THE J E W IS H

E N C Y C L O PE D I A

A G U ID E TO IT S C O N T E N TS

A N A ID T O ITS U S E

J O S E PH J A C O BS ,
R s v xs c E DIT O R

FU N K WA G N A L L S C O M PA N Y
NE W YOR K AN D LO N D O N
1 906
 PR E FA C E

IN t h e foll owing pages I h ave endeavored at t h e ,

re q uest o f t h e Fun k Wagnall s Com pany to give,

such an acco un t o f t h e contents o f TH E J E WI S H E N

CYCLO P E D I A publish ed by t h em as will indicate t h e

, ,

nature of t he work in considerable detail and at t h e

,

same time facil itate t h e systematic use of it in any of

its v ery v aried sect i ons . F or t his purpose it h as been
found necess ary to di vi de t h e sub j ect matter of t he
-

E N CYCL O P E D I A in a somew h at d i fferent manner from

t h at adopted for edi torial purposes in t h e vari ous
departments Several sections united under t h e con
.

trol of one editor h ave been placed in more logical order

in di fferent parts of t h e f ollowin g account w hile on
, ,

t he ot h er h and sect i ons w hic h were divided among

,

di fferent edi tors h ave h ere been brough t to get her under
one head I n j ustice to my colleagues it is but f air
.

to add t h at t h ey are i n no sense responsible for t hi s

re d ist ri bution o f t h e subject matter or indeed for any
-
,

of t h e views w hi c h eit her ex plicitly or by implication

are ex pressed in t h e f ollowin g pages on some o f t h e

di sputed poi nts affectin g modern J ews and J udaism .

 PRE FACE

Th e ende avor h as been made herei n to gi ve an ac

count of t h e E N CYCLO PE DIA in two ways In a lon g
.

list at t h e end th e c hief articles are enumerated in

alp h abetical order w i t h in d ication as to i llustrations
, ,

so t h at by run nin g thr ough t h ese t he variety and ex tent

of ground covered by t he E N CYCL O P E D IA can be gat h
ered at once In addi tion I h ave in t he earlier of t h ese
.
,

pages classified t he maj ority of t h e articles t h us index ed

in some sort o f logical order I n ma ki ng a selection of
.

articles out o f some may h ave been omit

t ed whi c h ot hers would h ave included and doubtless
,

se veral h ave been i ncluded w hic h ot h ers woul d h ave

omitted I can only state t h at every care h as been

.
,

taken t o mak e t he se lections representative It will .

,

of course be understood t h at t he engravi n gs aecom

,

panyin g t h e present tex t are spe cimens o f only t h e

,

smaller illustrat i ons contained i n THE J E WI S H E N CY

C L O PE D I A .

J OS E PH JA C OB S .

iv
 C O N TE N TS

PAR TIAL LI ST OF E D ITO R S AN D COLL A B O R ATO RS

IN TR O D U C I O R Y R E M AR KS
‘

TE E SO U R CE S
Th e Bib le

CU STOM S .

J EW ISH LI FE .

H ISTOR Y .

Of N a t io ns —
Of Ci ies Ma k e rs
t — o f H is o y
t r —
Hist o ric
Movem en t s and E ven ts— Weapons ag a inst In to l e r
an ce Th e Ge rm an Je w s— Am e rica , E ngland and
h -

R uss ia Th e Un ited S t a tes Am e rican Je w ry J ew

— — —

ish In fl u ence— Grea t Brit a in —

E a rly E ng l is h Je ws
Jew s R e t u rn to E ng land —
Jew ish E m ancipa t ion
Anglo Jew ish Ins t it u t io ns Qu a in t Ch a racte rs o f
- —

E ngl ish Jewry R u ss ia R u sso—J ew ish Comm un it ies

— —

—
R uss ian Jew ish Leade rs-
.

PH ILO LO GY .

L ITER AT U R E .

Bib l iograph y an d Typog raph y

Ch rist ian ity in It s R ela t io n t o Ju daism

Mys t icism , S upe rs t it ion , an d Fo lk Lo re -

V
 CON TE N TS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mu sic
S O CI OLO GY .

BI O GR A PH Y
Poe t s— L it te rat eu rs— Mu sic— D ram a .

S cience : Ph iloso ph y H is t ory —

E cono m ics — Math e
m a t ies As t ro no m y Ch em is t ry Ph y s iology
Ph ilology He b rew
Practica l Life : Po l it ics —
Med icin e —
Law —
Arm y an d

N avy —
S port s , Tra vel , etc —
Comm e rce an d Ph i
l an t h ropy — An t i -
Se m it es— Pedig m
MI S CE LL AN E O U S J U D AI CA
ILL U ST R ATI O N S
—
To m b s o f Bib l e Heroes Ho ly Cit ies an d S it es —
J ew
ish Q u a rte rs and D o m iciles —
A Bib le At las— N u m is
m at ics —
S acred E di fices Decorat ive Art Je w is h — —

Burial G ud
ro n s —
C e re m on ia l Pa ra ph e rna l ia Cos -

t um es —
Port ra it s —
Bo ok s an d M anu script s— H e b ra
ica .

STATISTI CS OF I N T E R E ST
COLLA B O R AT O RS
CO N CL U SI O N .

IN D E x OF MAI N AR TI CL ES
PAR TIAL L I S T OF TH E 605 E D ITOR S AN D

COLLABOR A TOR S W HO PR OD U CE D

THE J E W I S H E N CYCLOPE D IA

Th e reader will p le as e take notice that th e na mes p r i nted in p a r enth eses i n th e

foll owing pa ges ar e th ose of th e a uth ors of the articles r eferred to .

E D I TO RI AL BOA RD
Y
C RU S ADLB B . Ph J )
( p
D e a rt me n t s of P os t -
Biblical A nti qu ities a nd the J ews of A merica ) .

Pre side n t o f t h e A
m e rica n J e w ish H
is t o rica l o cie t ; ss is t a n t S
e cre ta r y . y A S
I
S m it h s o m a n ns tit u tion , as hing t o n , D 0 W . .

m m HA CKE R . Ph D .

( D ep art me nts of th e Tal m ud a nd R abbin ica l Literatu re ) .

Pro fessor in th e J e wis h Th eol og ica l S e m ina r y

B u da p es t u ng ar
, , H y .

00m D BU TS CH . Ph D .

( D ep artme nt of Histor y from 1 49 2 to

Pro fesso r o f J e w is h H y H
is tor , e b re w U nio n o ll eg e , in cinna t i, C C Oh i o; E dit o r
of
“
e bo rah
”
D .

R I CH ARD G O TTB BE . Ph D .

( D epartments of History fr om E zr a to 1 492 a nd H istory of P ost Tal m udic -

Lit era tur e ) .

S
Pro fessor o f e m it ic L a n C
o l u m bia U niv e rsit New o rk ; hie f o f Y C
th e O
r ie n tal p ar t m e n t , N e w Y o r k Pu b c ibra r
'

L y .

m 0 . m
ean . Ph D LL J ) .

( D ep artme nt of the Bib l e ) .

Sinai Co hicag o Il l C
ro fe s so r a bb inica l P
w
tio n f R ’

o
Lit U y of C h y E
, , .

era t ure and Ph il oso p niv e rs it icag o ; di t o r o f

Th e R e for m dv o ca te A
,
“
.

J O S E P H J A COB S . D t . b
( D epartme nts f
o the J ews o f E ng la nd a nd A nth rop olog y ; R evisi n g E dit or ) .

Form erl yP red dent o f th e J e w is h Hi ts o rica l S o cie t y o f E ng l an d ; A

u t h or o f
“
J ew s of A ng e vin E ng la nd ,
”
e t c.

R AM R om an . Ph D .

(D ep art m ents of Theol og y a nd Ph il osop h y ) .

President o f Hebrew U nion o ll eg e . in cin na t iC C

hio ; Rabbi E merit us O of
T
,

e m p l e B e t h - E l . N ew Y o r k .

HE RMA N 30 8 m .

( Dep ar tment of th e J ews of R uss ia a ndP ol a nd ) .

Ch ief o f th e Sl avonic D ep ar t m e n t , N ew Y ork u blic ibrary P L .

Vl l
 LIS T OF E D I T O R S AN D CO L LAB OR A TORS

S IN GE R . Ph D
IS ID ORE .

M AN AGIN G E ITO R D .

( D epartme nt of M odern Biograp h y from 1 750 to

CRA W FORD H OWE LL TOY . D D " LL D .

( Dep a rtme nts of Hebre w P h i lology a nd Hell enistic Literature ) .

Pro fe s s or o f H
e brew in ar v ar d U niv e rsit , H
a m bridg e , ass ; Au t h o r y C M
I
.

”
of Th e R elig io n o f srae l , e t c .

I . K s m . D D" H
. OO D
( Cha irma n of th e B oard ) .

E di t o r in-Chie f of t h e STAN
-
D A D D I CT IO N AR Y o r TH E E N G LIS H LAN GU AG E
R ,e tc .

FR AN K H YI ZE TELLY . P S A . . .

( S ecr eta r y of th e B oard ) .

A ss o cia te E dit or of t h e S TAN AR D I C TI ON AR Y , Th e Co l u m bian

D D
Cy
cl op e d i a ,
’
etc .

WILLIAM P OPP E R . M A . Ph D .

( A ss ociat e R evisi n g Editor ; Ch ief of th e Bu r ea u Tr a n s la tion ) of .

Gu s t av G o tt h e il L e ct u r e r in S L
e m it ic a n g u ag es , C
ol u m bia U niv e rs it N ew y
Y o r k ( 1 903 A hor f Th C e ns o rs hip o f e b r e w B oo k s
’,
H
“
ut o e .

A M E RICA N BOA R D O F CO N S ULTI N G E D ITO RS

BE RN A RD D RA CHM AN . Ph D . . .

