1.

Dumpy Level

Dumpy level is the most commonly used instrument in leveling. In this level the telescope is restricted
against movement in its horizontal plane and telescope is fixed to its support. A bubble tube is provided
on the top of the telescope.

But however, the leveling head can be rotated in horizontal plane with the telescope. The telescope is
internal focusing telescope is a metal tube contains four main parts as given below.

Objective lens

Negative lens

Diaphragm

Eye-piece

Types of Levels Used in Leveling - Dumpy Level

Objective Lens

Objective lens should be made as the combination of crown glass and flint glass. Because of this some
defects like spherical aberration and chromatic aberration can be eliminated. A thin layer coating which
has smaller refractive index than glass is provided on the objective lens to reduce the loss due to
reflection.

Negative Lens

Negative lens located co axial to the objective lens. So, the optical axis for both lenses is same.
Diaphragm

Diaphragm is fitted inside the main tube which contains cross hairs (vertical and horizontal) and these
are adjusted by capstan headed screws. The cross hairs are made of dark metal as filament wires which
are inserted in diaphragm ring in exact position. For stadia leveling purposes, extra two horizontal cross
hairs are provided above and below the horizontal wire.

Diaphragm

Eyepiece

Eyepiece lens enable the ability to sight the object together with cross hairs. The image seen through
eye piece is magnified and inverted. Some eyepieces erect the image into normal view and those are
called as erecting eyepieces.

2. Tilting Level

4. Tilting Level

Tilting level consist a telescope which enabled for the horizontal rotation as well as rotation about 4
degree in its vertical plane. Centering of bubble can be easily done in this type of level. But, for every
setup bubble is to be centered with the help of tilting screw.

The main advantage of tilting level is it is useful when the few observations are to be taken with one
setup of level.

Tilting Level

3. Automatic Level
6. Automatic Level

Automatic level is like the dumpy level. In this case the telescope is fixed to its supports. Circular spirit
can be attached to the side of the telescope for approximate leveling. For more accurate leveling,
compensator is attached inside the telescope.

Circular Spirit Level

Compensator can help the instrument to level automatically. Compensator is also called as stabilizer
which consists two fixed prisms and it creates an optical path between eye piece and objective.

Due to the action of gravity, the compensator results the optical system to swing into exact position of
line of sight automatically. But before the process of leveling, compensator should be checked.

Automatic Level

To check the compensator, just move the foot screws slightly if the leveling staff reading remains
constant then compensator is perfect. If it is not constant, then tap the telescope gently to free the
compensator. Automatic level is also called as self-adjusting level.