The overall equation for aerobic cellular
QUARTER 2 BIOTECH
TERMINOLOGY
 ADP- Adenosine diphosphate
 ATP- Adenosine triphosphate
 NAD- Nicotinaamide Adenine dinuclectide
 NADH- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
plus Hydrogen
 FAD- Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
 FADH- Flavin Adenine dinucleotide
plus Hydrogen
 PGAL- Phosphoglyceraldehyde
 OAA- Oxaloacetic Acid
 COA- Coenzyme A
Cellular respiration
-takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of
each cell of the body. Glycolysis occurs inside the
cytoplasm, while the TCA cycle occurs inside the
matrix of the
mitochondria. Meanwhile, oxidative phosphorylation
occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane, with
protons diffusing across into the membrane and later
pumped back into the matrix.
-Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically
(using oxygen), or anaerobically (without
oxygen).
During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts
with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by
the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created
as byproducts.
respiration is:
When you eat a potato, your body gradually
breaks it down through a process called cellular
respiration, converting it into energy. This energy,
in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate),
fuels various activities like thinking, exercising, or
even lounging on the couch. Cellular respiration
involves three main steps: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle,
and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
1Glycolysis: Think of it like investing energy to get
more energy. The cell invests 2 ATP molecules to
start glycolysis, but later gains 4 ATP molecules,
resulting in a net profit of 2 ATP molecules.
Glycolysis also produces NADH, which is crucial for
the next steps.
2. Krebs Cycle: This happens in the mitochondria,
the powerhouse of the cell. Pyruvate, formed in
glycolysis, enters the Krebs cycle. This cycle
produces NADH and FADH2, which carry
"energized electrons" used to generate ATP. One
cycle yields 3 NADH and 1 FADH2.
3Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative
Phosphorylation: NADH and FADH2 donate their
electrons to the electron transport chain, creating
an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase then
uses this gradient's energy to convert ADP to ATP.
Oxygen is crucial here; without it, ATP synthesis
stops.
The overall energy yield is around 32 ATP
molecules from one glucose molecule, but this is
an estimate. Cellular respiration also produces
intermediates used in creating molecules like
proteins and nucleic acids. The by-products are
CO2, water, and some heat, which the body
usually discards.
pyruvate oxidation yields one acetyl-CoA, one NADH,
and one CO2 per pyruvate, while the TCA cycle
produces one GTP, three NADH, one FADH2, and two
CO2. NADH and FADH2 contribute to the electron
transport chain, enabling oxidative phosphorylation to
produce an additional 28-30 ATP and 28-30 water
molecules per glucose. Consequently, the overall
cellular respiration process yields approximately 30-32
ATP per glucose molecule.

In summary, when you eat a potato, your body's

cellular respiration converts it into ATP, providing
the energy needed for your daily activities.

ABSTRACT NOTES

-The reactants of cellular respiration vary at each stage,

but initially, it requires an input of glucose, ATP, and
NAD+. NAD+, a nicotinamide derived from vitamin B3, is
a universal electron acceptor that is crucial in the
process of cellular respiration. Another important
universal electron acceptor is FAD, a flavin nucleotide
from vitamin B2. These acceptors are often used in
catabolic processes and are reduced into NADH and
FADH2, respectively.

-Glycolysis requires an input of glucose, two ATP, two

ADP, and two NAD+. Reactants for pyruvate oxidation
are pyruvate, NAD+, and coenzyme A (CoA). One TCA
cycle requires acetyl-CoA, one ADP, three NAD+, and
one FAD. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation and the
electron transport chain use the reactants ADP, NADH,
FADH2, and O2.

-Cellular respiration culminates in the production of ATP

and water as final end products. In the absence of
oxygen, glycolysis occurs, generating two pyruvate
molecules, four ATPs (net two ATP), two NADH, and two
water molecules per glucose. With oxygen present,