C E
Ra bbi o f th e o n g re g a t io n Zich r o n p hr ai m ; ns t ru cto r in t h e B ibl e a n d in I
H T S y A
.

e bre w G
ra m m ar J e w x s h h eo l og i cal e m i nar o f m e ri ca , N e w Y o rk
, .

B “L BE N THAL r h D
s ’ s

Rab bi Em erit u s o f Zi C g ti Chi g Ill ; A

on on re a on ca o, ut ho r o f A Pract ical
G mm th H b w L ng
.

ra g
ar o e e re a ua e

GU S TA V G OTTHE II n Ph D .

( D ECE AS ED ),
L a te Ra bbi Em e rit us o f T em ple E manu- E l , N e w Y ork .

HEN R Y HYVE RN A T . D D .

H ea d of th e D e ar t m e n t S m it i
of e c an d Egyp t i an Lit e ra t ures , C at holic
D iv e rs it y f A m io e r ca . W as hi ng t on , D C . .

MAR CU S J AS T R OW . Ph D . .

( D ECE AS ED ),
L a te Ra bbi E m e rit us o f t h e C g g
on re a t io n R o de f hal o m , S Phil a del p h ia , Pa ;
A A D ti y o f t h e T al m u d
.

“
u th o r of ic o na r .

MORRIS J AS TR OW . J r . Ph D . .

P f
ro ess or o f S e m it ic
‘
L
a ng u a es a n d
g ib L
ra rian in t h e U n iv e r sit o f Pe nns y l y
P A
hil adel hi a , Pa ; u t hor o f ”R e l Ig Io n o f t h e
“

yp
B a b om a ns an d ss ri ans . e t c A y
.

3 FRED E RI C M ccUR D Y . Ph D
. . LI. D .

P f
ro es so r of Oi r e n ta l L g g an ua es , U niv e rsity C o ll e g e T o ro n t”o C ana da ;
f Hi t y P ro p he cy a n d t h e M onu m e n t s
.

A
,

ut h or o
“
s or , , .

v iii
 LIS T OF E DI TO R S AN D COL LAB O R A TO R S

H . P E RE I RA MEN D E S . M D .

R a bbi of t h e S h ee rit h I srael Co a t io n ( S

a nis h a n d o rt P e se ) N ew
Y ork ; P
,

resi den t o f th e B oe r o f J ew i Min is te rs , N e w o rk .

M OSES MIE LZINE R . Ph D

‘

D D . . .

( D E A S ), EC ED
L a te P reside n t o f t h e
n H
e b re w U io n Co ll i n cin na ti. C Oh i o; A ut ho r of
“
I
n trodu cti o n t o th e al m u d
"
.

GE OR GE P . M OORE . M A . D D . . .

P f
ro e sso r o f Bibl ical L it t e ra u re an d t h e is to H o f R e l ig io n s in H ar var d
U niv e rs it y C m b idg A ho r 0 A
Co m m en tar y
“
. a r e, M ass .
; ut
on th e B ook of J u dg es ,
’
e t c.

D A VID P HILIP S ON . D D .

R a b bi of th e C o ng re g a tion B n e
’
srae l ; ro fesso r o f I P H om il e t ics . H e bre w
U nio n C o ll e g e C
in cinna ti. hio ; reside nt o f O P H e b re w S a b
S
ba t h chool U nion o f m e rica A
,

IR A MAU RI CE P RI CE . B D Ph D . .

P f of S
e m it ic L a n ag e s a n d ite ra t ures U niv e rs it o f L y Chi Il l ;
fi
ro esso r ca g o ,
Au t ho r o f o n u m e n t s a n d th e Old Tes ta m e n t ,
.

“ ”
Th e e tc .

S OL OM ON S CHE CH T E R , M A Li tt D . .

P res ide n t o f t h e Fa cu l t o f t h e J e wis h h eo l o ical

g e m in a r T S y of Am e rica .
N ew Y o r u t h or o f
“
A
t u dies I n J u da ism
”
S .

J O S E P H SILVE RM AN . D D .

P reside n t of C e n tral Co n fe re n ce o f m e rica n R a bb is ; A R a bb i of T e m ple

E m anu- E l , N e w Y ork .

J A COB VOOR S AN G ER . D D .

Ra bbi of th e Co t io n E m an u E l S a n F ra n cisco Cal ;

-
P ro f e sso r of
S L
ite ra t ur es U nive rsit o f y
, , .

e m iti c n l s an d
s fig y
,

a rnia , B e r ke l e , Cal .

FO RE I GN BOA RD O F CO N S U LTI N G E D I TO RS
I SR AE L AB RAHAM S . M A .

Cm dit or of Th e J e w ish Qu a r te rl R ev ie w ;
”
u t h or o f J e w ish A Lif e in
th e Mi ddl e
”
A
g es . e t c ; a der I n a l m u dic, Ca mb r rdg e T
E
.

Um ve rsx t y , ng l a nd .

M B RANN . Ph D
. .

P f
ro esso r in t h e J ew ish S
Th e ol o ca l e m in ar , B re sl au Ger m a n ; Edit o r
'

y y
M
,

o na tss chrif t ffi r Ges ch ic t e und Wisse nsch a ft des J u de n t h u m s

“ ”
of .

H . BR OD Ph D Y . .

Rabbi , Nach od. B oh emia , A us t ria ; oe dit o r ofC Zeitsch rift fu r He b rais ch e
B ibh og r a p hie
’
.

A BRAH AM D AN ON .
P incip al
r of th e J ewish T
heol og ical e m inar , Cons tantiD Op l e , S y T u rk e y .

1X
 LIS T OF E DI TOR S AN D CO LLAB OR A TORS

HAR PWI G D ER ENBOUR G . Ph D

'
. . .

Pr f
o ess o r o f Literal Arabic at t h e pe ci al choo l
Q f S
O
'

S
rie nt al Lang u ag e s,
Paris ; Me m ber o f th e I ns titu t de I‘ ra nce .

S . M . DUBN OW ;
Au th or of Isto riy a Yevrey ev . ’
Wil na Russia . .

MI CH AE L a LAND E R . Ph D . . .

P ’
rin cipa l o f J e ws Co ll eg e ,
d L
o n o n , E ng l a nd ; Auth or of Th e J ew is h
R eh g i o n , e t c
’
.

I GN AZ GOLDZIHE R . Ph D .

P f
ro esso r o f Se mitic Phil ol ogy , U niversit o f B udap es t . H num y .

u G UD E HANN . Ph D .
.
I . .

Chie f Ra bbi of Vienna, Aus tria .

an on D A VID GUN IIS UR G ,

S t Pe t ers burg . Russia
. .

A D E HAR KAV . Ph D
. Y .

C hi e f o f th e H e bre w De part me n t o f t h e I
m p erial Public Libra r y St P e te rs
burg , R ussra
. .

ZAD OC HA HN
( D ECEA S ED ) ,

L a te Ch i e f R a b bi o f Fran ce L ate o no rar

‘

y resid H
e nt o f t h e lli P
a n ce I s raelite A
Unive rselle ; Late Ofiicer o f t h e Le g i on of Honor, aris . France P .

M . H A YSERLIN G . Ph D . .

( D ECEAS E D ) ,

Late R a b bi Buda pe t . H L a te C o rresp o nding Me mber o f th e R 0 y al

A His tor y M Sp ain
.

cade m y , adrid , .

MORI T Z LAZA RU S . Ph .D .
"

( D E C EA SE D L
L ate P ro fesso r E m erit us o f P
sy ch ol ogy , U niv ersity o f Berlin ; M oran , A us t ria .

ANA T OLE LE R O Y BE AULIE U

-
.

M em be r o f t h e I ns titu t de Fran ce ; P f
ro esso r at t h e Free S ch oo l o f o lit ica l P
S cie nce , P
aris , France ; Au t h or of
“
Israel ch e s l es a tio ns
” n

N .

IS RAEL LE VI .
P f
ro esso r in th e J ewish Th eol og ical Se min ar ; Editor of y Re vue des E t ude s
J uiv es ,
”
aris , Fra n ce P .

E UD E LOLLI . D D . .

( D E AS ), CE ED
Late Chie f Ra bbi of P adua ; ate L P
ro fesso r o f He bre w at th e U niv ersit y .

P
adu a , I t s l y .

MANU EL L 6w . Ph J )
Chie f Ra bbi o f S segedin u ng ar ; u or of H y A th Die Aramais ch en
n e .

X
 LIS T OF E DI TOR S AN D COLLA BOR A TOR S

S . H M A R GUL IE S . Ph D
. .

Th eol og ie l fl minu y ; Chief Ra bbi of Fl o ren ce ,

iu ise
'

H . OOR T . D D .

Le ag ue and Arch eol ogy at th e State U niv e rsit y

s y de n. oll and H .
,

u s e PIE I R o Pn REAU .
''

Fo rmerl y Librarian of th e Ba s ic Bibliote ca Pal a tina , P arma . I tal y .

MA R TIN PH ILIPPS ON . Ph D .

For merl P
ro fess or of Histo ry a t t h e U niv e rsities of B o nn a nd B ru sse ls ;
P
resi en t o f t h e Deu tsch -Israeliti s ch er Ge mein de bund , B e rl in ,
.

e r m an G y .

su mm . r ezN AIm n . PIL D

S OHWARZPH D . LL D .
E . . .

Sam m y -General of th e J ew ish Col onizatio n ssocia t io n, A P aris, France .

LUD WI G STE IN . Ph D . .

Pr ofessor of Phil oso h y Univ ersity of Be rn Sw it ze” rl and ; Editor of Arc h 1v

’

Iiir Gesch ich te der Ph il oso p hie e t c

.

, .

HE RMANN L S TR A CH . Ph D
. .

