitive inhibitor ;
2 reduced NAD not oxidised/AW ;
3 Krebs cycle stops ;
4 alternative H acceptor needed/pyruvate is H acceptor/pyruvate is reduced ; R H+
5 lactate produced in cytoplasm ;
6 by anaerobic respiration ; [3 max]

Paper 4
9 (a) (i) removal of, carbon dioxide/carboxyl group ; [2]

removal of hydrogen ;
[1]
(ii) P and Q ;
[1]
(b) (i) 3 ;
(ii) 1 inner mitochondrial membrane/cristae ;
2 dehydrogenase enzymes ;
3 release hydrogen ;
4 hydrogen splits into protons and electrons ;
5 electrons flow down, ETC/Electron Transfer Chain/AW ;
6 energy released ;
7 protons pumped across (inner membrane) ;
8 into intermembrane space ;
9 proton gradient ;
10 protons pass through, ATP synthase/stalked particles ;
11 ATP formed ; linked to 10

max 4 [5 max]
12 oxygen (final), hydrogen/proton and electron, acceptor ;
(c) 1 pyruvate converted to ethanal ;
2 ethanal reduced ;
3 by reduced NAD ;
4 NAD, oxidised/regenerated ;
5 allows glycolysis to continue ;
6 ethanal dehydrogenase ;
7 ethanol formed ;
8 prevents H+ from lowering pH ; [4 max]
(d) 1 no, decarboxylation/carbon dioxide removed ; A ora
2 single step ;
[3 max]
3 lactate dehydrogenase ;
4 reversible ;

Paper 4
10 (a)
1 ATP as universal energy currency ;
2 light energy needed for photosynthesis ;
3 ATP used conversion of GP to TP ;
4 ATP used to regenerate RuBP ;
5 (energy needed for) anabolic reactions ;
6 protein synthesis / starch formation / triglyceride formation ;
7 activation energy ;
8 (activate) glucose in glycolysis ;
9 active transport ;
10 example ; e.g. sodium / potassium pump
11 movement / locomotion ;
12 example ; e.g. muscle contraction / cilia beating

[9 max]
13 endocytosis / exocytosis / pinocytosis / bulk transport ;
14 temperature regulation ;
(b) 15 idea of lipid > protein > carbohydrate / AW ; A lipid has more energy than
either protein or carbohydrate
16 comparative figures ; e.g. 39.4, 17.0 and 15.8

-1
accept any two
17 kJ g / per unit mass ;
18 more hydrogen atoms in molecule, more energy ;
19 lipid have more, hydrogen atoms / C-H bonds ;
20 (most) energy comes from oxidation of hydrogen to water ;
21 using reduced, NAD / FAD ;
22 in ETC ;
23 detail of ETC ; [6 max]
24 ATP production

Paper 4
11 (a) 1 nucleotide ;
2 adenine + ribose / pentose + three phosphates ;
3 loss of phosphate leads to energy release / hydrolysis releases 30.5 kJ ;
4 ADP + Pi ATP (reversible reaction) ;
5 small packets of energy ;
6 small / water soluble, so can move around cell ;
7 used by cells as immediate energy donor ;
8 link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions / AW ;
9 high turnover ;
10 two examples of use ; ; e.g. active transport / muscle contraction /

Calvin cycle /
11
protein synthesis [8 max]
(b) 12 Pyruvate, cannot enter mitochondrion / remains in the cytoplasm ;
13 becomes, hydrogen acceptor / reduced ;
14 by reduced NAD ;
15 from glycolysis ;
16 converted to lactate ;
19 no, decarboxylation / CO2 removed ;
20 single step ;
21 reversible reaction / converted back to pyruvate ;
22 by oxidation ;
23 ref. oxygen debt ;
24 ethanol produced ;
accept ora for marking points 19–23 [7 max]

Paper 4
12 (a) active transport ;
ribose ; [5]
water ;
hydrolysis ; A dephosphorylation
heat ;
(b) (i) (converted to) glycogen / lipid ;

[1 max]
(used in) glycolysis / respiration ;
(ii) anaerobic
1. less ATP / only 2 ATP ;
2. per mol glucose ;
3. lactate still contains energy / only glycolysis involved / stages other than glycolysis
not involved ;
4. not sustainable / cannot go on indefinitely / AW ; [2 max]
(iii)
process precise location
glycolysis cytoplasm / cytosol ;
link reaction mitochondrial matrix ;
Krebs cycle mitochondrial matrix ;
oxidative phosphorylation inner mitochondrial membrane / cristae ;
[4]
(iv) 1. cannot pass through phospholipid bilayer ;

2. too big to fit through (glucose’s) protein channel ;
3. no specific transport protein ;
4. AVP ; e.g. used up as soon as it is made [2 max]
(v) oxygen debt ; [1]
[Total:15]
13 (a) (i) decarboxylation ; [1]

(ii) dehydrogenation / oxidation ; [1]
(iii) substrate level phosphorylation [1]
(b) K -- reduced NAD ; A NADH etc

L -- oxaloacetate ; [2]
(c) 1. hydrogens split into protons and electrons;

2. electrons pass along ETC ;
3. energy released used to pump protons ;
4. (from matrix) to intermembrane space ;
5. inner membrane permeable to protons ;
6. proton gradient forms ;
7. protons move down gradient ;
8. through ATP synthase / ATP synthetase ; R ATPase
9. enzyme rotates ;
10. ATP produced [5 max]

Paper 4
14 (a) (i) phosphorylation ; [1]

(ii) lysis ; [1]
(iii) dehydrogenation / oxidation ; ignore reduction of NAD [1]
(b) provides activation energy / AW ; [2]

for it to split / AW ;
(c) 1. decarboxylated / carbon dioxide given off ;

2. ethanal produced ;
3. ethanal reduced ;
4. by reduced NAD ;
5. to ethanol ; [4 max]
6. dehydrogenase ;
15 (a)
[5]
(b) in mammals
1. lactate produced / no ethanol produced ;
2. no, decarboxylation / carbon dioxide released ;
3. single step ;
4. lactate dehydrogenase ;
5. reversible ;
[3 max]
(c) in anaerobic respiration
1. only glycolysis occurs / Krebs cycle stops / link reaction stops ;
2. glucose, not fully broken down / still contains energy ;
3. pyruvate does not enter mitochondrion ;
4. (no oxygen) so no final electron acceptor (in ETC) ; [3 max]
5. ETC stops ;
6. no oxidative phosphorylation ;

