Science
- “to put together by light”
Organisms are heterotrophs and autotrophs
Heterotrophs: other eating
- omnivores, herbivores, carnivores
- depend on autotrophs
- can’t synthesize own food
Autotrophs: self-feeding
- can synthesize own food
2 types of autotrophs:
Chemoautotrophs – utilize through
chemicals
Photoautotrophs – utilize through light
Raw materials: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and
Water (H2O)
Product: Glucose (C6H12O6) – food for plants
By products: Oxygen (O2) and water
Metabolism – sum of all chemical processes
Catabolism: cellular respiration
- release energy
- exergonic reaction
Anabolism: photosynthesis
- consume energy
- endergonic reaction
ADP – adenosine diphosphate; starting
molecule for photosynthesis
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
NADP+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate; low energy molecule
NADPH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate hydrogen; high energy molecule
Leaf anatomy:
Epidermis
Xylem and phloem – transport materials;
xylem – water, phloem - food
Spongy mesophyll – has chloroplasts where
photosynthesis occurs
Stoma – entrance and exit of gas
Stroma – inner membrane of chloroplasts
Photosynthesis:
- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
- process by food-making
- energy transformation – light energy
to chemical energy
- ADP  ATP
- NADP+  NADPH
Reduction-oxidation or redox reactions
- stable transfer of electrons between
atoms
Reduced – when an atom gain electrons
Oxidized – when an atom loses electrons
Two phases of photosynthesis:
Light-dependent reactions:
- ADP > ATP and NADP+ > NADPH
- occurs in thylakoids
- uses photosystem I and II
- P700 – PS1
- P680 – PSII
- uses electron transport chain (ETC)
- O2, ATP, and NADPH
- conversion of light energy to ATP
and NADPH
Light-independent reactions: Calvin Cycle
- ATP > ADP and NADPH > NAPH+
- Occurs in the stroma
- can happen day and night
- conversion of CO2 into glucose using
ATP and NADPH
- can’t happen without light reaction
- glucose is the end product
For 1 glucose:
• 2 turns of calvin cycle
• 6 CO2
• 12 NADPH
• 18 ATP
Cellular respiration:
 - series of enzymatic reactions • 2 ATP
- release of energy in glucose to • 2 pyruvate acid
produce ATP • 2 NADH
- metabolic pathway for ATP Glycolysis:
production • Glucose (6c)
- occurs in the cytoplasm and • Pyruvate (3c)
mitochondria • Pyruvate (3c)
- three stages: glycolysis, citric acid Krebs cycle
cycle, and electron transport - occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
NADH – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - oxidation reactions that give off
FADH2 – flavin adenine dinucleotide CO2, produces 1 ATP per cycle
• NAD+ traps electrons from glucose - turns twice per glucose molecule
to create NADH - produces 2 ATP
• FAD+ stores energy as FADPH2 Products of krebs cycle:
• 2 ATP
Anaerobic respiration: • 2 FADH2
- occurs in the absence of oxygen • 6 CO2
- sugar is converted into alcohol and • 8 NADH
CO2 or lactic acid without the aid of Reactant Product
oxygen Pyruvic acid CO2 → by product
- fermentation: alcohol and lactic acid
ADP ATP → usable energy
Fermentation:
Alcoholic fermentation – occurs in yeasts NAD+ NADH → goes to ETC
and alive microorganisms, uses yeast
Lactic acid fermentation – lack of oxygen FAD+ FADH2 → goes to ETC
supply in the body yields lactic acid for
faster synthesis of ATP Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Aerobic respiration: - uses high energy electron from
- occurs in the presence of oxygen NADH and FADH2 from the kreb
- more energy is released; 32-36 ATP cycle
- let organisms live in places with little - oxygen is the final accepter
to no oxygen ETC summary
- quickly produces ATP • 32-34 ATP – usable
- glycolysis – 2 ATP
Stages of cellular respiration: - krebs cycle – 2 ATP
Glycolysis cycle – anaerobic - ETC – 32-34 ATP
- occurs in cytoplasm Total: 36-38 ATP
- breaking glucose molecule into 2 • H2O
molecules of pyruvic acid 1 glucose molecule = 36-38 ATP
- exergonic process – energy is
released