P f
ro esso r o f Ol d Tes tam ent Ex esis an d e mi t ic S
a ng uag es . L U niv e rsi t y of
Ber
‘

n , Ge rma n y .

a nLE s TA YL OR. D D . ..LL D .

Mas t er of S t J oh n
'
Coll C m b idg En l an d ; Edito r of Sa ying s of
33J ewish Fat h ’g
. s a r e.
ers , e tc .

PA RTI A L L I ST O F E D I TO RS AND
CO L LA BO RA TO RS
M ol t Biich l er . Ph D . . .

Pro f J ewish Th eol S e m

. . . . Vie nna, A us t ria .

A Cowl ey . M A .
. . .

Bodl eian y O
Librar , xfo rd U niv .
, E ngl and .

A b rah am D s non ,
Prin J e wish
. Th eol . Sem . . Co ns tah tino p l e .

Au th or, Vie nna , Aus tria .

A m . a n . Ph . D . .

of th e Hebrew De p t St ad t bibl io t hek Frank fort-o n- t h e - M a in ,

y
,

G
.
,

e rm a n .

X1
 LI S T OF E DI TO R S AN D CO L LAB O R A TOR S

A d ol f G u tt m s eh er . Ph D .

Ra bbi B al tim ore e bre w o ng , B al tim ore , M d H C . .

A b rah am Hark a vy . Ph D .

Lib r aria n o f H e bre w D e p t , I m p e rial

. u blic Librar , S t P y . P e t e rs bu r g , R u ss ia .

A . H N ewm an . D D
. .

P ro f of H e bre w and Cog nate La ng ag es e t c. , M cM as t er U n iv e rsit y T o ro n t o ,

g
.
,

3.

A H
Bay es . D D
. . . LL B
Prof . o f A ss y riol ogy , x ford O U niv . . E ng l an d .

A Kam tnk a . Ph D
. .

S ecre t ar y of th e I srae lit isch e Allians s u Wie n , Vie n na , Au s t ria .

A d ol f Kamp h au se n . PIL D
P ro f . of Ol d T e s ta m e n t E xeg e sis , U niv of . Bonn , G erm a n y .

M B y am son . A . .

R a bbi, D al s to n S y nag og ue ; S e c Unio n o f J e w is h Lite rar. yS ocie t ies , L o ndo n ,

E ng l an d .

Ab ram 8 Isaacs . PIL D .

P f of G e r m an L and Lite re, U n iv G rad u a te Se m N ew Y o rk

é iy
ro a ng uag e u
.
a . . .

A e

V W J A . . . ack son . Ph D . Li t t D LL !) . . .

P ro f . o f I n do -I ranian L ang uag es , C

o l u m b ia U niv . N e w . Y or k C it y .

A W Brunn e r . . .

Architect , N ew Y o rk C it y .

EM B
S E IT Ph D . .

P ro f of Ol d T es ta m e n t E xe g e sis , J e w is h R e l ig ious Hi t y s or e tc R uk s U niv

L H
. . .
, , .

ey de n , o l la nd .

B Pel l en th al . Ph D
. .

Ra bbi E Z
m e rit us , io n Co ng reg at io n , Ch icag o . Ill .

Benn o J acob . Ph D .

R a bbi, Ge t ting e n , a n o v er , H Germ n y a .

Bernh ard Pi ck . Ph D D D . .

P as t o r , . L
S t J o hn s u t heran hu rch , N ew ark , N J
’
C '

. .

Bernh ard mem nch

.

. PIL D
R a bbi, ure m berg , N G ermany .

c d e B e th en ehurt .
.

L
is bo n , o rt u g al P .

ch arl es c . Torrey , P h D .

P ro f . of S e m it ic L a n g uag e s , Y al e U niv .
. N ew H av e n , C o nn .

x ii
 LI S T OF E DI TORS AN D COLLAB OR A TO RS

Ch arl es Post er Ken t . Ph D .

Pr o f . of Biblical Literature and is to r . al e U n iv H y Y .

. N ew H av e n , C o nn .

c . H . Bj erre g aard .
Librarian of N ew York P u blic Library .

Casp ar Levi as . M A .

Form erl y I ns truct or in 13 an d al m u dic T A ra m a ic, H bre w U n io n

s
e
Co Cin cin na t i, h io O .

0 0 1 Cl au d e 3 Ge n d er , LL B
fl ou t - . .

Form e rl y Su p erin te nde nt o f t h e u rve o f al e s t in e b S y P yP al es ti ne E x p l o re

t io n F u n d .

Carl a ccru ed . Ph B LL B . . ( D e ce ase d ) ,

L a te P
ro f o f . T
heol og at t h e U niv y . of J e na . G e r m any .

Ch arl es Tay l or . B B LL B .

Mas te r , S t J o h n s o ll e g e , a m b ridg e , E ng
’
. C C .

Gotth ard B eu t seh Ph B . .

Pr o f . of J ew ish Hi t y H
s or , e bre w U nio n oll C Ci n cin na ti, Ohi o.

Baron s id Gu nz b ur g .
v on
St . P e t e rs b ur g , R u ss ia .

B . Si m on se n , P h B , . .

Chie f R a bbi o f D e n m a rk , C
o p e n h ag e n , D e n m ar k .

B avl d Wern er A m ram . LL D .

Co u nse l o r a t Law , P
h il ade l p hia . Pa .

E d u ard Ban et h , Ph B .

Pro f in th e L e h rans t al t ftir die W isse nsch aft de s J u de n t h u m s ,

y
.

G e rm a n .

E d u ard ndni g , P n D
‘

LL D . .

Prof . o f Ol d T
es ta m e n t E x e g esis , U niv o f B o nn . , G e r ma n y .

E d uar d M ey er . P h B , . .

P rof o f A n cie n t
. H
is t o r , U Div o f B e rl in y . , G e r m a ny.

E rik St ave , P h B .

Pro f . of T y
heol og , U niv o f U p sal a . , Sw e de n .

E m u S ch iirer . P h B .

Pro f of N ew T es ta m e n t E x e g e s is U n iv of G o t t in g e n ,
y
.

G
. .

e rm a n .

B S ch w arzt el d . LL B .
. . .

Secre tary of th e C
J e w is h o l o n iz a t io n s so cia t io n A , P ar is , Fran ce .

Fred eri ck c Cony b eare , M A . .

Lat e Fell o w o f U niv o l l e g e , O x fo rd , C

n g l an d
. E .

x iii
 LIS T OF E DI TORS AN D COLLABOR A TOR S

Prank H Hn owl t on . M 8 . Ph B . . . .

Assis tant Cu ra to r o f B o ta n , U nite d ta tes a t io nal y S N M u se um ,

Was hin g t o n , D . C .

Prank Kni g h t Sand ers . Ph B B B . . . .

Pro f of B iblical His tory an d Ar ch eo l o ea n o f t h e Divini t D yS ch oo l , Y al e

C
.

Um v , N e w av e n , o nn . .

Pranei s L Coh en , .

Chie f Mini s ter , dne , N S W Sy y . . Aus t ralia .

Fred erick d e Bol a M e n d e s , Ph B .

Ra bbi of t h e We st E nd nag og ue , N ew o rk Sy Y C it y .

Georg e A . Bart on , r h B . . .

Pro f . of Biblical L ite ra t ure an d S e m i tic L

a ng uag e s at B ry n M a wr . Pa.

G ust av Onnert . r a n
P riva t -Do ce n t , U niv e rs it y o f B erlin .

H erm an A dl er . LL B . .

C hi e f R a bbi of the B rit is h Em p i re , Lo ndo n , E ng l an d .

H Brody .
.

R abbi; Coe dit o r o f t h e Z e it sch rift fur H e b raisch e B ibliog rap hic,
”
N ach od ,
B o he m ia , Au st ria .

Henry Berk owi t s . B B .

R a bbi, R o de p h Sh al o m C o n g re g a t io n , Ph il adel p h ia . Pa .

Hann ah B E ins t ei n . .

P re s . E m a nu -E l Siste rhood of P e rso nal S ervice , N ew Y o rk C it y .

Heinri ch Bl och Ph D . .

P ro f . of Hi t ys or , J ew is h T heol Se m . B u da p est ,
. . H u ng ar y .

H e nri cordi er .
P ro f . at th e E co l e des La ng ues Viv an te s Oi r e n t al e s , P a r is , Fra n ce .

Hu b ert Grimm e , Ph B . . .

P ro f . of S e m it ic Lang uag es an d Lit e ra t ure , U niv . of Fre ibu rg , Sw it z e rl and .

n G ; E n Ol OW . D D
o O

Ra bbi o f t h e Co ngreg a tio n das srael A I , L o uisvil l e , Ky .

He nrie tt a Sz ol d .
Sec of t h e Pu bl ica tio n Co mm it tee of th e J e wis h P u bl icat io n S o cie t y of
Am Y k Cit y
.

erica ; N ew or .

H erm ann Vog el st ei n . Ph B .

R a bbi, Ktm ig sberg

’

, E as t P ru ss ia , Ge rm an y .

Herm an G u nk e i . r h B . . . B B . . .

Prof . of Ol d T es t a m e n t Ex e g e s is , U niv . o f B e rl in , G e rm a n y .

x iv
 LI S T OF E DI T O R S AN D COLL A B O R A T O R S

H art w i g Hirseh i el d . Ph B '

.

P ro f Je w s
.
’
C o ll eg e , L o n do n , E n g l an d .

Em u L sm ek o Ph n .
s o e

Pro f of Ol d T es tam e n t Ex an d e m it ic S
ang u ag e s L at th e U niv of
y
.

G
.

e rl in , e rm a n .

I srael A b rah am m M A .

Reader in Ra b binics , U niv o f C”a m b rid e ; oe dit o r o f C Th e J e w is h Q u a r

E
.

te rl y R ev ie w ; Ca m r i dg e , ng l a n d .

Im m an u el S en s i n g er . P h B .