Paper 4
16 (a) 1. reduced, NAD / FAD ;
2. passed to ETC ;
3. inner membrane / cristae ;
4. hydrogen released (from reduced, NAD / FAD) ; R H2
5. split into electrons and protons ;
6. electrons pass along, carriers / cytochromes ;
7. ref. energy gradient ;
8. energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space ;
9. proton gradient ;
10. protons pass through (protein) channels ;
11. ATP synthase / stalked particles ;
12. (ATP produced from) ADP and inorganic phosphate ;
13. electron transferred to oxygen ;
14. addition of proton (to oxygen) to form water / (oxygen) reduced to water ; [8 max]
(b) 15. organisms need energy, to stay alive / for metabolism / AW ;
16. ATP as, (universal) energy currency / described ;
17. light energy for photosynthesis ; A light dependent stage
18. light-dependent stage detail ;
19. light-independent stage detail ;
20. chemical energy ;
21. for anabolic reactions ;
22. named reaction; e.g. protein synthesis / starch formation
23. activation of glucose in glycolysis / described ;
24. active transport ;
25. detail; e.g. sodium - potassium pump /movement against a concentration gradient
26. mechanical energy / movement ;
27. detail ; e.g. muscle contraction / spindle

28. temperature regulation ; [7 max]
29. AVP ; e.g. bioluminescence / electrical discharge

Paper 4
17 (a) Active transport or anabolic reactions
1. ATP provides energy (linked to either) ; ignore ref. to energy currency alone
active transport
2. movement against concentration gradient ;
3. carrier / transport, protein (in membrane) ; ignore pump
4. binds to (specific) ion ;
5. protein changes shape ;
anabolic reactions
6. synthesis of complex substances from simpler ones ;
7. starch / cellulose / glycogen, from, monosaccharides / named monosaccharides / named

sugar ;
8. glycosidic bonds ;
9. lipid / triglyceride, from fatty acids and glycerol ;
10. ester bonds ;
11. polypeptides / proteins, from amino acids ;
12. peptide bonds ;
13. other named polymer from suitable monomer ;
14. appropriate named bond ; 5 max
(b) general
15. reduced NAD produced in glycolysis ; A glycolysis described
16. small amount of ATP produced in glycolysis ;
in yeast cells
17. pyruvate converted to ethanal ;
18. carbon dioxide released / decarboxylation ;
19. ethanal, reduced / accepts H ;
20. by reduced NAD ;
21. ethanol formed ;
in mammalian cells
22. pyruvate converted to lactate ;
23. by reduced NAD ;
24. in, liver / muscle, cells ;
25. AVP ;;
26. e.g. reversible in mammal / irreversible in yeast / single step in mammal / more than 1
in yeast / reoxidised NAD allows glycolysis to continue / named enzyme
only award either mp19 or mp23 [8 max]

Paper 4
18 (a) X = crista(e) / inner membrane ;

Y = matrix ; [2]
(b) (i) raise chemical PE of glucose / provide activation energy / AW ; [1]
(ii) removes hydrogen / hydrogen carrier / coenzyme ; [1]
(iii) 4 ; A net 2 [1]
(iv) dehydrogenation ; A oxidation

decarboxylation ;
accept ‘oxidative decarboxylation’ for two marks [2]
(v) matrix ; [1]
(vi) 1. accepted by NAD ;

2. passed to ETC ;
3. for oxidative phosphorylation ;
4. ref. proton pump / chemiosmosis ; [2 max]
(c) 1. found in all organisms ;

2 . loss of phosphate / hydrolysis, leads to, energy release /
release of 30.5 kJ (per mole) ;
3. ADP + Pi ATP / reversible reaction ;
4. small packets of energy ;
5. small / water soluble, so can move around cell ;
6. (used by cells as) immediate energy donor ;
7. link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions / AW ;
8. high turnover ;
9. example of use ; e.g. active transport / muscle contraction / Calvin cycle /
protein synthesis [5 max]

Paper 4
19 (a) (i) cytoplasm / cytosol ; [1]
(ii) 1 NAD regenerated ;

2 so glycolysis can continue ;
3 to produce ATP ; [2 max]
(iii) lactate dehydrogenase ; [1]
(iv) reaction - condensation / polymerisation ;

bond - glycosidic ; [2]
(b) in yeast
1 decarboxylation / CO2 removed ;
2 ethanal (as intermediate step) ;
4 two steps (from pyruvate) ;
5 ethanol dehydrogenase ;
6 not a reversible reaction / ethanol cannot be converted back to pyruvate ;
7 idea of process less energy efficient ;
allow ora for mp1, mp4, mp5, mp6 and mp7 [4 max]
(c) (i) carbon dioxide produced divided by oxygen consumed ;

volume / number of moles (of both gases) ; [2]
(ii) carbohydrate = 1.0 ;

lipid = 0.7 ; [2]
(iii) increase / go above one / infinity ; [1]
20 (a) (i) 1. ATP is made, in the electron transport chain/by

oxidative phosphorylation;
2. oxygen is the final electron acceptor;
3. in the, inner membrane of the mitochondrion/cristae;
4. transfer of electron (between electron carriers) provides energy;
5. energy used to pump hydrogen ions (into intermembrane space);
6. creates proton gradient;
7. diffusion of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient

causes ATP to be synthesised;
8. ref. chemiosmosis/ATP synthase/stalked particles; [max 4]
9. idea that if less oxygen (consumed/available) then fewer electrons

transferred along the chain;

Paper 4
(ii) 1. at high temperatures, reactions/enzyme activity/metabolism, faster;
2. because, molecules/enzymes/substrates, have more kinetic energy;
3. more frequent collisions;
4. therefore, respiration/Krebs cycle/electron transport chain/production

of reduced NAD, take place at a faster rate;
5. idea of increase in rate of anabolic reactions (requiring more ATP); [max 3]
(b) (i) 1. oxygen consumed = oxygen inhaled – oxygen exhaled;
2. measure oxygen consumption at rest (x) and after exercise stops (y);
3. extra oxygen consumed/oxygen debt = y – x;
4. measure mass of lizard; [max 2]
(ii) 1. less (oxygen debt )(for Varanus); ora
2. difference is greater at higher temperatures;
3. any two comparative figures at one temperature including units;