Valence electrons:
Products of glycolysis:
 - outermost shell
- can participate in chemical bonds to
attain sustainability
- farthest electron of the nucleus
Li = n (energy level) – 1s22s1 – no. of electrons
V.E = 1
Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)
- uses dots around the symbol of an
element
- number of dots = number of valence
electrons in the atom
ex.
Chemical bonding:
- formation of chemical compounds
and molecules due to the attraction
of atoms to each other through
sharing, gaining, or losing electrons
Valence electrons are important because it
participates in chemical bonding
Intermolecular force:
- force between two or more
molecules
Intramolecular force:
- stronger than intermolecular
- force between two or more atoms
Noble gases
- exist as individual atoms
- atoms that are already stable
Duplet configuration
- two valence electrons of helium
Octet configuration or rule
- tendency of atoms to prefer eight
electrons in the valence shell
- outermost shell of atoms should
occupy electrons except hydrogen
and helium
Types of chemical bonding:
Ionic bonding:
- formed by the transfer of one or
more electrons from one atom or
group of atoms to another.
- occurs when metals react nonmetals
Cation – positively charged ion
Anion – negatively charged ion
Monoatomic ion – one ion
Polyatomic ion – two or more ions
NA – 11 protons, 11 electrons = 0 overall
charges
NA+ – 11 electrons, 10 electrons = 1+
overall charge
C1 – 17 protons, 17 electrons = 0 overall
charges
C1- – 18 protons, 17 electrons = 1- overall
charge
When an atom loses an e- = positive
When an atom gains an e- = negative
Positive – backward movement,
automatically 1
Negative – forward movement, 1-
The sum of all charges in a compound of
ions should always be zero
TLE • Mop with handle
• Ceiling broom
General guidelines in the kitchen’s • Trash bag
cleanliness and sanitation • Soft and stick broom
1. Physical equipment and kitchen layout • Sponge
should be conducive to good sanitary • Bucket
practices. • Cleaning chemicals
- Kitchen equipments should have sanitary • Insecticides
and safety features that makes it easy to • Disinfectant
clean and maintain.
• Drain cleaner
• Degreaser
2. Dishes, glasses, utensils, tools, and
equipments should be thoroughly cleaned
General rules:
and sanitized properly.
1. Check electrical equipment before using.
a) Washing flatware
2. Handle equipment properly, it reduces
b) Use hot water, bactericide, and
the need for repair.
detergents.
3. Store equipment in their proper storage
3. Floors, walls, ceilings, counters, tables,
after use.
and chairs should be cleaned regularly.
4. Read and follow manufacturer’s
4. Vermin and rodents should be eliminated
instructions carefully.
from the kitchen premises.
5. Have regular checkups on equipments.
5. Daily disposal of garbage and rubbish.
6. Maintain adequate employee supervision
Salad
and program of educating on sanitation.
- Any cold dish served individually or a
combination of two or more of these
Procedures in washing
food items and accompanied by a
1. Scraping and removal of leftover food
dressing.
from solid dishes.
Importance of Salads
2. Pre-rinsing the dishes in lukewarm or
- Stimulate appetite
cold water to remove food particles.
- Add essential nutrients to the diet
3. Washing in clean water at 140 degrees
- Appealing to weight watchers
fahrenheit for 2 minutes.
Nutritive value of salad and salad dressings
4. Soaking dishes with heavy food coatings
- Protein (meat, fresh, poultry, eggs)
or grease.
- Vitamins and minerals (fruits and
vegetables)
Sanitizing – process of eliminating germs
- Fat (mayonnaise, peanut oil, olive
Cleaning – process of removing visible dirt
oil)
- Carbohydrates (potatoes and pasta)
Cleaning equipments
• Floor polisher
• Wet and dry vacuum cleaner
• Cart of trolley
• Cleaning supplies and materials
• Scouring pad
Types of salads 2. Cold sandwiches
A. According to use: - Served at room temperature or
1. Appetizer salads – light foods that below
stimulate the appetite without B. According to layers
giving a feeling of fullness. 1. Open-faced
2. Accompaniment salad – side dishes - One layer of bread or crust
to the main course. - Fillings are arranged on top and
3. Main course salad – can serve as a garnished
one dish meal as it contains all 2. Two-layer
essential nutrients. - Two slices of bread with fillings in
4. Dessert salads – sweet and served in between
the last course of the meal. 3. Three or more layers
B. According to ingredients used: - Multi-decker sandwich with
1. Fruits variations of fillings in between.
2. Vegetables
3. Protein foods Methods & techniques in making
sandwiches
Methods of preparing salads 1. Garnishing
1. Separate leaves manually. 2. Spreading
2. Trim all the blemishes, dark spots, witted 3. Piping
parts, decaying and tough parts. 4. Portioning
3. Wash thoroughly and drain. 5. Cutting
4. Wash and soak in cold water. 6. Molding
5. Shake each leaf lightly to drain. Presenting sandwiches
1. Bowls and baskets
Tips in preparing salads 2. Paper plates
1. Choose the freshest salad green. 3. Plates and platters
2. create an attractive interplay of color, 4. Trays
texture, shape, and flavor. 5. Indigenous containers
3. Choose the right dressing. 6. Pedestal cake keepers
4. Arrange the salad attractively. 7. Ethnic dishware
5. Store your salads. 8. Custom display