Pr o f o f Ol d T
es ta m e n t E
xeg esis , U niv o f B e rl in , . G e rma n y .

I g n as i o Gu i d l .
P ro f of H e bre w L a ng uag e and C o m p a r a t iv e S e m it ic P hil o l og y U niv of
It ly
. , .

R ome, a .

''

I sr ael Le vi .
Ra bbi ; P ro f in t h e T
J e w is h heo l ogical e m inar S P a ris ; E dit o r of R evu e
E P ?
.

”
des t u de s J u i v e s , a ri s , r a n ce .

Im m an u el Ldw . P h B
'

C h ie f R abbi B u da p e s t , u ng a r
, H y .

1 . M . Casan owi es . P h B .

U ni te d St at e s N a t io n al M u se u m , W as h ing t o n , D C . .

J a cq u e s Bi g art .
Secretary G
- e n eral o f th e Alli an ce I s r ael it e U n iv e rs e ll e , P a ris , F ran ce .

J oh n B y n el ey P rin ce . P h B .

P ro f . of S e m it ic L
ang uag e s o l u m bia U n iv N ew , C .
. Y or k C it y .

J . H H ol l an d er , Ph D
. . . .

Assist ant P ro f . of P o lit ical E co n o m y , J o hns H o p kin s U n iv B al t im o r e

.
. , Md .

M orris J as t row . Jr Ph D .

Pro f . of S e m it ic L ang uag e s , U niv . o f Pa , hil a de l p h ia Pa

. P , .

J . M . Hil l e sum .
Lib rarian o f th e B iblio t he ca R o s e n t h a l ia n a , U niv of Am s t e r da m ,
N e t h e r l a n ds
.

J u l e s Onne rt .
M e m ber of th e In s t it u t e of F ran ce ; P ro f o f Or ie n t al L a n g u ag e s at th e
C de F r a n ce P aris F ra n ce
.

o ll eg e , , .

J oh n P Pe t ers . P h B B B. . .

M
Rector , S t ichae l s hu r ch N e w o r k
’
. C , Y Cit y .

J ose p h R e i n ach ,

J o u rna l is t , P ar is , F rance .

XV
 LI S T OF E DI TO RS AN D CO LL AB OR A TORS

Karl Bu dd e . Ph B .

P ro f . of Ol d Tes tam e n t Ex e g es is , U niv . of M ar burg . Ge rm an y .

Karl Heinr ich 0 0 m in. Ph B .

P ro f . of H e bre w and Ol d T es t a m e n t E x e g esis , U niv . of B resl a u , Ge rma n y .

L u d wi g Bl au . Ph D .

P ro f J e w is h T heol o g ical Se m in ar ; dito r o f y E Ma

gy Z ar s ido
'
S z e ml e ,
B u dap es t , u ng ary H
.

Laz aru s G ru nh u t . Ph B .

Directo r , O
rp h an Ay
s l u m , J e rusa l e m , P al es tine.

Le wi s N B em bit z . D H L . . .

Cou nse l or a t Law , o uisvill e K L . y .

L u d wi g S t ei n . Ph D .

Pro f . of P y
hil oso p h , U niv o f B ern , . Sw it z e rl and.

Le o Wien er .

A ssis t ant P ro f . of Sl avic L ang uag e s , H arv ar d U niv .

. Ca m bridge , Mass .

M au ri ce Bl och Ph B
. .

P inr . of t h e B isch o fi s h e im S ch oo l a t P ar is , F r ance .

M au ri ce Fi sh b erg . M D .

Surg eo n to t h e Beth I sr ael H p it l os a D is e n s ar y

°
M di e cal Ex am ine r to t h e
H e bre w C h it i ar es , ew Y or C it y .

M ose s Gs st er . r h B .

Hah a m of th e Sp anish and P o r t u g ue se J ew s , L o n do n , E ng .

Griin wal d . Ph B M . .

R a bbi , I sraelit is che K ul t us- e m e in de ; G

dit o r o f t h e E Mit t e il u ng e n su r
J udisch e n V ol ksk u n de , ”
Vie nn a , u s t ria A .

M ax J . H ohl er . M A . . . LL B
C o u nse l o r a t L aw ; C o rr s p o n din g
e S e cre o f th e m e rica n J e wis h His A
to ri cal S ocie ty N , ew ork Cit y .

M Hnai e . .

Rabbi, M og ador, orocco M .

M ark Li dz b arsk y . Ph D . . .

Pi r v a t- D o ce n t o f S e m it ic Phil ol og y at th e U niv . of Kiel , G e rm an y .

M ax Loh r . Ph D .

P ro f . of Ol d T es t am e n t Th eol og y an d E xe g esis , U niv . of B re sl au , G e rm a ny .

M ax L . M arg ol i s, r h B . . .

Pr o f . of Biblical Ex eg esis , H e brew U nion C o ll eg e , Cincinna ti , O hi o.

M ose s M i el x l n er . Ph D . D D (. . D e ceas e d ) ,

L a te Pres ide n t of th e H e bre w U nio n C o ll eg e , Ci n cinna t i, O hi o.

x vi
 LIS T OF E DI TOR S AN D COLLA B OR A TOR S

Th or . Ke ll y Ch ey ne . D D . Li tt D .

O rel P ro f I
t h e n te r p re t a t io n o f
of S
crip t u re , O
xfo rd niv . a n d U C an o n o f
C
R o ches ter a t he dral , n l an d ; E C E y
. .

oe di t o r o f n c cl o p e dia
’g
B ib h ca , O E
xfo rd , ng l an d .

W M ax M ul l er Ph D
. . .

A ss is ta nt Pro f of Biblical Ph il ol og y a t t h e U niv

. . of C hi cag o , C hi
cag o , Il l .
 THE J EWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

INTR OD UCTOR Y R E MAR KS

TH E J E WIS H EN C Y C L OPEDIA in its twelve volumes

summari z es the information avai l ab l e on the history ,

literature theology and sociology of the Jews since

, ,

their first appearance in history three thousand years

,

ago down to the present day Much o f the material

, .

g athered in its pages h as never b een brought together

b efore ; and ev en where previous treatments of parts
o f a sub ject exist they h ave not been coord inated with
,

one another and their mutual relations have not b een

,

hit herto discerni b le Yet I srael is one and in d ivisi b le

.

in all manifestations J ewish theology mol d s J ew

.

is h history ; Jewish literature envelops and environs

J ewish history ; Talmudic law d etermines J ewish soci
olo gy and forms the osteology of J ewis h history ; the
ceremonies of t h e J ews are an embodiment of J ewish
theolo gy in ri tes and liturgy ; while J ewis h music
translates into the world of tone and h armony the
regrets and yearnings of J ewis h history From another
.

point of view all th ese su b j ects can b e traced b ack to

t h e Bi b le and t h e Talmud .

F undamentally one as are the mani festations o f the

J ewis h sp irit they are distractingly variegated when
,

vi ewed w ithout a clue Scattered through all lan d s

.
,

and passing t hrou g h all the historic periods t he J ewish

,

p eople h a ve b een co nnected wit h ev ery p h ase o f t h e

 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C Y CLOP E DIA

west em -
A siatic and E urope an c ulture whi c h i s called
civili z ation E ven in t heir e x cursions into t h e other
.

three continents Of t he glo b e the J ews h ave forme d

part of t h at ex pansion of E urope whic h constitutes
modern history Within these limits then wit h in t h e
.
—

countries and perio d s which have been influenc ed by

E uropean civili z ation Jews have been touc h ed by or
—
,

have taken part in all the movements Of h umanity ;

,

and TH E J E WI SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA w hic h treats Of all ,

these aspects is a veritab le encyclop edia touc hin g all

, ,

sides of h uman activity in the historic peri od .

F rom anot h er point Of view the EN CYC L OPED IA i s ,

practically universal in scope Th ough not a nation .

,
“ ”
the J ews form wh at might b e called an int em at ion ,

scattered among the peoples but k ept in union by a ,

spiritual bond and by a share in common sorrows and

antipat h ies Th e vario us activities Of t h e mem b ers o f
.

this internat i on h ave been recogni z ed by t h e EN C Y

CL O PE D IA w h ich h as inc l u d ed in its bio grap h ical section
,

sculptors mat hematicians inventors soldiers sailors

, , , , ,

and the l ike ; so t h at from this point o f view also i t

d eals wit h almost all aspects Of human activity T hus .

TH E J E WI SH E N C Y C L OPEDIA w h ile h avin g a world Of

,

its own at t h e same time deal s wit h t h e world in

,

general .

I n recent years t h e G ermans h ave issued a series o f

“ ”
E ncyclopiidien which d eal with G erman p hilolo gy
an d arc heology classical philology and archeology
, ,

political economy and the like on t h e plan o f havin g

, ,

separate treatises on the various d ivisions of a subject

put in systematic ord er and eac h dealt wi th b y a
,

separate specialist Shortly after th e appearance o f

.

t h e first volume of TH E JE WI SH EN C YC L OP E DIA a ,

2
 I N TR OD U C TOR Y R E M A R KS

prospectus w as even issued of a J u disch e E n cy cl o

p adie arranged on this plan (None of the vo l umes
.

has as yet appeare d ) The E ngl ish and A merican

.

method of encyclopedia making however is d i fferent

-
, , ,

and consists in sub dividing a sub j ect into small er

sections and arran ging these in al phab etical ord er
, .

This is undoubtedl y more convenient for reference

when a special topic becomes the su bj ect of inquiry .