A 102.0 cm3 O2 kg-1 at 30oC and 40oC [3]
(iii) 1. Varanus uses, less anaerobic/more aerobic, respiration (when

running);
2. more ATP produced per glucose molecule;
3. able to run for long time;
4. good chance of catching prey; [max 3]
(iv) assume Varanus throughout

1. larger surface area, in lungs/for gas exchange;
2. more oxygen absorbed into blood (per unit time)/faster rate of gas
exchange;
3. more oxygen supplied to muscles ( so oxygen debt lower);

[max 2]

Paper 4
21 (a) (i) inner membrane / crista(e); [1]
(ii) 1. (electron comes from) hydrogen (atom); R H+ / H2
2. (from) reduced NAD / reduced FAD;
3. (from) dehydrogenation / oxidation, reactions;
4. (from substances in) Krebs cycle / link reaction / glycolysis;
5. in, matrix of mitochondrion / cytoplasm; [max 3]
(iii) 1. final electron acceptor / accepts electron from last carrier;
2. so carrier can be reduced again;
3. so electrons can keep flowing (along ETC) / so ETC can continue to work;
4. (oxygen) combines with H+ to form water; [2 max]
22 (a) adenine / nitrogen(ous) base / purine ; R adenosine

[2]
ribose / pentose ;
(b) 1. (cell uses) ATP as source of energy ;
2. ATP broken down ;
3. (so) cell must regenerate ATP ;
4. from ADP and Pi ;

[max 2]
5. ref. ADP / AMP, must be synthesised in the cell ;
(c) (i) 1. palmitic acid has more, hydrogens / C-H bonds ;
2. per mole ;
3. hydrogens needed for, ATP production / chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation ;

[max 2]
(ii) alanine – starvation / lack of fat or carbohydrate ;
lactate – after anaerobic respiration ; [2]

Paper 4
23 (b)
1. 0.5–1.0 µm, diameter / width ;
2. double membrane ;
3. inner membrane folded / cristae ;
4. hold, stalked particles / ATP synthase / ATP synthetase ;
5. site of ETC ;
6. ref. H+ and intermembrane space ;
7. ATP production ;
8. oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;
9. matrix is site of, link reaction / Krebs cycle ;
10. enzymes in matrix ;

[max 8]
11. 70S ribosomes ;
12. (mitochondrial) DNA ;

Paper 4
24 (a) 1. oxidative phosphorylation ;

2. oxygen is final electron acceptor ;
3. reduced to water / accepts hydrogen ion to form water ; A equation
4. so electron transport chain can continue ; ora

[max 3]
5. increases ATP production ; ora
6. in absence of oxygen only glycolysis continues ;
(b) (i) 1. lipid releases most energy ;
2. because it has more, hydrogens / C-H bonds ;
3. per unit mass ; [max 3]

4. hydrogens needed for, ATP production / chemiosmosis ;
(ii) many more hydrogens available to, reduce / convert, oxygen to water ; [1]
25 (a) (DNA for) transcription / codes for mRNA ;
(ribosomes for) translation ; [max 3]
synthesis of, respiratory enzymes / named enzyme / inner membrane proteins ;
(b)
correct order letter of stage
1 V
2 S
3 U
4 W
5 R
6 Q
7 X
8 T [4]
S U W all above R ;
S U W in correct order ;
Q X T all below R ;
Q X T in correct order ;

Paper 4
(c) hydrolysis / dephosphorylation / exothermic / exergonic ; [1]
(d) anaerobic respiration ;
substrate level phosphorylation (in glycolysis);
at triose phosphate pyruvate step ;
(net) gain of 2ATP (per glucose) ; A 2 used and 4 produced
pyruvate, reduced / gains hydrogens (from reduced NAD) ;

[max 5]
forming lactate ;
[Total:13]
NAD regenerated / NADH2 re-oxidised ;
this allows glycolysis to continue ;

I ethanol pathway
26 (a) contains ribose (not deoxyribose) ; [2]

has three phosphate groups (not one) ;
(b) (i) anaerobic – accept ora for aerobic
1 idea that glucose not completely, broken down / oxidised

or
only glycolysis occurs ;
2 pyruvate / lactate / ethanol, still contains energy ;
3 ETC stops ;
4 (because) no oxygen to act as (final) electron acceptor ;
5 (so) no, Krebs cycle / link reaction / oxidative phosphorylation /

chemiosmosis ; [max 3]
(ii) 1 lipid contains (relatively) more, hydrogen atoms / C-H ;
2 detail ; e.g. molecular formula of glucose and a lipid given
3 more reduced, NAD / FAD, produced ;
4 more electrons passed along ETC ;
5 more hydrogen ions pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane /

more hydrogen ions pumped into intermembrane space / steeper proton [max 3]
gradient ;

Paper 4
27 (a) ignore ref. to energy currency
1 idea of synthesis of complex substances or synthesis of named large

molecule / anabolic reactions;
2 transport of substances against concentration gradient / active transport ;
3 movement qualified ; e.g. muscle contraction / cilia movement / locomotion
4 AVP ; e.g bioluminescence, electrical discharge, temperature regulation [max 2]
(b) (i) both answers required for one mark

[1]
A adenine R adenosine
B ribose / pentose ;
(ii) 1 small ;
2 water soluble ;
3 easily transported around the cell ;

[max 3]
4 easily hydrolysed (to release energy) ;
5 (so) relatively large quantity of energy released / 30.5 kJ mol–1 ;
6 idea of, rapid turnover / small cellular ATP content is sufficient for cell's
requirements ;
(c) (i) 1 less / decreased (aerobic respiration) ;
2 oxygen, is the final electron acceptor / needed for ETC ;

[max 2]
3 oxidative phosphorylation decreased / chemiosmosis decreased ;
4 regeneration of NAD / Kreb’s cycle / link reaction, decreased ;
5 ATP synthesis decreases / ATP synthetase activity decreased ;
(ii) more ATP produced (for population growth) ; [1]

Paper 4
(d) (i) 1 HB8 always does better than mutant HB8 ;
2 HB8 and mutant HB8 both do better in aerobic than in anaerobic

conditions ;
3 data quote to support ;
for mp1
[950 × 106 per cm3 v 900 × 106 per cm3] and [490 × 106 per cm3 v 410 × 106
per cm3] or manipulated figures
[max 2]
for mp2
(ii) 1 both grow better in aerobic compared to anaerobic ;
2 ref. to significant difference found in mutant HB8 (aerobic compared to

anaerobic) ;
3 data quote to support ;
for mp1
[max 2]
for mp2
[840 × 106 per cm3 v 50 × 106 per cm3] or [460 × 106 per cm3 v 50 × 106 per
cm3] or manipulated figures
(iii) idea that HB8 is a better competitor than mutant HB8 ; ora
[max 1]
in mutant HB8 activity of, enzyme / nitrate reductase, is reduced ;

