General Biology 1
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Week 5 / September 13-17, 2021 / Lecture Notes
Introduction
Cellular Respiration – chemical energy from
nutrients is released and captured in the form of
ATP
Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration, mighty
energy producer (food to ATP)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Glucose+Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy
Oxidation – lose electron, gain oxygen, negative
Reduction – gain electron, lose oxygen, positive
Stages of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis – break down glucose into 2
molecules of pyruvate
2. Citric/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
– breakdown of glucose to CO2 (pyruvate
oxidation)
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation – facilitate
synthesis of most of the cell’s ATP (electron
transport chain, chemiosmosis)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis – harvest chemical energy by oxidizing
glucose to pyruvate, in cytoplasm, with or without
oxygen
GEROA – gain electron (reduction), oxidizing agent
LEORA – lose electron (oxidation), reducing agent
1. Energy Investment Phase – used 2 ATP to
split glucose into 2 three-carbon sugar
molecules (G3P&DHAP), no produced ATP
yet (may utang)
2. Energy Payoff Phase – 4 ATP synthesized (2
ATP used), 2 NAD+ reduced to NADH,
small sugars oxidized to form 2 pyruvate
and 2 H2O
PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS
 2 ATP – original is 4 ATP but 2 ATP are
cancelled because of the utang of Energy
Investment Phase (4 ATP formed minus 2
ATP used)
 2 NADH + 2 H+ – (2 NAD+ > 2 NADH)
 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O – (glucose > pyruvate)
Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate Oxidation – pyruvate enter mitochondria
then converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl
CoA), repeated 2 times because of 2 ATP products
from glycolysis, in mitochondrial membrane, with
oxygen
*pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes 3 reactions
1. Oxidation – oxidation of pyruvate’s
carboxyl group, CO2 left (times 2)
2. Reduction – reduction of NAD+ to NADH
(NAD+ accepted electron > negative = final
molecule has no charge), NADH (times 2)
3. Combination – combine remaining two-
carbon fragment (where carboxyl group was
removed) with CoA to form Acetyl CoA
(times 2)
PRODUCTS OF PYRUVATE OXIDATION
 2 CO2 – 1 CO2 each process (repeated 2
times)
 2 NADH – 1 NADH each process (repeated
2 times)
 2 Acetyl CoA – 1 Acetyl CoA each process
(repeated 2 times)
Citric/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle – pyruvic acid is broken down to
carbon dioxide, repeated 2 times because of 2
Acetyl CoA, in mitochondrial matrix, with oxygen
PRODUCTS OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE
 2 ATP – 1 ATP per cycle (repeated 2 times)
 4 CO2 – 2 CO2 per cycle (repeated 2 times)
Jan Pauline B. Babina, 11 – STEM 01
1
General Biology 1
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Week 5 / September 13-17, 2021 / Lecture Notes
 6 NADH – 3 NADH per cycle (repeated 2
times)
 2 FADH2 – 1 FADH2 per cycle (repeated 2
times)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation – electron transport
chain and chemiosmosis, NADH and FADH2
produced in glycolysis and citric acid cycle
accounts for most energy extracted from glucose
NADH and FADH2 – donate electrons (oxidation)
to electron transport chain that powers ATP
synthesis, donate to different electron acceptors
1. Electron Transport Chain – embedded in
inner mitochondrial membrane (cell
membrane in prokaryotes), require oxygen
Multiprotein Complexes – most of the
molecules in electron transport chain
Cytochromes – proteins with heme groups
containing iron atom, where electrons are
being passed through, carrier molecules
Electron Carriers – alternate between
reduced and oxidized states as they accept
and donate
Electrons – drop free energy as they are
transferred down the chain, accepted by O2
(excellent electron acceptor) to form H2O +
2H
*no ATP is produced by the chain only
PRODUCT OF ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
 Water – H2O formed by the
byproduct of metabolic reaction
between electron and O2
2. Chemiosmosis – energy released as
electrons is used to pump H+ from
mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane
space by the help of complexes, H+ moved
down its concentration gradient by entering
ATP synthase (protein complex) to convert
ADP to ATP, in cristae with oxygen
PRODUCTS OF CHEMIOSMOSIS
 26/28 ATP
FINAL PRODUCTS OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
 10 NADH – 2 glycolysis, 2 pyruvate
oxidation, 6 krebs cycle
 2 FADH2 – 2 krebs
 30/32 ATP – 2 glycolysis, 2 citric acid
cycle, 26/28 chemiosmosis
 3 H2O – 2 glycolysis, 1 ETC
*34% of energy in glucose molecule is transferred
to ATP, the rest is lost as heat making about 32
ATP
Types of Electron Shuttles
1. Malate-Aspartate Shuttle – more ATP,
cytoplasmic NADH to mitochondrial NADH
= 3 ATP/2.5 ATP
2. Phosphero-Glycerol Shuttle – less ATP,
cytoplasmic NADH to mitochondrial
FADH2 = 2 ATP/1.5 ATP
Reasons Why Exact ATP is Not Known
1. Ratio of NADP to ATP is not a whole
number
2. ATP yield varies on electron shuttles
3. Proton-motive force is used to other work
Fermentation
Fermentation – after glycolysis if anaerobic
1. Alcohol Fermentation – pyruvate to ethanol,
release CO2 from pyruvate, produce NAD+
and ethanol
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation – pyruvate
reduced directly to NADH, form lactate and
NAD+, no release of CO2
PRODUCTS OF FERMENTATION
 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
Jan Pauline B. Babina, 11 – STEM 01
2