But there is something to b e sai d for the German

method which connects cognate topics so that the
, ,

light which fails on the special topic looke d for may

gleam from the subject deal t with in a neigh b oring
section I t was for this reason that a system of cross
.

r eferences was elaborate d for TH E JE W I S H E N CY C L O

PEDIA w hich represente d the close connection o f the

,

various aspects of the subjects dealt with N o t wit h .

standing this the organic unity of the ENC Y CL O PEDIA

,

can not be appreciate d till an attempt is mad e to b ring

its c hief artic l es into systematic connection ; an d this

is th e aim of t h e following pages By b ringing to .

geth er t h e chief artic l es on anal ogous su b jects l ight ,

will be t hrown on many t opics that by themsel ves are

di ffic ult to eluci d ate and it may be possibl e to take
,

up separate sides of Jewish activity in a systematic

way . TH E J E WI SH EN C Y C L O PEDIA for t h e first time
gives a complete Jewish history a comp l ete Jewi sh ,

t heolo gy a nearly complete account of Jewish litera

,

t ure and t he first sketch of a complete Jewish sociology

,
.

A n endeavor h as here been m ad e to b ring together in

due order t h e chief artic l es which sustain this as sertion .

By this means stud y can b e systematized an d the ,

completeness with which the progr am of the E N C Y

CL O PE D IA h as bee n carrie d out wi ll be ma d e manifest .

3
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E NC YCLOP E DIA

There is one c h aracteri stic w hic h distin guish es t h e

p osition o f the J ews f rom that of ot h er bodi es o f men
united by a co m mon bond J ust as t he political h is
.

tory of the A merican repub lic is distin g ui sh ed from

all oth er political histories by t he f act t h at it centers
ro und a written constitution so the story of the J ewis h
,

people is mad e unique by the fact t h at it clusters r oun d

one b ook that known as t he Bible or rat h er as t h e
—
,

O l d Testament A ll aspects of J ewish li fe for t he l ast

.

years h ave been dominated by t h e d irect infl u

ence of Scripture ; and any encyclopedic treatment Of
things Jewish must base itself upon the O ld Testament .

I n ad dition to this however t h e development of t h e

, ,

Bi bl e legislation found in the T almud and kin dred

literature h as had almost as wide reac hing an influence
-
,

and perhaps even a more d irect shaping power upon ,

the J ewis h people These two Bi b le and T alm ud

.
, ,

form the Qu ellen or written sour ces Of all J ewis h

, ,

manifestations ; and the present analysis must accord

ingly begin W ith t hem .

THE BIBLE

Th ough t h e Bible is the fun d amental source t here ,

have been special reasons why the space devoted to th at

b ook in TH E J E W I S H EN C Y C L OPEDIA and its mode of
treatment there scarcely correspond to its importance .

O n the one hand there had recently appeared several

,

excellent Bi b le d ictionaries summing up mo d ern knowl

ed ge concerning Biblical matters wit h a thorough ness
an d at a l ength with wh ic h the EN C Y C L OPEDIA could
not compete without restricting un d esirab ly the space
rightly claimed by more speci ficall y Jewis h matters A .

4
 D S
E arliest M anu scrip t of ecal og ue ( e co n d e nt u r C y C ti o n a n in g Variat ions
M
fro m t h e asore t ic Tex t . P
ro ba bl th e y O l d t Ex
es am p l e

o f Sq u are Charact e rs in a H
e b re w M ip t
a nu s cr .

( From
“T
ransactions o f Society of heol
Bib lical Arc ogy
"
)

5
 G UI D E TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E D I A

recently issued Bible dictionary fills five vo l umes o f

equal size with those of TH E J E W I SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA ,

an d if any attempt h ad been made to treat the Bi bl e on

the same scale in t he latter work only seven volumes ,

wo uld have been left for J ewish h istory literature , ,

t heology socio l ogy etc I t was accordingly decided

, , .

to devote on l y a volume and a hal f of the E N CYCL O

PEDIA to the Bi bl e pure an d simple t h ough many of ,

the articles on archeology and hi story touch upon

Bi b lical aspects a l so .

Besides the di fficulty of the extent of the Biblical

section there arose that of method of treatment D ur .

ing the nineteenth century there had arisen an en

t ire l y new method of O ld Testament exegesis based ,

upo nthe Ob jective treatment of the tex t an d the same

methods of criticism as had been applied to other
literary pro d ucts I n particular t h e so urces of the
.

P entateuch had been anal yze d with suc h minuteness

that it was c l aimed that every single verse coul d be
assigned to a particular period Whet h er this claim .

was j ustified or not the assumption involved in it

,

d ominated the who l e scientific treatment of Bi b lical

topics ; and it was impossi b le to avoid recogniz ing t h e
method Even the most orthodox whi l e disagreeing
.
,

w ith the metho d has to take account o f it and would

, ,

have reason to complain if he could not find in t h e

EN C Y C L OPEDIA the views concerni ng the sacred b ooks
accepted by the large maj ority of scholars While .

conceding this much to the critical school it was felt ,

that common fairness call ed for the presentation of

opposing views especiall y as expressed b y J ewish
,

writers A s wil l be seen b e l ow for most Of the books

.
,
“ ”
of the P entateuch the so called critical view is
-

6
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

among the J ews and in modern criticism (Bible Ex e

g esis by Bacher and M cCu rd y) .

I n its alphabetical place each of the Bib lical boo k s

,

is treated separately ; its contents are summari z ed ;

and t h e critical problems rai se d by it are d iscusse d by

some o f the most eminent of living Biblical critics ,

J ewish and Gentile A mong these may be specially

.

mentioned E cclesiastes (Margol iout h ) P salms (Hirsc h ) , ,

J eremiah (E yssel ) I saiah (Cheyne) Kings (Seligso h n

, ,

and Barton ) Samuel (Hirsch) and Job (Sel igsoh n

, ,

and Siegfri ed ) .

Th e Pentateu ch

P articular attention h as o f course been given to the

, ,

problems Of the P entateuc h Besi d es a general article

.

on th is subj ect (J aco b s) whic h gives a list Of t h e

,
“ ”
di vi sions into whic h the P entateuch h as been sliced
by t h e higher criticism there are special articles on the
,

E lo hist (Hirsch) and the J ah vist (McCurdy) The .

separate books have also receive d special attention .

For D euteronomy Ex o d us an d Genesis a d ouble

, ,

treatment h as been ad opted the ord inary views Of ,

t he higher criticism on the first two o f these being

given by D river an d on the last b y Hirsch while an
, ,

elaborate anti criticism of the Wel lh ause n view s on

-

t h ese b oo k s is given in each case b y D r B J acob I t . . .

is h ope d t h at by t hese means all schools o f J ewis h

opinion on the Biblical books an d especially on t h e ,

P entateu c h are fairly represented I t woul d have

, .

been futile to d eny the ex istence Of fun d amental di ff er

ch e es among J ews on this important point .

Besi d es the books of the Bi ble properl y so call ed , ,

TH E J E WI S H EN C Y CL OPEDIA contains accounts Of the

8
 TH E BIB LE

supplementary work s k nown as t he A pocryp h a (Moore ,

ii 1. to whi c h may be add ed the remarkab le A poca

l yptic Literature e x isting in Hebrew (But t enwie ser ,

i 675
. A mong all these the two w hic h stan d ,

out as o f t h e greatest importance are t h e boo k s of

E noc h (Littmann ) and Sirac h (I Levi)
, . .

Biblical Biogr aphies

Tu rnin g to the contents of the Bi b lical books at ,

tention may first b e d irected to the elaborate series of

bio graphies o f Bi bl ical heroes about w hom in every ,

case the rab b inical and in many cases the Moham

,

m edan legend s are given for the first time Besi d es the
,
.

patriarc h s Ab raham ( Kohler Toy and Gott h eil ) , , ,

I saac (Broyd é ) J acob (Greenstone) and J oseph

, ,

( S e l ig s o h n Barton
, and Montgomery,) an d the chief ,

prophets E lij ah ( KOHig an d Ginzberg) I saiah (Cheyne , ,

Broydé ) J eremiah (R yssel ) an d E zekiel (Cornil l )

, , ,

the b iography of Moses is treated with special e l abo

rateness by Messrs Barton an d Kohler the interesting
.
,

and romantic h aggad ot being given b y D r Lauterbach . .

A not her Bib l ical biography o f consi d erable interest

and ex tent is that of Solomon (S el igsoh n Mont gom ,

ery) Every person mentioned in the O ld Testament

.

about w hom any definite information is given there is

treated in t he EN CY CL OPEDIA in t he same way though ,

not at suc h great length .

Biblical Ge ogr aph y

Biblical Geography h as receive d special attention ,

two articles in particular stan d ing out with especial

prominence ; namely the general survey o f P alestine
,

( Be n z in g er ix 479 , and
. the article on J erusalem
9
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E D I A

(Go tt h eil , vn . 1 18 t he latter being one Of t h e

longest in t he wor k . Both of t hese articles are pro

fuse l y
i l lustrate d t he former by a series o f maps
,

showin g t he h istorical d ivisions of t h e country (a )

according to the A ssyrian an d Egyptian monuments ,

10
 TH E BIB LE

( )
b at t h e time Of t he tribes (c) und er D avid and Solo
,

mon (d) after the d ivision o f the k ingd om (e f) after

, , ,

the Syrian an d the A ssyrian conquest (g) in t he He ,

rodian period (h ) at the time of the C rusades and (13

, ) at ,

t he present day T h e article on J erusalem contains

.

t he most ex tensive series of illustrations Of all Ob j ects

of interest in the city ever brought together b esi d es ,

a large fold ing panorama 4 5 feet in length an d a series ,

of superimposed maps showing the con d ition o f t h e

city ( 1 ) in the time of Nehemiah (2) at the time of the ,

destruction of the city (70 C E ) (3) at the period of ,

t h e Crusa des an d (4) at t h e present day O ther im

, .

portant geographical articles are those on G alilee (Buh l ,

Hirsc h) J ericho (Sel igsoh n ) Lachish (Price) Nippur

, , ,

( M cCu r dy) O p hi r,( Benzinger ) Roa d s ( J acobs ) an d , ,

Sinai (Sel igsoh n ) A s with Biblical persons Biblical

.
,

places of all sorts are fully treate d every place that ,

can be identified h aving been described in its alphab et

ical position This applies not alone to P alestinian
.

localities but also to places like D amas cus (Buh l an d

,

Franco) Moab (Gray) and Te l l el A marna (Barton )

, ,
-
,

whic h h ave b een includ ed owing to their importance

for sacred history .