Paper 4
28 (a) 1 glucose phosphorylated by ATP ;
2 (forms) hexose / fructose, bisphosphate ;
3 raises energy level of / activates, glucose / sugar

OR
lowers activation energy of reaction ;
4 breaks down to two TP ;
5 6C 2 × 3C ;
6 hydrogen (atoms) removed / dehydrogenated / oxidised ;
7 2 reduced NAD formed ; A NADH / NADH2
8 ref. to 4 ATP produced / net gain of 2 ATP ;
10 AVP ; e.g. ref. to substrate level phosphorylation / dehydrogenase /

phosphofructokinase / hexokinase [max 6]
(b)
substrate level oxidative
phosphorylation phosphorylation
enzymes are

involved
occurs in cytoplasm ;
occurs in
; [3]
mitochondria
channel proteins are

;
involved
(c) seeds soaked in water

1 little / no, oxygen (in water) ;
2 (mostly) anaerobic respiration ;
seeds after 12 hours in the soil

3 (more) aerobic respiration / less anaerobic respiration ;
4 mixture of substrates ; e.g. 2 of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
seedlings after 21 days

5 aerobic respiration ;
[max 6]
6 substrate is, glucose / carbohydrate ;
7 ref. to presence of leaves / photosynthesis ;

Paper 4
29 (a) (i) adenine ; [1]
(ii) ribose ; [1]
(b) 1 loss of phosphate / hydrolysis, leads to energy release ;
2 small packets of energy ;
3 small / water-soluble, so can move around cell ;
4 immediate energy donor ;
5 link between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions / AW ;
6 high turnover ; [max 3]
(c)
stage products
glycolysis pyruvate
reduced NAD
Krebs cycle reduced NAD
reduced FAD
carbon dioxide / CO2
oxidative NAD
phosphorylation
FAD
water / H2O
;;;
6 correct = 3 marks
4/5 correct = 2 marks [3]
2/3 correct = 1 mark

Paper 4
(d) lipids
1 more C-H bonds / more reduced / more hydrogen ;
2 produces more reduced NAD ;
3 produces more ATP per, gram / unit mass ;
4 more, aerobic respiration / oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;
5 fats only broken down aerobically ; [max 2]
(e) (i) CO2 produced divided by O2 consumed / ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed;
ref. to volume / number of molecules / moles, of, CO2 / O2 ;
in the same time / per unit time ; [max 2]
(ii) carbohydrate = 1.0 ; [2]
lipid = 0.7 ;
(iii) becomes greater than 1 ; [1]
30 (a) ATP ;
pyruvate ; [4]
NAD ;
ATP synthase ;
(b) (i) 1980 ; ;

Allow one mark for
5.2 − 0.25 4.95 [2]
(× 100) or (× 100)
0.25 0.25
(ii) ethanol evaporated ;

other microorganism metabolises ethanol ; [max 1]

Paper 4
31 (a) (i) W = ethanal ; A acetaldehyde / C2H4O
X = carbon dioxide ; A CO2
Y = reduced NAD ; A NADH / NADH2 / NADH+ + H+ [3]
(ii) in yeast cells – ora for muscle cells

1 ethanol produced as opposed to, lactate / lactic acid ;
2 irreversible ;
3 different dehydrogenases involved /

reduction of ethanal instead of pyruvate / AW ;
4 two steps / two enzymes involved / decarboxylation /

ref. to (pyruvate) decarboxylase / CO2 production ; [max 2]
(b) fewer ATP molecules produced

no / fewer, protons / H+, move through, ATP synth(et)ase / stalked particles
or
less steep, proton / H+, gradient ; I chemiosmosis
more heat energy released

H+ gradient / electron flow / ETC, energy converted to, heat / thermal energy;
constant oxygen uptake

ETC still works / oxygen acts as final electron acceptor ;
I oxidative phosphorylation still works [3]

Paper 4
32 (a) (i) S ;
R; [3]
S;
(ii) has genes that code for:

mitochondrial proteins ;
mitochondrial enzymes ;
mitochondrial replication ; [max 1]
rRNA ; A ribosomes A tRNA R mRNA
(b)
substance that enters substance that leaves
the mitochondria the mitochondria
oxygen carbon dioxide
pyruvate ATP
ADP water
phosphate / Pi
fatty acids
mark first answer in each box ; ; ;

6 boxes correct = 3 marks
4 / 5 boxes correct = 2 marks [max 3]
2 / 3 boxes correct = 1 mark
(c) max 3 from mp1–mp5

1 ETC / electron transport chain, stops ;
2 Krebs cycle / link reaction, stops ;
3 no proton gradient set up ;
4 no proton flow through ATP synthase ;
5 less / no, ATP produced ;
[max 4]
6 named muscle fails to contract ; e.g. heart / intercostals
(d) (i) 0.70 ; ;

[2]
allow one mark for working 102 ÷ 145
(ii) 1 respire aerobically ;

[max 2]
2 mixture of substrates / named mixture ;
3 different tissues respire different substrates ;

Paper 4
33 (a) both have ribose (sugars) ; R ribulose

ATP has 1, ribose / pentose / sugar, NAD has 2 ; I ref. to additional hexose
both have, adenine / purine (base) ; I adenosine
NAD has, nicotinamide / pyrimidine (base) ;
ATP has 3 phosphates, NAD has 2 ; [max 3]
(b) accept synthesise / produce / convert to, for ‘make’ for all mp
make (named), protein / polypeptide / peptides ; A protein synthesis / translation
make (named), disaccharide / oligosaccharide / polysaccharide / glycogen ; R non-
mammalian examples such as starch or cellulose
make (named), triglycerides / lipids / phospholipids / steroids / cholesterol ;
A glycogenesis
make, nucleotide / polynucleotide / nucleic acid / DNA / RNA ;
A transcription / DNA replication
AVP ; e.g. named example of, polymerisation / condensation
A phosphorylation example [max 2]
(c) substrate-linked / substrate-level, phosphorylation ; I condensation reaction [1]
(d) hydrogen, carrier / acceptor ; A gets reduced or gains H / H+ and electrons