Sandwiches
- Different types of bread that are
sliced or cut with fillings in between.

Types of sandwiches
A. According to temperature
1. Hot sandwiches
- Served at lukewarm temperature
- Baked sandwiches and fried
sandwiches
English
Drama
- Portrayal of fictional or non-fictional
events through the performance of
written dialogue.
- Can be performed on stage, on film,
or on radio.
- Typically called plays, creators are
known as “playwrights” or
“dramatists”
- The iconic masks of drama are
symbols of the two ancient Greek
Muses, Thalia, muse of comedy and
Melpomene, muse of tragedy.
Types of Drama in Literature
1. Comedy
- Written to be entertaining or
amusing
- Several sub-genres: romantic
comedy, sentimental comedy, a
comedy of manners, and tragic
comedy.
2. Farce
- Subcategory of comedy
- Ridiculous and slapstick (physical
humor) comedic situations
3. Tragedy
- Can be described as serious in
nature
- Often includes a catastrophic ending
4. Musical Drama
- Songs, dance, and spoken dialogue
are combined to tell a story.
- The one performing is an actor first
and then a singer and a dancer.
- Performed in theatres.
5. Opera
- Characters sing each like rather than
speaking
- Main emphasis is on singing
- Performed in opera houses
Elements of Drama
Three major areas
1. Literary Elements
a. Plot
- sequence of events
- tells how the story develops,
unfolds, and moves in time.
Freytag’s Pyramid Plot Structure:
Exposition – background information of the
story, characters, setting, and main conflict.
Rising action – the story becomes
complicated.
Climax – highest point of tension, where the
outcome will be decided. Often called as
the turning point.
Falling action – the story begins to slow
down.
Denouement – also known as “resolution.”
Resolves any remaining issues and ends the
story.
• Pilot Arrangement
- Arranged chronologically: linear
progression; beginning – middle -
end
- Arranged out of sequence: the
ending first, and then what led up to
it.
- Arranged “in medias res”: in the
middle (“in the midst of things”)
b. Setting
- The stories time and place
c. Characters
- can be a person, animal, creature, or
thing.
- to perform the actions and speak
dialogue.
i. Character Functions
• Protagonist
- main or central character of the
story
- the “hero” or “heroine” though not
necessarily brave of courageous.
• Antagonist
- the character whose actions oppose
of the Protagonist.
• FOIL:
- a minor character, someone who
contrasts with another character.
ii. Character Types
• Round
- true-to-life, believable
- more details are given to the
readers.
- characters change, grow, and
develop throughout the story.
• Flat
- stereotypical, 1-dimensional
- do not change throughout the story.
- they remain static.
d. Conflict
- primary problem of the main
characters.
• Internal
- Character vs. self
• External
- Character vs. character/s
- Character vs. society
- Character vs. nature
- Character vs. deity
- Character vs. supernatural entity
Soliloquy – speech by a single actor who is
alone on stage
Monologue – a long speech made by one
actor; may be delivered alone or in the
presence of others.
2. Technical Elements
a. Lights
- The type, intensity, and color of the
lights to help understand the mood
of the story.
b. Sound
- Effects during a performance to
communicate setting or context.
c. Makeup
- Costumes, wigs, and body paint to
turn an actor into a character.
3. Performance Elements
a. Acting
- Use of face, body, and voice to show
character.
b. Character motivation
- Reason of cause for the characters
behavior or action.
c. Empathy
- The capacity to relate to the feelings
of another.
d. Speaking
- The expression or delivery of lines.
Breath control – proper use of breathing
for speaking.
Vocal expression – how an actor uses his
or her voice to show character.
Inflection – change in pitch or loudness
of the voice.
Projection – how well the voice carries
to the audience.
Speaking style – the expression or
delivery of lines.
Diction – pronunciation of words and