Biblical History

Wit h regard to Bi bl ical History articles are includ ed ,

on t he foundation o f Bib l ical archeology viz Ch ro ,

.
,

n ol ogy (iv 64 . in which the mo d ern critical view

is ex pressed by P rof McCurdy an d a disquisition on
.
,

the Bi b lical figures is presented by the late P ro f .

Oppert . Besi d es general artic l es on the Kingd om an d

P eople of I srael (McCurdy vi 660 666) an d the , .
—

Ki ngdom o f J ud ah (McCurdy vii 328 eac h o f ,

.

11
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DIA

the chief kings and heroes o f sacred hi story h as a

special treatment ; prominence being given Of co urse , ,

to D avid (Gin z berg Montgomery and Cornill ) and

, ,

J os hua (Hirsch an d Pick) w hile the fullest account ,

is given Of Samaria (Se l igsoh n x 667 669 ) and t h e

—
, .

Samaritans (history by Cowley anthropology by ,

Hux ley x 669

,
. Here again the external history
is not negl ecte d for there are articles on A ssyria
,

( M c C u r dy,
ii 2 36
. A ssyriology ( P rince ii 2 38 ,
.

Bab ylonia (Rogers and Krauss ii 401 ,

.

and E gypt (Max Mil l l er an d Got t h eil v 55 wit h ,

.

whi ch may b e compared t he article Ph araoh (G ray ,

ix. The A ssyrian king Hammurab i wh ose im ,

portant co d e has been so recently d iscovered is treated ,

b y D r Fuchs in special connection with the question

.

how far t h at monarc h could have influenced t he Mosaic

legis l ation The relations of I srael to the surrounding
.

nations have been d ealt wit h in t h e articles Races o f

the Ol d Testament (J aco b s ) and the Seventy Nations ,

an d Languages (Broydé ) wh ile the artic l e on Monu

,

ments in Their Bearing on Bib l ical E xegesis (Sayce)

discusses th e light thrown upon t h e Bi bl ical record s by
the marve l ous d iscoveries o f mo dern times ; see also
Moabite Stone (McCurdy) an d Siloam I ns cription
( Ben z inger ) .

Bib lical Arch e o lo gy

Bi b lical Arc heology takes up al most as muc h space

as Bib l ical b iography geography and h istory Besi d es
, , .

the outline sketch Of the whole sub j ect (P rince) there ,

are articles on s uch minute topics as Bott l e and Brick

( Ma x M u ller ) I nstit
. u tional archeology has f or t h e
first time bee n treate d articles b eing included on suc h
,

12
 TH E BI B LE

topics as A n cestor Worship Threshol d and Totemism , ,

(J acobs) while the d i gnities of King (Jaco b s ) High

, ,

Priest (Hirsch) Priest (Buttenw ie ser) an d Prophet

, ,

( M cC u r d y and Hirsch ) are d iscussed in d etail , .

Special attention of course has been d evoted to , ,

t h e sacred arc heolo g y of the ancient Hebrews A rti .

c l es on A nimal Worship (McCurdy) A starte Worship , ,

A s herah and A shtoreth ( Barton ) Ba al Worship

, ,
‘

( M cC u r dy) High Pl ace

, ( Hirsch ) Tree Worship ( Bar ,

ton ) and Wors hip of I do l s (B l au) d eal with t heir

, ,

aberr ations from the faith ; while Burnt O ff ering

( M cC u rd y) First Fruits
, ( Hirsch ) P-
eace O ff ering ,
-

(Grossmann ) Sacrifice Showbread (Hirsch) an d Sin

, , ,

Ofi ering (Barton ) treat Of the ancient rites ,

T hese .

culminate in an elab orate series Of articles d ealing with

t he Temple (x 8 1 d escriptions Of the succes
.

sive b uil d ings an d o f the Temp l e service b eing given

under : Temple Of Solomon ; Temp l e Secon d ; Temp l e ,

Of Hero d ( Barton ); Temp l e in Rab b inical Literature ;

and Temp l e Ad ministration an d Service of (E isen

,

stein) .

Bib le Th eo lo gy

T he t heolo gi cal aspects of the Bible are main l y

treated un d er the t heological artic l es ; an d in this con
nection topics li k e P ara d ise ( E isenstein Barto n an d , ,

Mont gomery ) S h eol ( Hirsch) A zazel or t h e Scapegoat

, ,

( M c C ur d y Kohler
,
an d Husick ) ,
Urim an d Thummim ,

( M uss -
A rn o l t ) D ay o,f the Lord ( Hirsch ) B l e ssing ,

and C ursing ( Nowack ) Flood ( Muss A r n o l,t ) an d -

,

C osmogony ( Hirsc h an d Koh l er) t h e Bi b lical as ,

p e e ts o f w h ich are of chief interest may be referre d ,

to here .

3
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YC LOPE DI A

N atu r al History

I n t he fiel d o f Natural History there are artic l es on

all the bird s beasts and fishes of the O ld Testament
, , ,

un d er their respective rubrics by D r I M Casano ,

. . .

w icz of the Smithsonian I nstitution Washington be , ,

si d es general artic l es on A nimal s (Hyv ern at ) and ,

Bird s ( Nowack Ginzberg an d Koh l er) There are

, ,
.

al so exhaustive artic l es on Botany (iii 332 an d .

P lants (x 72 . b y D r I mmanuel Low of S z eged in

. .

TALM UD AND M ID R AS H

That remarkab le monument to the J ewis h genius

known as the Tal mu d an d contai ni ng the thoughts an d
legal decisions of the c h ief Jewish l e aders from 1 50
B C
. to 500 C E is natural ly treated in fu l l d etai l by
.

TH E J E W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA Besi d es t h e elab orate .

articles on Mishnah (Lauterb ach ) B arai t a (Ginzberg) , ,

Toseft a (Lauterb ach ) Tal mud ( Bac her xii 1

,
an d ,
.

Talmud Commentaries (R ich t m ann ) an explanation is ,

given of the means by which the elab orate Talmu d ic lit

er at ure has b een d eveloped from the text of Scripture

b y certain int ricate rul es These ru l es are explaine d in

.

the article Talmu d Hermeneutics (Lauterbach ) an d ,

are more specificall y d et ai l ed un d e r the caption s Ru l es

Of E liezer B Jose etc
.
( Lauter
,
b ach ) . I n a dd ition to .

this general treatment every one of t h e sixty three

,
-

treatises of t h e Talmu d is s e parate l y d escri b e d an d its ,

contents are analyz e d For exam ple the three Babot

.
, ,

Baba Batra Bab a Kamma an d Baba Mezi a are

, ,
‘
,

d escri b ed b y D r Friedl and er of Lond on Arakin b y

.
,
‘

Dr G inzberg of Ne w York an d Sanhe d rin an d Ye

.
,

b am ot by D r Lauterb ach Of P eoria I ll

. But TH E ,
.

14
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

(T h eodor ); and t h ose to the Five Scrolls ( E st h er ,

E cclesiastes ,
und er E sther Rabbah Kohelet ,

Rab b ah etc (Theo d or) T he important halakic mi d

, . .

ras him mainly of th e secon d century and thus con

, ,

temporaneous with the Mishnah are treated in the ,

various articles on the Meki l ta (Lauterb ach) Si fra , ,

Si fre an d Sifre Zut a (Horowit z ) O t her important

,
.

work s of t he T almudic period whic h h ave receive d

special treatment are : D ere k Ere z (Ginz berg) Sed er ,
‘
O lam (Sel igsoh n) Tan h u m a (Lauterbach ) an d Tanna
, ,

d ebe E liyahu (Och ser); an d a conspectus o f the whole

literature is given in the article on the Smaller Mid
rashim (Theo d or) .

Jew ish Law

But the c hief interest and importance of t h e T almud

is connected wit h the J ewish l aw enshrine d in its pages ,

which h as ruled J ewish li fe from the time of t h e

destruction of the Temple almost d own to the present
d ay and h as been the main cause of t he remark able
,

preservation of t he J ewis h race T his system o f law.

is complete in itsel f ; it w as recogni zed t hroughout t h e

Mi dd le A ges by the governments of the peop l es among
wh ich the J ews dwelt ; and to some extent it has
vali d ity in t h e law courts at the present d ay when ,

d ispute d questions o f marriage an d the l ike are Often

referred even in E ngl an d an d t h e Unite d States to
, ,

the j ud icial tribunal t he Bet D in (Ginzberg) TH E

, .

JE WI S H EN C Y C LOPEDIA for the first time gives a com

p l e t e acco unt of this ela b orate system of law below
captions un d er wh ich it would be sough t in an ord inary
mo dern law d ictionary A complete list Of the 230
.

articles relating to Talmud ic Law is given in the general

16
 TA LM UD AN D M IDR AS H

article relating to that subj ect ( Blau x i i an d only , .

a few of the more important nee d be cited here .

Adj e ctive Law

I n t he department of Adj ective Law the articles At

testation of D ee d s (D e m b it z ) A tte station an d A nthem
,

t icat ion of D ocuments (A mram ) E vi d ence Juris d iction , ,

( D e m b it z ) Summons
, ( E isenstein ) a n d Will ( D em ,

bit z ) may be especially referred to ; whi l e Proce d ure ,

A ccus atory an d I nquisitorial P roce d ure ( De m b it z ) ,

Conditions (A mram ) Criminal P roced ure Fines an d

, ,

Forfeiture (D e m bit z ) Fee (Greenstone an d E isen

,

stein) an d Takkanah (Och ser) d eal with other S i d es

, ,

Of the legal metho d of the Talmud A rticles on .