I donates R H2 / hydrogen molecules
(acts as a) coenzyme ; A enables dehydrogenases to work
ref. to glycolysis / respiration in anaerobic conditions ; A anaerobic respiration
I aerobic [max 2]
(e) ‘more’ needed once plus implied for second mp

1 more, C-H bonds / hydrogen(s) / reduced ; I C-C bonds
R more hydrogen bonds R hydrocarbons
accept produces / gives / results in for ‘makes’ in mp 2 and mp3

2 (makes) more reduced NAD ;
3 makes more ATP per, gram / molecule / mole / unit mass ;
A releases / results in / gives, more energy per, g / etc.
4 more, aerobic respiration / electron transport chain (ETC) / oxidative
phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ; A higher rate of for ‘more’ [max 2]
[Total: 10]

Paper 4
34 (a) accept proton / hydrogen ion / H+ / H ion as equivalent throughout

1 reduced, NAD / FAD ; A NADH / NADH2 / NADH + H+ for reduced NAD
2 passed to ETC ;
4 hydrogen released (from reduced, NAD / FAD) ; R H2
5 split into electrons and protons ; A released as electron and proton
6 electrons pass along, carriers / cytochromes ; A electrons pass along
proteins of, ETC / carrier chain
7 energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space ;
8 proton gradient is set up ; A concentration gradient of protons is created
A full description
9 protons diffuse, (back) through membrane / down gradient ;
A protons diffuse into matrix
10 ATP synthase / stalked particles / protein channels ;
A ATP synthetase R ATPase
11 (ATP produced from) ADP and (inorganic) phosphate ; A context for ‘final’
12 idea of oxygen as final electron acceptor ;
13 addition of proton (to oxygen) to form water / (oxygen) reduced to water ; [max 8]
(b) 1 pyruvate formed by glycolysis ;
2 reduced NAD formed by glycolysis ;
3 pyruvate decarboxylated / AW ;
4 ethanal produced ;
5 pyruvate decarboxylase ;
6 ethanal is, hydrogen acceptor / reduced ; A gains H or gains H+ and e–
7 from / by, reduced NAD ;
8 ethanol formed ;
9 ethanol / alcohol, dehydrogenase ;
10not reversible reaction ;
11NAD, regenerated / can now accept hydrogen atoms ;
A reduced NAD oxidised
12 so glycolysis can continue ; [max 7]
[Total: 15]

Paper 4
35 (a) (i) three phosphates ;

ribose / pentose ;
adenine ; I nitrogenous base [max 2]
(ii) combines with, acetyl group / acetate ;

ref. to link reaction ;
(delivers, acetyl group / acetate) to the Krebs cycle ;
(acetyl group / acetate) combines with oxaloacetate ;
R Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate
[max 3]
[1]
(b) (i) muscle / liver ;
(ii) facilitated diffusion ; [1]
(iii) F – condensation / polymerisation / anabolic / glycogenesis / dephosphorylation ;

G – hydrolysis / catabolic / glycogenolysis / phosphorylation ; [2]
(iv) glycolysis / respiration / lipid synthesis ; [1]
[Total: 10]
36 (a) 1 lysis / splitting / break down, of glucose ; R sugar splitting

2 (glucose) phosphorylated by ATP ;
3 raises energy level / to activate the reaction / reduces activation energy /
to make it reactive ;
4 fructose (1,6) bisphosphate ;
5 (breaks down to) two, triose phosphate / TP ;
6 hydrogen removed by NAD ; A triose phosphate oxidised by NAD
7 reduced NAD formed ;
9 small yield of ATP ; [max 6]
(b) 1 oxaloacetate accepts, acetate / acetyl group / 2C fragment ;

2 to form citrate ;
3 4C to 6C ;
4 decarboxylation ;
5 CO2 released ;
6 dehydrogenation / oxidation ;
7 reduced NAD produced ;
8 reduced FAD produced ;
9 ATP produced ;
10 substrate-linked / substrate-level, phosphorylation ;
11 ref. to intermediate compounds ;
12 enzyme-catalysed reactions ;
13 oxaloacetate regenerated ; [max 9]
[Total: 15]

Paper 4 A Level Biology by Sir Umar Memon
Question Answer Mark
37 (a) gibberellin ; 1
(b)(i) absorbs carbon dioxide ; 1
(b)(ii) three from 3

1 used in, oxidative phosphorylation / ETC ;
2 final electron acceptor ;
3 proton acceptor ;
4 forms water ;
5 allows ETC to continue

;
6 ref. to ATP produced ;
(c)(i) equilibration / acclimatising / adjusting ; 1
Question Answer Mark
(c)(ii) two from 2

1 act as a control ;
2 idea of control eliminates effects of variables other than, the independent variable / temperature ;
3 (changes in A and C are) due to, seeds / respiration ; ora
(c)(iii) 0.087 ; ; 2
allow one mark for

1.7 − 0.4 1.3 1.3 1.7 − 0.4
15 15 20 − 5 20 − 5
or
0.08666
(c)(iv) at 25°C (ora for 10°C) 2

two from
1 increased kinetic energy ;
2 enzymes involved ;
3 idea of more ESCs ;
(c)(v) enzymes denatured ; 2

detail ; e.g. change in active site (shape) / H bonds break

Paper 4
Question Answer Mark Guidance
38 (a)(i) potassium hydroxide / sodium hydroxide (solution) ; 1 A KOH / NaOH

I limewater, calcium hydroxide, soda lime, (sodium)
bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate
38 (a)(ii) one from 1 A high temperature / 30 °C or over, could,

must not raise temperature too high for animals harm / kill / distress, woodlice
; woodlice, movement / activity ;
38 (a)(iii) oxidative phosphorylation ; 1 A electron transport chain / ETC
38(b)(i) 2
rate of
temperature difference oxygen
3
/ ºC / cm uptake
3 -1
/ cm min
A 0.01
15 0.18 0.012 ;
A 0.03
0.42 0.028 ;
25
38(b)(ii) at 25 °C (ora for 15 °C) 3 I optimum temperature

three from
1 increased kinetic energy ;
2 enzymes / substrates / molecules, move faster ; A rate of collisions, higher / faster
3 more collisions (between enzyme and substrate) ;
4 more ESCs formed ;
5 AVP ; Q10 = 2