clarity of speech.
e. Nonverbal expression
Gestures – any movement of an
actor to show meaning.
Body alignment – use of the body to
ensure the maximum use and
efficiency of movement.
Facial expression – physical aspects
of an actors face to show feelings or
ideas.
Character blocking – the actors
movement on stage determined by
the director.
Arts Classical Art
Greek art: (Sparta and Athens)
Pre-historic - Mostly found in vases, panels, and
- They use symbols as a way of tombs.
- communication - Depict natural figures
- Charcoal, mud, blood, sharp objects, - Subjects: battle scenes, mythological
cave (Lascaux) figures, and everyday scenes.
Paleolithic – old age Paintings: has three methods
Mesolithic – middle age Classical
Neolithic – new age - Kerch style – vases, red potted
- Pelike – wine containers
Venus of Willendorf (fertility) - Lekanis – low bowl with horizontal
- Sculpture handle at the side.
- Made from limestone - Lebes gamikos – bridal baths
Venus of Brassempouy (woman’s face) - Krater – used for mixing wine
- Sculpture Judgement of Paris
Architecture: - Amphora
Menhir - Eris – offers golden apple
- Stone is sacred - Hera – offers land
- Tomb stones (megalits) - Athena – offers knowledge
Dolmen - Aphrodite – goddess of beauty, the
- Altar Helen of Troy
Cromlech Trojan war
- Temple - Paris → Helen → King of Troy
- A place where they do their ritual Panel painting (flat wood)
- It can either be small, single-pieced,
Egyptian or several panels joined together.
- Artworks are served mostly to the Pitsa Panel
dead. - Covered with plaster
- Red, black, blue, gold, and green. - Depict religious scenes connected
Paintings: with the cult of the nymphs.
The Sacrophagus of Tutankhamen Tomb or wall painting
Sculpture: - Uses method frescos tempera
Queen Nefertiti Bust (water-base) or encanstic (wax)
- Limestone Sculptures
Architecture The Discobolus
Pyramids of Giza (9) (3 main) - Ancient Greek athlete
- Khufu - Bronze but some are marbles
- Khafa Athena and Poseidon Battle
- Pediment (triangle part)
Temples Architecture
- Figures as guardians Sparta
- Made of wood and mud bricks - Soldiers and warrior
Temples - Capitoline Wolf
Athenian Acropolis: Bust
Doric - Bust of Euripides – human suffering
- Simplest and smallest - Head of Agrippina
Ionic Monuments
- Scrolls and taller than doric - Column of Trajans – commemorates
Corinthian the past battles
- Most decorative Sarcophagi
- Scroll and leaves - Portonacio Sarcophagus
- Temple of Sybil in Rome - Sarcophagus from Cervetiti
Architecture
Roman art - Sturdy stones
- Visual art made in Ancient Rome and - Vitiorous battles
in the territories of the Roman - Extend their territories
Empire - Huge walls and battle arena
- The name of their gods is derived - Enhances Greek art; arch, dome, and
from the planets concretes
Painting
- Subjects: portraits, myths,
landscapes, still-life, and daily
activity scenes.
Boscotrecase Pompeii
- Landscape painting
- Fresco – water-based paint for wall Pantheon
painting. - Arch type of roofina
- Encaustic – wax - Open space for the dome
- All the gods of Roman
Arch of Constantine
Mosaic - Largest surviving Roman triumph
- Art process where an image is art.
created using an assemblage of Flavian Ampitheater
small pieces. - Battles
Head of Alexander - Can fit 50 thousand people
- Tesserae – small colored piece of - Gladiator battle
tiles - Largest colosseum during the 19th
- Prominent person in Greek century.
- Derived from the “The Battle of Aqueduct of Segoria
Issus” – floor mosaic. - Water system from the mountain
The Great Hunt Bath of Caracalla
- Sicili
- Images of hunters and animals
Sculptures
- Realistic pictures and images
Free standing figures in motion
AP - matematikong pagpapakita sa
ugnayan ng presyo at gusting bilhin
Maykroekonomiks – nagsasagawa ng pag- ng mga mamimili sa iba’t ibang
aaral at pagsusuri sa maliit na yunit ng ating presyo.
ekonomiya. - Qd = a – b (p)
Ekonomiks – Adam Smith, wealth of nation. - Price = a – Qd/b
Pamilihan – sambahayan at bahay kalakal. Halimbawa:
Demand schedule para sa buko juice
Pamahalaan: Presyo bawat piraso Qd
1. Justice System (p)
2. Protection of Borders Php 6.00 38
3. Public Goods Php 8.00 36
Php 10.00 30
Demand – mga produkto o bagay na kayang
bilhin Php 12.00 26
Law of Demand Php 14.00 22
P D Demand function: Qd = 50 – 2 (p)
P D Php 6.00 – Qd = 50 – 2 (6) = 50 – 12 = 38
Php 14.00 – Qd = 50 – 2 (14) = 22
Inverse negative • Demand curve
1. Substitution effect – kapag tumaas ang - isang grapikong paglalarawan ng
presyo, ang mga mamimili ay hahanap ng ugnayan ng presio at quantity
mas murang pamalit. demanded.
Alternative goods – 50%-100% - USC – upward sloping curve
Substitute goods – 49%-50% - DSC – downward sloping curve
Mga salik na nakakaapekto sa mga
2. Income effect – mas mahalaga ang halaga consumer
ng kinikita kapag mas mababa ang presyo. * Presyong salik
Normal goods (U) Qd - Qd o ang dami ng produkto ang
Inferior goods (U) Qd nagbabago
* Di-presyong salik
Ceteris Paribus – ipinagpapalagay na ang - Ang nagbabago ay ang demand
presion lamang ang salik na nakaaapekto sa - Ang produkto ang nagbabago
pagbabago ng quantity demanded, habang
ang ibang salik ay hindi nagbabago o Non-price factor: di-presyong salik
nakaaapekto rito. 1. Kita
2. Panlasa
Demand 3. Dami ng mamimili/bandwagon
• Demand schedule effect (uso)
- isang talaan na nagpapakita ng dami 4. Presyo ng magkaugnay ng produkto
ng kaya at gusting bilhin ng mga sa pagkonsumo/complementary
mamimili sa iba’t ibang presyo. products
• Demand function 5. Inaasahang presyo sa hinaharap (D
P)
Normal goods – mga usual na binibili
Inferior goods – substitute sa normal goods
Movement and shifting of demand curve
Movement
- paggalaw ng linya ng demand curve
- upward and downward
Shifting
- paglipat ng demand curve
- left (D), right (D)
• Price elasticity of demand
- Paraan na ginagamit upang masukat
ang pag tugon at kung paano ang
magiging pagtugon ng Qd ng tao sa
isang uri ng produkto sa tuwing may
pagbabago sa presyo.
fd = % △Qd
% △P
Q2 – Q1 P2 – P1
Q1 + Q2 x 100 P1 + P2 x 100
2 2
Q1 – dating dati P1 – dating presyo
Q2 – dami ngayon P2 – presyo ngayon
Types of elasticity:
Elastic
- Kahit maliit ang pinagbago ng
presyo, Malaki ang pinagbago ng Qd
dahil ang mga produktong kabilang
dito ay mga kagustuhan lamang o
maraming pamalit
- Coefficient: /E/ > 1
%△Qd > %△P
Inelastic
- Kahit malaki ang pinagbago ng
presyo, maliit lang ang pinagbago ng
Qd dahil ito ay pangangailangan at
wala o limitado ang pamalit.
- Coefficient: /E/ < 1
%△Qd < %△P
Unitary o unit elastic
- Coefficient: /E/ = 1
%△Qd = %△P
Perfectly elastic
- Ang presyo ay di nagbabago pero
ang Qd ay tumataas
- Coefficient: E = ∞ , ₱ - retain, Qd
Perfectly inelastic
- Kahit sobrang tumataas ang presyo,
hindi nagbabago ang Qd.
- Coefficient: E = 0 , ₱, Qd - remain
Suplay
- Pamilihan → konsyumer →
prodyuser
- Tumutukoy sa mga produkto o
services na handa at kayang ipagbili.
Law of Supply – direct/positive relationship
P Qs – dami ng binebenta
P Qs – dinadamihan ang binebenta
Profit motive – ang presyo ng produkto ang
basehan ng prodyuser kung kaano kadami
ang ibebenta at kikitain
• Supply schedule
- Talaan
• Supply function
- Matematikong pagpapakita ng
ugnayan ng presyo at quantity
supply.
- Qs = c + dP
△Qs = Q1 – Q2
△P P1 – P2
• Supply curve
- Grapikong paglalarawan
Salik
Presyong salik – Qs ang nagbabago
Di-presyong salik – supply ang nagbabago
1. Pagbabago sa teknolohiya
2. Halaga ng salik ng produksyon
3. Bilang ng nagtitinda
4. Presyo ng magkaugnay na produkto
5. Ekspektasyon sa ₱
6. Patakaran ng pamahalaan
7. Sakuna
Movement and shifting of supply curve Interaksyon ng demand at ng suplay
Tumataas ang supply
Surplus
- PQdQs
- Maraming tinda ngunit konti ang
konsumer.
Shortage
- PQdQs
- Mababang presyo at suplay ngunit
marami ang consumer.
Solusyon:
Bumababa ang supply Ekwilibriyo – ang Qd ang mga konsumer at
Qs ng mga prodyuser ay parehong ayon sa
presyon napagusapan.
Ekwilibriyong presyo – presyong
napagkasunduan.
Ekwilibriyong dami – daming napagusapan.

