The Cathedral School Christ Church School Okara

Class: 9th. Subject: biology

Chapter. Cell cycle

Q: What is Mitosis?

A: Mitosis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Q: Why is Mitosis important?

A: Mitosis is important for growth, repair, and replacement of cells in multicellular organisms.

Q: What are the stages of Mitosis?

A: The stages of Mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (PMAT).

Q: What happens during Prophase of Mitosis?

A: In Prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to
break down.

Q: What is the significance of Metaphase in Mitosis?

A: During Metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, ensuring proper distribution of
genetic material.

Q: What occurs during Anaphase of Mitosis?

A: Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids, which move towards opposite poles of the
cell.

Q: What is Cytokinesis in Mitosis?

A: Cytokinesis is the final step where the cell membrane pinches in, dividing the cell into two daughter
cells.

Q: What is Meiosis?

A: Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the
chromosome number of the parent cell.

Q: How many divisions occur in Meiosis?

A: Meiosis involves two divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Q: What is the main purpose of Meiosis I?

A: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and reduces the chromosome number by half.

Q: What happens during Crossing Over in Meiosis?

A: Crossing Over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing
genetic diversity.

Q: What is the outcome of Meiosis II?

A: Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with unique genetic
combinations.

Q: What are Gametes?

A: Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and egg) with half the chromosome number of somatic cells.

Q: What is the importance of Genetic Diversity in Meiosis?

A: Genetic diversity is essential for the adaptation and evolution of species.

Q: Which type of cells undergo Mitosis?

A: Somatic cells, or body cells, undergo Mitosis.

Q: Which cells undergo Meiosis?

A: Germ cells (sperm and egg cells) undergo Meiosis.

Q: What is the difference between a diploid and a haploid cell?

A: A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes (2n), while a haploid cell has one set (n).

Q: How does Meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

A: Meiosis creates genetic variation through independent assortment and Crossing Over.

Q: What is the result of Mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

A: Mitosis results in daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent cell (diploid).

Q: What is the result of Meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

A: Meiosis results in daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell (haploid).

Chapter: Bioenergetics
Q: What is respiration?
A: Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose and other organic molecules.

Q: Where does respiration occur in a cell?

A: Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of a cell.

Q: What is photosynthesis?

A: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy
into chemical energy (glucose) in the presence of chlorophyll.

Q: Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant?

A: Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Q: What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

A: The two main stages of photosynthesis are the Light Reactions and the Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle).

Q: What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?

A: Chlorophyll is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis.

Q: Explain the Light Reactions of photosynthesis briefly.

A: Light Reactions involve the capture of light energy and its conversion into chemical energy (ATP and
NADPH) in the thylakoid membranes.

Q: What is the Dark Reaction of photosynthesis?

A: The Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the Light Reactions to convert
carbon dioxide into glucose.

Q: What is ATP?

A: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell, used to store and transfer energy.

Q: How is ATP produced in cells?

A: ATP is produced in cells through processes like cellular respiration and photophosphorylation during
photosynthesis.

Q: What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A: Factors affecting photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature,
and water availability.
Q: How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

A: Higher light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point, beyond which it
levels off.

Q: What is the optimum temperature for photosynthesis?

A: The optimum temperature for photosynthesis varies by plant species but is generally between 20°C to
30°C.

Q: How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

A: Increased carbon dioxide concentration generally leads to higher rates of photosynthesis until it
becomes a limiting factor.

Q: What is photolysis in photosynthesis?

A: Photolysis is the process of splitting water molecules into oxygen and protons during the Light
Reactions of photosynthesis.

Q: What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

A: NADP+ is a coenzyme that accepts electrons and protons during the Light Reactions to form NADPH.

Q: What is the product of the Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction)?

A: The product of the Calvin Cycle is glucose (or other sugars).

Q: How is glucose used by plants?

A: Glucose is used by plants as an energy source and as a building block for other organic molecules.

Q: Define aerobic respiration.

A: Aerobic respiration is respiration that requires oxygen and results in the complete breakdown of
glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing a large amount of energy.

Q: What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A: The equation for aerobic respiration is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

(ATP).

Q: Where does glycolysis occur?

A: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Q: What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A: The net gain of ATP in glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules.

Q: What is anaerobic respiration?

A: Anaerobic respiration is respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, leading to the partial
breakdown of glucose and the production of lactic acid or ethanol.

Q: What is fermentation?

A: Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that produces ethanol or lactic acid as byproducts.

Q: How is lactic acid formed in muscles during strenuous exercise?

A: Lactic acid is formed in muscles when there is insufficient oxygen available for aerobic respiration.

Q: What is the role of mitochondria in respiration?

A: Mitochondria are the site where most of the ATP is produced during aerobic respiration.

Q: How does the rate of respiration change with temperature?

A: Respiration rate generally increases with temperature, up to a certain point, beyond which it
decreases due to enzyme denaturation.

Q: Name the main waste product of respiration in animals.

A: The main waste product of respiration in animals is carbon dioxide (CO2).

Q: Explain the concept of the electron transport chain in respiration.

A: The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the mitochondria where electrons are
transferred, releasing energy used to pump protons and produce ATP.

Q: What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

A: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, combining with electrons and
protons to form water.