Paper 4
38(c) five from 5

similarities A NADH / NADH2
1 reduced NAD (used) in both; R reduced NAD produced
+
2 NAD regenerated / glycolysis can continue, in both; A NAD regenerated
+
A (NADH) re-oxidised to NAD / NAD
differences
mammalian
yeast / ethanol
tissue / lactate
3 decarboxylation or no decarboxylation ; A CO2 released (yeast) or not (mammals)
4 irreversible or reversible ;
A description of two steps
two steps / one step / A pyruvic acid / lactic acid
5 and ;
pyruvate → ethanal → ethanol pyruvate → lactate
+ –
A ethanol and pyruvate, reduced / gain H and e
6 ethanal accepts H and pyruvate accepts H ; R they are dehydrogenated
lactate A alcohol dehydrogenase

7 ethanol dehydrogenase and ; R lactase dehydrogenase
dehydrogenase

Paper 4
Topic#1 Energy & Respiration A Level Biology by Sir Umar Memon
Question Answer Marks
39(a)(i) 4 correct = 2 marks 2
2 / 3 correct = 1 mark
glycolysis:
1 cytoplasm / cytosol / sarcoplasm ;
link reaction:
2 mitochondrial matrix ;
Krebs cycle:
3 mitochondrial matrix ;
oxidative phosphorylation:
4 inner (mitochondrial) membrane / cristae ;
39(a)(ii) two from: 2 max

1 too big to pass through (membrane / glucose’s protein channel) ;
2 polar / AW ;
3 no specific, transport / carrier / channel, protein (for phosphorylated glucose) ;

2(b) five from: 5 max
in anaerobic conditions:
1 only, glycolysis / conversion of glucose into pyruvate, occurs ;
2 (only) produces 2 molecules of ATP (net) ;
3 (only) substrate-linked phosphorylation (occurs) ;
4 pyruvate converted to lactate ;
5 lactate is energy-rich / AW ;
6 oxygen not available as final electron acceptor ;
7 electron transport chain / chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation, does not occur ;
8 most ATP is produced (in aerobic conditions) in, electron transport chain / chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation ;
2(c) three from: 3 max
1 reference oxygen debt ;
2 converts lactate to, pyruvate / glucose ;
3 in liver (cells) ;
4 re-oxygenate, haemoglobin / myoglobin ;
5 meet demands of continued increased metabolic rate / AW ;

40(a) 2
stage of respiration ATP used ATP produced
glycolysis yes yes
link reaction no no
Krebs cycle no yes
oxidative phosphorylation no yes
;;
4 correct = 2 marks, 2 or 3 rows correct = 1 mark
If ticks and crosses used need all 4 correct for maximum 1 mark
40(b) max 5 of: 5
group A (accept ora for group B throughout) accept ‘they’ = group A

1 higher ratio ;
2 larger / more, inner membrane / cristae (than B) ;
3 more, ETCs / cytochromes / ATP synth(et)ase / stalked particles ; I ATPase
5 more ATP produced ;
6 muscles can contract for, longer / more time / without getting tired ; I exercise longer I muscles contract faster
7 AVP ; e.g. chemiosmosis or detail thereof:

H+ move, down gradient / through ATP synth(et)ase I ATPase
If B and A switched round penalise once only

Paper 4
41(a)(i) R – pyruvate ; 2
S – carbon dioxide ;
41(a)(ii) idea that, hydrogen(s) / protons and electrons, are released ; 2

A (reduced NAD), oxidised / dehydrogenated
at ETC / (for) oxidative phosphorylation ;
41(b) 1. lactate (produced) ; A lactic acid max 5
2. (lactate) taken to liver ;
3. converted to pyruvate ;
4. (pyruvate) converted to, glucose / glycogen ;
5. carbon dioxide (produced) ;
6. ref. to carbon dioxide / pH, receptors ;
7. (carbon dioxide) goes into alveoli ;
8. increased breathing (rate) ;
9. ref. to haemoglobin acts as a buffer for carbon dioxide ;

Paper 4
42(a) 1 inorganic phosphate added to ADP / ADP + Pi ; 2
2 ref. to (named) phosphorylated compound ;
42(b)(i) ester ; 1
42(b)(ii) carrier of, 2C (unit) / acetyl group / acetate, to, the Krebs cycle / oxaloacetate ; 1
42(b)(iii) two from: 2
1 more C–H (bonds) / more reduced / more hydrogen ;
2 produces more reduced NAD ;
3 more, aerobic respiration / oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;
4 produces more ATP per, gram / unit mass ;
42(c)(i) 17 ; 1
42(c)(ii) 0.71 ;; 2
one mark for 12 ÷ 17
allow ecf from (i) for one mark

Paper 4
43(a) eight from: 8
1 double membrane ;
inner membrane
2 folded / cristae ;
3 increased / large, surface area ;
4 has, ATP synthase / stalked particles ;
5 has, carrier (proteins) / cytochromes ;
6 (site of) ETC / oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;
intermembrane space
7 has low pH / high concentration of protons ;
8 accepts protons from ETC / AW ;
9 proton gradient between intermembrane space and matrix

or
protons move from intermembrane space to matrix ;
10 ref. to ATP synthesis ;
matrix
11 contains enzymes ;
12 site of, link reaction / the Krebs cycle ;
outer membrane
13 presence of carriers for, pyruvate / reduced NAD ;
14 AVP ; e.g. ribosomes / DNA, plus function

Paper 4
43(b) seven from: 7
liver cells (max 6)

1 only glycolysis occurs ;
2 pyruvate, cannot enter mitochondrion / remains in the cytoplasm ;
3 (pyruvate) becomes, hydrogen acceptor / reduced ;
4 by reduced NAD (from glycolysis) ;
5 lactate produced ;
7 production of, 4 ATP / 2 ATP / small amount of ATP ;
yeast cells
9 decarboxylation / CO2 removed ;
10 ethanal becomes, hydrogen acceptor / reduced ;
11 two steps (instead of one) ;
12 irreversible reaction (instead of reversible) ;
13 ethanol dehydrogenase ;

Paper 4
44(a) 2
contents of dishes ATP produced
mitochondria + ADP + Pi + acetyl CoA
9
+ oxygen
mitochondria + ADP + Pi + acetyl CoA 8
mitochondria + ADP + Pi + low
8
concentration of protons (H+)
mitochondria + ADP + Pi + high
9
concentration of protons (H+)
;
;
2 or 3 correct = 1 mark
4 correct = 2 marks
44(b) two from: 2
water enters (mitochondrion / matrix) ;
by osmosis / down the water potential gradient ;
membranes ruptured / mitochondrion bursts ;
44(c) final electron (and proton) acceptor (in ETC) ; 1
44(d) ATP synth(et)ase ; 1