A brogation of the Law (Miel ziner) an d I gnorance of

the Law and Conflict of the Law (Gree nstone) also
deal wit h subj ects of consi d erable importance with
regard to legal metho d .

O ther aspects of proced ure are treate d un d er O ath

( Raisin ) P
,
erj ury ( Greenstone ) Blin d ( E isenstein
, ) an d ,

D e af and D umb (Greenstone) .

Substantive Law

Co ming t o Substantive Law Crime is treated b V ,

Dr L N Dem b it z and its results in Stripes an d

. . .
,

Capit al P unishment by D r S Men d elso hn Civi l law

. . .

h as muc h fuller representation in t h e EN CY C L OPEDIA

under t h e general h e adi ng s Tort C ontract an d F rau d , ,

( D e m b it z ) T h
. e status o f various persons is dealt
wit h under Trusts an d Trustees Suretyship P artner , ,

s hip, Master and Ser vant Lan d lor d and Tenant ( D em

,

17
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOPE D I A

b itz ) Joint O wners (Deutsch) Hiring an d Letting

, ,

( Greenstone ) an d,
G uar d ian an d War d ( D e m b it z ) .

Comm er cial Law

Commercial Law is represented b y numerous art icles ,

among which are Al ienation an d A cquisition (De m b it z )

Assignment (A mram ) Bailment ( Dem bit z ) Borrower
, ,

( A mram ) D
,
e b tor an d Cre d itor D ebts of D
, ece d e n ts ,

Mortgage (D e m bit z ) P le d ges (Dem b it z and D eutsch )

, ,

Real E state Sal e and Set Off (Dem bit z )

, ,
-
.

W om an in Law

O n the important b ranch of l aw which d eals wit h the

status of women TH E J E W I SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA contains
t he fol lowing intere sting series Of articles : Woman ,

Rights of ; Wi d ow (D em b it z ); Marriage Laws ; D owry

( Greenstone ) ; Hus b an d and Wi fe ( D e m b it z ) A limony ;
Ad ultery ; D i vorce ; Get ; D aughter ; Breach of P rom
ise an d A gunah the Tal mud ic equivalen t Of a wi d ow
‘
,
“ ”
b y grace or grass wi d ow (A mram) While t hese
-
.

are al l cases in which t he common law Of E ngland and

its development in the United States d eal with the
same topics it has not been thought necessary to mak e
,

comparisons wit h either English or Roman l aw .

Talm udic Law Tech nicalities

T his would h ave ex ten d e d the legal articles unneces

saril y ; and it was consi d ere d best to give the Talmudic

law in an d for itsel f leav ing experts in the other sys

,

tems of legislation to d etermine h ow far these contrast

or agree wit h t h e Talmud Th ere are however certain
.
, ,

18
Ark of t h e L aw fro m th e Sy n ag o g ue a t M o de n a .

D a t ed A M 5 2 65 = l 5 05 C E
. . . .

( Fro m th e M usé e de Cl uny ) .

19
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA
'

aspects of T almudic law which find no ex act eq uiv a

lents in more modern systems o f legislation ; and t h ese
are d ealt wit h under t heir technical terms in t h e E N
C Y C L OP E D IA as for instance in the articles G oring Ox
, , ,

( D e m b it z ); Hat ra ah
’
( Men d elsohn ); H e fk er ( Green
stone); Bererah (Zuckerman d el ) E lder Rebel l ious ,

( E isenstein ); H a z ak ah and Mi un (G reenstone

’
) an d
the curious system of evi dence k nown as Mi ggo (Lauter
b ach) The so called leg al fiction o f Prosbul (Green
.
-

stone) by wh ic h t he diflicul t ies o f t h e J ubilee were

,

overcome may also be referred to here A mong t h e

, .

curiosities o f Talmudic law may be mentioned the

re gulations concerning Milk (Greenstone) Trees (E is ,

e nst e in) and D isinterment (Kohler)

, Here may be
.

mentioned t h e divergent rab binical views wit h respect

to Cremation (Gott h eil ) .

Besi des t he T almudic l aw in itsel f t h e history Of its

,

Co d ification i s given with consi d erable elaboration in

the article Law C od ification of (Gin z berg v ii 635
, ,
.

T he c hief mo d ern codifiers also for instance

—
,

J osep h C aro (G in z berg) Alfasi (Fried l ander) an d

, ,

Moses ben Maimon (Lauterbac h) h ave separate ar—

t icl es ; w hi le t he later novell a: o f T almudic law are

treated under Hiddu sh im (Sch l oe ssinger) and t he ,

method o f development is discussed in t h e article

P i lpul (Lauterbac h) .

AR CHE OLOGY

T urning from t he sources from whic h modern

knowledge Of Jewish life an d t h ough t is obtained ,

attention may now be directed to th e i nformation

contained in t hem especially as regards t h e outward
,

20
 D OM E S TI CI TY

forms o f J ewish li fe in the past This o f course d eals

.
, ,

mainly wit h the archeology of the Jews during Bi b le

and Talmu dic times ; and for t he first time the two
peri ods are connecte d so t h at a new source is opened
for Biblical archeology in so far as Talmud ic custo ms
reflect light upon the Bi b lical ones O ccasional l y .
,

however it is possi b le to trace specifically J ewish cus

,

toms from Bible times d own to the present day Thus .

the article Costume (Nowack J aco b s Franco and

, , ,

Wiernik) has separate sections Biblical Tal mud ic —

, ,

Medi eval O riental mo dern and Russian each illus

, , ,
—

trat ed as far as possi bl e ; an d the wh ole of the mo d ern

development from t he twel fth century is ex emplified
by an elab orate plate in colors containing thirty eight -

c haracteristic fi gures O n the ot her han d the article

.
,

P ottery (Bliss) is con fine d to Bi b lical and pre Bi b lical -

times the latest researches on this sub j ect in P al estine

,

havi ng enab led archeologists to determine the suc

cessiv e strata Of the potter s art
’
.

D OM E STICITY

The principal sub ject Of the stu d y o f man s pas t is ’

the mod e in which h e h oused himsel f and his go d s or

sacred Ob j ects ; hence the articles House (Buh l ) Tent ,

(Benz inger) an d Synagogue (Brunner and Jacobs)

, ,

may be regard ed as central in this respect A s regard s .

the contents o f the secular house the sacred one

—

(th e synago gue or temp l e) havi n g closer relations to

ceremonial (see below) there is a general article on
—

Househ ol d Furniture ( Benzinger and Broydé ) b esi d es ,

more special ones on D oor G ate (Hirsch ); Key (Sel ig

,

soh n); Bed (G B Levi ); Cup (Casano wicz D e m b it z )

. .
,

C urt ai n (Hirsc h); G lass (Jaco b s ); Pen (N owack); I n k

21
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

( Jaco b s ); an d Windows ( Ben z inger ) Food ( N o w ack .

and Krauss ) is treate d both un d er that heading and

under Cookery (Broydé Harris Mrs Fishberg and , ,
.
,

D ob sev age iv 254 , in which the favorite di s hes

.

of E astern and Western J ews are enumerate d an d

d escri b ed Special articles are also given to Fat
.

(Hirsch ) Salt (Ben z inger) Wine (E isenstein) Cheese

, , ,

( Hirsch ) an d
, Mi l k ( Greenstone ) .

Next to food an d she l ter men and especially , ,

women devote attention to ornament and dress De

, .

si d es the general article oh costume al ready referred

to there are specia l artic l es on Hair (Broydé Jaco b s
, , ,

and Fishberg) Head Dress (Nowack) Nail (Sel igsoh n )

,
-
, ,

Rings (Wo l f ) San d al s (Broydé and Seligsoh n ) Seal

, ,

(Wolf) and Wreath (E isenst ein) J ew ish preference

, .

in the matter of Co l or (Levias) may come in here .

Some glimpses are also seen of the outdoor life of the

Jews in the articles devoted to Horticulture (LOW ) ,

Hunting (Jaco b s) and Fish and Fishing (Hirsch )

.

, .

Their d omestic animal s are treated in the articles

A ss (Levi and Ginz b erg) D og ( Kohler) Coc k (Ginz , ,

berg) Horse (Casan o w icz ) and Catt l e (Hyv ernat )

, , .

CUSTOM S

The d omestic customs of the Jews have also received

attention in TH E JE WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA ; see E du
cation ( Kohler Gii dem ann D eutsch an d Jacobs )
, , , ,

P e d agogics (Grossman ) E tiquette Rules of P rece , ,

dence (E isenstein ) Ho spital ity (Greenstone) Greeting

, , ,

an d Tit l es Of Honor (Eisen stein ) E ven their Games .

an d Sports (Grunwald ) an d mode of D ancing (Ene

low) are descri b e d as is al so their mo d e of dispensin g
,

Charity (Koh l er and Frankel ) .

22
 G UI DE TO j E WIS H E N C YCL OPE DIA

M oney ( N ow ack and Dem bit z ) whic h leads on t o th e

,

s u bj ects of Numismatics (Re inach) and Me d als (Wolf) ,

which are c l osely connected with Weights and Measures

( Benzinger an d Lauter b ach ) The determination
. Of
time is also Of import ance in this connection and is ,

treated in the artic l es Horology (E isenste in ) E ra ,

( Fried l an d er and Jaco b s ) an d ,

Week ( Hirs ch ) O ther .

mo d es of gaining a l iving are treated in the artic l es

Hawkers and Pe dl ers (Deutsch) Goldsmiths and Silver ,

smiths Engraving and En gravers (Wo l f) Mines (No

, ,

wack ) Navigation (Now ack and J acobs) Spinning

, ,

( Ben z inger ) ,and Not h han d e l ( D eutsch ) P erhaps Chess .