Market schedule
Market function – Qd = Qs – a-bP = c+dP
Market curve

Tumataas ang presyo

Bumababa ang presyo

Filipino

Tanka – maigsing tula na may 31 pantig,

nahahati sa limang taludtod na may sukat
na 5-7-5-7-7.
Haiku – may tatlong taludtod na may sukat
na 5-7-5. Tungkol sa kaligtasan ang
kadalasang tema.
Ang tanka at haiku ay nagmula sa bansang
Hapon.

Ponemang Suprasegmental
1. Diin – bigat sa pagbigkas na maaaring
makapagpaiba sa kahulugan ng salitang may
parehas na baybay.
HaPON – bigkas mabilis at may diin sa
ikalawang pantig.
HApon – bigkas malumanay at may diin sa
unang pantig.

2. Tono o intonasyon – tumutukoy sa

pagtaas o pagbaba ng tinig sa pagbigkas ng
pantig ng isang salita, parirala, o
pangungusap.
Nagpapahayag: Madali lang ito.
Nagtatanong: Madali lang ito?
Nagbubunyi: Madali lang ito!

3. Hinto o antala – tumutukoy sa saglit na

pagtigil ng pagsasalita upang mas higit na
maging malinaw ang mensaheng
ipinapahayag.
Hindi siya si Kessa.
Hindi, siya si Kessa.
Hindi siya, si Kessa.