Paper 4
44(e) four from: 4
1 (site of) electron transport chain ;
2 moves / pumps, protons / H+, to inter-membrane space ;
3 electrochemical / proton / H+, gradient ;
4 protons / H+, diffuse to matrix ;
5 through, stalked particles / ATP synth(et)ase ;
6 ADP + Pi Æ ATP ;
45 7; 6
4;
9 / 4 ;
2;
10 ;
3;

Paper 4
46(a) 3
compound or structure location
ATP synthase
P
acetyl CoA
Q
phospholipid bilayer
P
oxaloacetate
Q ;;;
46(b)(i) 16(.00) × 10–3 ; 1
46(b)(ii) any two from: 2
mitochondria / respiration, produce(s) ATP ;

heart / cardiac muscle (cell), is more active OR needs more, energy / ATP ;
heart / cardiac muscle, (cell) contracts ; ora
46(b)(iii) mitochondria vary, in size / in surface area of inner membrane ; 1

Paper 4
47 any six from: 6

(a)
1 (short-term) store of energy ;
2 (energy derived) from, food / respiration / photophosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;
3 transfers energy (to) / (immediate) energy donor (to) ;
4 in all, cells / organisms ;
5 hydrolysis / phosphate loss, releases, energy / 30.5 kJ (per mole) ;
6 reversible reaction / (AMP and) ADP recycled to ATP ;

7 small (molecule) / water soluble, so can move within, cell / cytoplasm ;
8 links energy yielding and energy requiring reactions ;
9 high turnover (rate) ;
and any two uses up to question total of 6 from:

10 active transport / action potential / electrical discharge ;
11 muscle contraction ;
12 anabolic reactions / condensation reactions / transcription / translation / DNA replication / Calvin cycle / phosphorylation
reactions ;
13 exocytosis / endocytosis / intracellular transport ;
14 bioluminescence ;

Paper 4
47(b) any nine from: 9
anaerobic respiration in, mammalian cells / lactic fermentation (M):

1 pyruvate, is reduced / accepts H / accepts H+ + electron ;
2 (process uses) reduced NAD ;

3 from glycolysis ;
4 converted to, lactate / lactic acid ;
5 ref. to lactate dehydrogenase ;
6 regeneration of NAD allows glycolysis to continue ;
7 small energy yield / 2 ATP, (from glycolysis) ;
difference to, yeast cells / alcoholic fermentation (Y): accept ora mps 8–11
8 M no, decarboxylation / CO2 removed (to form ethanal) ;
9 M single / one, step / enzyme or Y two, steps / enzymes ;
10 M pyruvate is H acceptor and in Y ethanal is H acceptor ;

11 M reversible / lactate is (later) converted back to pyruvate or Y irreversible or ethanal / ethanol, cannot be converted back
to pyruvate ;
12 M needs oxygen / by oxidation / ref. to oxygen debt ;

Paper 4
48(a) link reaction ; 5
matrix of mitochondrion ;
2 and 3 ;
substrate–linked phosphorylation ; A substrate-level phosphorylation
(Q =) NAD and (R=) FAD ;
48(b) reduced, NAD / FAD, to ETC ; A description 2
ref. to oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ; A description

49(a)(i) two from: 2
glycolysis ;
link reaction ;
Krebs cycle ;
49(a)(ii) two from: 2
1 splits H into electrons and H+ ;

2 ref. to electrons along, ETC / carriers, provides energy ;
3 (energy) used to pump H+ into intermembrane space ;
49(a)(iii) Y oxygen ; 2
Z ATP synthase / ATP synthetase ;
A stalked particle
R ATPase
49(b) two from: 2
increase in surface area ;

more, carriers / ATP synthase / ETCs ;
more ATP (produced) ;
50(a)(i) cytoplasm ; 1
50(a)(ii) phosphorylation: 1 (and) 3 ; 3

oxidation: 5;
reaction in step 5: substrate-linked phosphorylation ;
50(b) any two from 2

cancer cells
1 need / use, more glucose ;
2 need / use, less oxygen ;
3 get, little energy / 2 ATP / small amount of ATP, per glucose (molecule) / from glycolysis ;

Paper 4
51(a) any six from 6

1 different substrates have different numbers of, hydrogens / C-H bonds ;
2 lipids have (relatively) more, hydrogens / C-H bonds (than carbohydrates or proteins) ;
3 hydrogens / C-H bonds, located in fatty acid (tails of lipids) ;
4 breakdown / oxidation, of substrate provides hydrogen (atoms) ;
5 for reduction of, NAD / FAD ;
6 (reduced, NAD / FAD) provides / releases, hydrogen to ETC ;
7 hydrogen (dissociates) into protons and electrons ;
8 ref. energy used to set up proton gradient ;
9 chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation / AW ;
10 (so) more, ATP / energy, from lipids per unit mass (than, carbohydrates / proteins) or lipids, more energy dense / have
higher (relative) energy value ;
51(b) RQ 9
1 (ratio of) carbon dioxide given out divided by oxygen taken in ;
2 ref. volume / moles ;
R amount
3 per unit time ;
any eight from

investigation
4 use respirometer ;
5 seeds placed on, mesh / gauze ;
6 KOH / NaOH / sodalime, to absorb carbon dioxide ;
7 manometer / capillary tube / syringe ;
8 movement of fluid (in manometer / capillary tube / syringe) = uptake of oxygen ;
9 keep, temperature / air pressure, constant ;
10 measure oxygen uptake after certain time ;
11 repeat without KOH / NaOH / sodalime ;
12 difference in manometer readings due to carbon dioxide given out ;

Paper 4
52(a)(i) any three from: 3
1 because there is a faster rate of (aerobic) respiration (than in phase A) ;
2 (because) in phase B, ADP is present so oxygen concentration decreases faster ;
3 ADP is needed for ATP synthesis ;
4 oxygen used, as final electron acceptor / for oxidative phosphorylation / for aerobic respiration ;
52(a)(ii) ADP / Pi / oxygen / pyruvate, becomes limiting / runs out ; 1
52(b) any five from: 5
1 low concentration of oxygen in water ;
2 ref. to aerenchyma / description ;
3 gases diffuses (through aerenchyma) down to root cells ;
4 allows aerobic respiration ;
5 some leaves trap air underwater due to ridges on leaves ;
6 ethanol produced from respiration under anaerobic conditions ;

