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Cell Respiration
Class ELS

Completed

Created @November 15, 2021 7:04 AM

Materials

ORANGE HIGHLIGHT

RED HIGHLIGHT

Reviewed

Type

Cell Respiration
process by which the chemical energy from nutrients is released and partially
captured in the form of ATP

mitochondria is the main organ involved

catabolic reaction

major reactants: glucose and oxygen (O2 )

Cell Respiration 1
 delivered through bloodstream

major products: carbon dioxide (CO2 ) , water (removed through the blood
stream)and ATP (used as energy source by the cell)

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

energy currency in cells

electron carriers

a.k.a electron shuttles

small organic molecules that play key roles in cellular respiration by picking
up electron from one molecule to another

2 types:

1. NAD+ — nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

2. FAD — flavin adenine dinucleotide

they take part in redox reactions (oxidation reduction reaction)

one molecule oxidizes (loses electrons) and another is reduced

(gains electrons)

3 pathways of cellular respiration:

Cell Respiration 2
 1. glycolysis — cytoplasm

pyruvic acid = pyruvate

2. krebs cycle — matrix of mitochondria

3. electron transport chain (etc) — cristae/folds of mitochondria

1. Glycolysis

Cell Respiration 3
 breakdown of glucose begin

takes place in cytoplasm

can occur with (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic/fermentation)

ends with 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH (as a result of substrate reduction) & 2
ATP

4 ATP are produced but why are there only 2 ATP in the end?

there's an investment of 2 ATP so that glycolysis can continue/sustain the

process

inputs/reactants: outputs/products:

Cell Respiration 4
 10 NADH (2 from glycolysis; 8 32/34 ATP (stay in mitochondria;
from krebs cycle) to be used by cell as source of
energy)
2 F ADH2 (from KC)
2 F ADH2 (will proceed to etc)
O2 (will act as final electron
acceptor) 8 NADH (will proceed to etc)

ADP + P (will become ATP)

uses high energy electrons

from G and KC to ADP to
ATP

2. Krebs Cycle
a.k.a TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) or Citric Acid Cycle

pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide

happens in matrix of mitochodria

requires oxygen (strictly aerobic)

ends with 6 CO2 molecules, 8 NADH and 2 F ADH2 (as a result of substrate
reduction) & 2 ATP

considered a cycle since it ends with teh regeneration of the starting molecule:
oxaloacetate

inputs/reactants: outputs/products:

10 NADH (2 from glycolysis; 8 32/34 ATP (stay in mitochondria;

from krebs cycle) to be used by cell as source of
energy)
2 F ADH2 (from KC)
8 NADH (will proceed to etc)
O2 (will act as final electron
acceptor) 2 F ADH2 (will proceed to etc)

H2 O (when O2 accepts
electrons plus H)
ADP + P (will become ATP)

Cell Respiration 5
 uses high energy electrons
from G and KC to ADP to
ATP

3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cell Respiration 6
 a.k.a ETC (electron transport chain)

yield most of the ATP

happens in cristae (folds of mitochondria in the matrix)

cannot occur without oxygen (strictly aerobic)

comprised of an electron transport chain system

ends with water molecules & 32/34 ATP

KC = krebs cycle; G =glycolysis

inputs/reactants: outputs/products:

10 NADH (2 from glycolysis; 8 32/34 ATP (stay in mitochondria;

from krebs cycle) to be used by cell as source of
energy)
2 F ADH2 (from KC)
H2 O (when O2 accepts
O2 (will act as final electron
electrons plus H)
acceptor)

ADP + P (will become ATP)

uses high energy electrons

from G and KC to ADP to
ATP

Total Number of ATP

Cell Respiration 7
 WHY 36 OR 38?

depends on which shuttle that is used to transport the electrons (NADH) from
glycolysis (cytoplasm) into the etc (mitochodria)

if malate-asparate shuttle is used, 38 ATP will be produced (trades cytoplasmic

NADH for mitochondrial NADH)

if phosphero-glycerol shuttle was used, 36 ATP will be produced (trades

cytoplasmic NADH for mitochondrial F ADH2 )

NADH yields 3 ATP which would result to 38 ATP — malate shuttle

F ADH2 yields 2 ATP resulting to 36 ATP — phosphero-glycerol shuttle

ex:

1. if 6 molecules of glucose entered the cell, using phosphero-glycerol shuttle,

how many ATP are produced?
6 x 36 = 216 ATP

2. if 19 molecules of glucose entered the cell, using malate-aspartate shuttle, how

many ATP are produced?
10 x 38 = 380 ATP

Cell Respiration 8
 Anaerobic Respiration

only possible in glycolysis

pyruvic acid produced after glycolysis is converted to lactic acid that is

deposited to muscles which causes muscle sore (leg cramps)

2 ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration

ex: if 20 molecules of glucose entered the cell, using anaerobic respiration, how
many ATP are produced?
20 x 2 = 40 ATP (2 ATP only are produced during Glycolysis)

KC & ETC occurs in mitochondria hence they're strictly aerobic respiration

mitochondria cannot function w/o oxygen!

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

Cell Respiration 9
 3 pathways in a nutshell:

Cell Respiration 10