A alcoholic fermentation
7 (root cells) can tolerate ethanol ;
8 (root cells) produce, alcohol / ethanol, dehydrogenase (to break down ethanol) ;
9 some varieties of rice have high rate of respiration under anaerobic conditions to generate more ATP ;

54(a) 4
1 E
2 H
3 A
4 I
5 F
6 B
7 C
8 G
9 D
E and H in correct position ;
A and I in correct position ;
B and C in correct position ;
G and D in correct position ;
54(b) any five from: 5
in yeast
1 only glycolysis occurs ;
2 (net) 2 ATP produced ;
3 no oxygen as (final) electron acceptor ;
4 (so) pyruvate does not enter mitochondria ;
5 ETC / chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation / Krebs cycle / link reaction, does not occur ;
6 (ETC / chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation) produce most ATP ;
7 pyruvate / ethanal, converted to ethanol ;
8 ethanol still energy-rich / AW ;

Paper 4
53(a) 4
1 V
2 S
3 U
4 W
5 R
6 Q
7 X
8 T
6 correct = 4 marks
4/5 correct = 3 marks
2/3 correct = 2 marks
1 correct = 1 mark ;;;;
53(b) ATP synthase - cristae / inner membrane ; 5
Krebs cycle - matrix ;
electron transport chain - cristae / inner membrane ;
coenzyme A - matrix ;
pyruvate - matrix ;

Paper 4
55(a) any eight from: 8
1 reduced, NAD / FAD ;
2 passed to ETC ;
4 hydrogen released (from reduced, NAD / FAD) ;
5 split into electrons and protons ;
6 electrons pass along, ETC / carriers / cytochromes ;
7 energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space ;
8 proton gradient is set up ;
9 protons diffuse, (back) through membrane / down gradient ;
10 ATP synthase / stalked particles / protein channels ;
11 (ATP produced from) ADP and (inorganic) phosphate ;
12 idea of oxygen as final electron acceptor ;
13 addition of proton (to oxygen) to form water / (oxygen) reduced to water ;

Paper 4
55(b) any seven from: 7
1 detail of placing larvae in respirometer ; e.g. on gauze / use spoon
2 use and role of, KOH / AW;
3 water bath / maintain temperature ;
4 choose 4 different temperatures ;
5 mark initial position of liquid drop ;
6 leave for set time ;
7 measure distance moved by drop (in set time) ;
8 (use tap to) reset respirometer ;
9 (at least 3) replicates ;
10 calculate mean values ;
11 calculate rate as distance ÷ time ;
12 plot graph of rate v temperature ;

Energy and Respiration MS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy and Respiration MS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Level Biology by Sir Umar Memon

R NADP throughout [8 max]

2 (a) 1 provides, H+ / protons / protons and electrons ; A hydrogen R H2 R produce H+

(b) (i) (initial) steep rise up to 40 (µmol) Al ;

Topical Past Paper Questions Prepared by Sir Umar Memon

if candidate mistakenly writes about photosynthesis only allow

Topical Past Paper Questions Prepared by Sir Umar Memon

4 (a) (i) adenine ;

(c) 1 ETC / inner mitochondrial membrane / crista / stalked particles ;

2 grana / thylakoids / inner

4 mitochondrial matrix ; [2 max]

5 (a) (i) 18 ; [1]

(ii) 0.72 ; [1]

allow ecf from (i)

(b) 1 RQ value falls steeply, initially / 40–80 min ;

2 then, very little change / AW ;

3 sugar / carbohydrate, metabolised at start ; A named carbohydrate

4 then fat metabolised ;

(c) 1 increase in rate of respiration ;

2 kinetic energy increases / more enzyme-substrate complexes / enzyme activity increases ;

3 effects of too high a rise in temperature ; e.g. denaturation of enzymes

4 AVP ; e.g. Q10 = 2 [2 max]

Topical Past Paper Questions Prepared by Sir Umar Memon

6 (a) 1 (glucose) phosphorylated by ATP ;

2 raises energy level / overcomes activation energy ;

4 lysis / splitting, of, glucose / hexose ; R sugar splitting

5 breaks down to two TP ; A GALP / GADP / G3P / PGAL

8 2 NAD reduced formed (from each TP to pyruvate formed) ;

9 4 ATP produced / net gain of 2 ATP ;

11 reduced NAD → oxidative phosphorylation / redox ;

13 adenine + ribose / pentose + three phosphates ;

14 loss of phosphate leads to energy release / hydrolysis releases

15 ADP + Pi ↔ ATP (reversible reaction) ;

16 synthesised during, glycolysis / Krebs cycle / substrate level

17 synthesised, using electron carriers / oxidative phosphorylation /

18 in, mitochondria / chloroplasts ;

19 ATP synthase / ATP synthetase ;

21 used by cells as immediate energy donor ;

22 link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions / AW ;

23 active transport / muscle contraction / Calvin cycle / protein synthesis ; [8 max]

Topical Past Paper Questions Prepared by Sir Umar Memon

7 (a) 1 acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate ;

4 decarboxylation / CO2 released ;

5 dehydrogenation / oxidation / release of hydrogen ;

6 reduced NAD produced / NAD accepts hydrogen ;

7 reduced FAD produced / FAD accepts hydrogen ;

9 substrate level phosphorylation ;

10 series of, steps / intermediates ; A many named steps off a diagram

11 enzyme catalysed reactions ;

13 occurs in mitochondrial matrix ; [9 max]

17 carries, electrons and protons / hydrogen / NAD

18 from Krebs cycle ;

20 to ETC / electron carrier chain / oxidation ;

21 reoxidised / regenerated hydrogen removed ;

22 ATP produced ; [6 max]

Topical Past Paper Questions Prepared by Sir Umar Memon

8 (a) (i) glycolysis ; [1]

(ii) cytoplasm/cytosol ; [1]

(iii) 4 ; A4 –2=2 [1]

(b) (i) inner membrane/cristae/stalked particles ; [1]

(ii) 1 reduced, NAD/FAD ;

3 release hydrogen ; A H R H2/H+

4 hydrogen splits into proton and electron ;