( P orter ,) though a game primari l y might b e include

, d
in this aspect The who l e sub ject merges into sociology
.
,

where it wi l l come up later Miscel laneous archeo l ogical

.

artic l es are : Flag (Eisenstein ); Fin ger (Broydé ) Han d

( G runwal d ) and Senses The ,
Five ( oydé )
B r .

HISTOR Y

The history of the J ews extends through a l l ages an d

lan d s that can in any true sense of the word b e termed
historical Where the Jew has not b een civi l ization
.
,

an d the records that go to make it have not existed -

.

I n one way or another TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA

d eal s with the whol e of the Wel tgeschich te thoug h Of , ,

course not in all its aspects an d extent The earl y

, .

stages of this history are natural ly given in the arti

, ,

cles devoted to the Bi bl e ; b ut after Bi bl ical times the

annal s of I srael reso l ve themse l ves into an account o f
the manner in which the v arious nations of the world
h ave treate d the ad he rent s o f monotheism the sa d —

dest story in t h e w orl d s history wh ose end is not ve t

’
.
,

24
 HIS TOR Y

Monotonous as is the tenor of t he narrative its note ,

varies accordi n g to the di ff erence Of environment .

The clue to t he post Bi b lical h istory of the Jews is

-

found in t he attitud e of the C h urc h toward unbe

l ievers I n t he Ro man empire af ter th eir d ispersion
.
, ,

the Jews h ad gradual ly gained all t he ri gh ts Of citi z en

s h ip ; and it was not til l the Churc h withdre w some of

t hese that t h at isolation of the J ews be g an w hich h as

led to suc h terrible results The story of the spread
.

of the J ews t hroughout t h e whole of the ecumenical

worl d t he legislation that regulated their connection
,

with the ruling powers and the change pro d uce d in

,

le gisl ation by t he rise of Christianity are describ ed in

the remark able article D iaspora (Reinach) O ther .

studies o f a similar character are given in t h e artic l es

Disa b i l ities (Broydé ) Kammerknec h tsc h aft ( D eutsch )
, ,

Taxation (Och ser) an d Leib z ol l (D eutsc h an d Rosen

,

thal ) T he w h ole series of anti Jewis h legis l ation is

.
-

summed up and a Skeleton o f Jewis h history is given

in C h ronology (J aco bs ) .

Of Nations

I n dealing wit h t he several countries t he p l an of the

EN CYC L OPED IA h as been to treat them with minute
ness T here are general S ketches of t he history of
.

t h e J ews in t h e continents of E urope ( Brann ) A sia ,

( L e vy ) Af rica ( K
,ah n ) Am e rica
, ( Ad ler ) and A ustra l ia , ,

(Freed man ) Th en come separate articles on the dif

.

ferent countries ; for A sia on Babylonia ( Krauss) , ,

A sia Minor (L e vy) A ssyria (Prince) Persia (J ackson)

, , ,

and Arabia (Hirsc hfel d an d Ginzberg) A bri d ge to .

E urope as it were Turkey ( Montgomery ) wit h its

, , ,

p redecessor t he Byzantine E mpire ( Krauss) leads to

, ,

25
 G UI D E TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

Greece (Caimi ) I tal y (Castigl ione) and Spain ( Kayse r

, ,

l ing and J aco b s ); whi l e France (L evy an d Bro y dé ) ,

Germany (Brann ) Englan d (Jacobs) an d Russia (R o

, ,

senthal ) practicall y complete the l ist Of countries W here

t h e history of the Jews is o f consequence Small er .

divisions like Sicil y (Och ser) Denmark (Simonsen) , ,

and Sweden (Lin d ner) are more of the nature o f ap

p e n d ix e s to the l arger countries O f E nglan d an d
.

Russia more wi l l b e said anon A ll of these countries .

are treated in TH E JE W I S H ENC Y CL OPEDIA the articles ,

b eing i ll ustrated b y maps containing the names o f t h e

p l aces with which Jews were connected I n A frica .
,

Egypt (Max Mii l l er and Gott h eil ) Al geria (Marcais ) , ,

Kairwan (Sch l oe ssinger) Tunis (Broydé ) Morocco , ,

( S ch l o e s s in g e r an d Meakin ) and South A frica

, ( Hert z )
are the chief territories an d cities of J ewish interest .

A s regard s A ustral ia (Freed man ) the small ness of t h e ,

Jewish popu l ation in the who l e continent rendered it

unnecessary to deal with the separate states of the
commonwealth e x cept in the case of Queenslan d
(Myers) The three chief d ivisions are 1 ep re se nt ed by
°
.

their capital s Ad elai d e Me l bour ne (Freedman ) an d

, , ,

Sy d ney (Jaco b s ) Ne w Zeal and is the su bject of a

.

separate artic l e A merica for reasons which wi l l be

.
,

read i l y understoo d has b een treated on a sca le some

,

what d i fferent in proportion from t h e rest of the w o rl d .

The d etails of the treatment of the Jews on that co n

t inent wi l l be found farther on .

Of Cities

After countries come citi es ; an d TH E JE WI SH E N

C Y CL OPEDIA d eal s with al most every on e of h istoric
interest that h as had a Jewish comm unity fo r a n y
26
 HI S TOR Y

lengt h of time Besides those mentioned in th e Bible

.
,

earl y communities existed in A ntioch ( Krauss ) A thens ,

A lexand ria (Sch iirer) an d ab o v e al l R o me (Och ser)

, , , ,

w here Jews have l ived continuousl y for a l onger period

t h an in any other p l ace with the exception of D amas
,

cus and Jerusal em El sewhere in I tal y the chi ef

.

Sq uar e O u t si de J a ff a G a t e J e ru sal e m
th e , .

( Fro m a Ph otog raph b y D w Popper )

r. . .

communities have been Ferrara F l orence Leghorn , , ,

Mantua P ad ua (Elb ogen ) an d Venice (Loll i ); whil e

, ,

in Spain the most important communities have b ee n

Barcelona ( Kayserl in g) To l ed o (J aco b s ) Cord ova
, , ,

Granada Gerona Saragossa Sevi ll e Tu d e l a an d

, , , , ,

Valencia ( Kayserl ing) I n the neigh b oring kingd om

.

Of P ortugal ( Kay se rl in g) the congregations of Lis b on

, ,

Po rto and Coim b ra (Kayse rl in g) are the on l y ones

, ,

27
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

call ing for special mention I n F rance P aris (L e vy .

, ,

ix 526 539) overs hadows the rest o f the comm un i ties ;

.
—

but important con gregations existed in O rleans ( Kahn) ,

Blois (Broydé ) A vi gnon ( Bauer) C arpentras Mont

, , ,

p e ll ie r Narbonne
, Marsei,l les ( Ka h n ) and P erpigna n ,

(Cassuto ) Nor must Bordeaux (Friedenberg ) the

.
,

home of t he G radis fami l y ( Ko hut ) and of th e New

Christians of t he eighteent h century be forg otten , .

I n Germany t he h istoric communities have been

those Of Worms (Och ser and Lewins k y) F ran kfort on ,
-

the Main (F reimann v 484

-
Fiirt h ( E c k stein)
, .
,

Hamb urg (Feil ch enfel d) P rague (Och ser x 1 53 , , .

Berlin (Freem ann ) P osen (Lewin ) and Breslau the

, ,

l ast b eing treated under Si l esia (Och ser) .

I n the Netherlands (Slij per) A msterd am (Seel ig man

‘

, ,

i 537 545) is t he on l y center o f importance w hile

.
—
,

Copenhagen (Simonsen iv 258 260) is t he only city ,

.
—

in D enmark requiring separate treatment I n the .

d ual kingdom Of Aust ria ( De ut sch ) Hun gary ( Buch -

ler) Vienna (Kayserl ing and Lieben x ii 427

, , .

Brunn (Freimann and Gott h eil ) and P resb urg ,

( D eutsch ) in t h
, e f ormer an d Budape s t ( Buchler
,
iii , .

4 1 6 420) and S z ege d in (LOW ) in t he latter are the

—
, ,

chief communities .

A s to Turkey (Montgomery ) and the countries for

merl y u nder its rule the artic l es Bel grade Safed (Fran ,

co ) Sarajevo (Wessel ) P hilippopolis (F ranco ) Adri

, , ,

an op le ( D anon ) Constantinople
, (iv 2 37 and .

Sal onica (Broydé ) in d icate h ow important in Jewish

his tory Turkey was ti ll its ru l er b ecame t he sick man .

Cities are not mere bricks an d mortar : t h ey are the

homes of men ; so after cities it would be appropriate
to d eal wit h individual s Here however a dist inct i on
.
, ,

28
 HI S TOR Y

h as to be made The indivi d u al as an in d ivi d ual

.

attracts a kin d of interest d i ff erent from that Of the

in d ividual that influences history : the former b e l ongs
to the biographer ; the latter to the historian Con ,
.

se quently the large num b er of biographies containe d

,

in TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CLO PEDIA may b e reserved for a

separate section Of this intro d uction A n intermed iate .

position is hel d b y families the accumu l ate d e ffect Of

whose individuals has general l y had an influence on
local history A ccord ingl y the ENC Y CL OPEDIA has
.

often given accounts of families who se in d ivi d ual mem

bers would not perhaps of themselves have merited
special notice A list of these families is given un d er
.

P edi gree (Jacobs ix 578 the items b eing printed

,
.

in ital ics .

Mak ers of History

Turning to in d ivi d uals who have he l ped to make

history a certain amount of attention has been given
,

in TH E JE W I SH ENC YCL OPEDIA to the great conquerors

A lex ander the Great (Le vi ) Ju l ius C aesar (Rosenthal ) , ,

and Napoleon (Jaco b s ) who b y a curious coinci d ence,

have all been b enefactors of the Jews A part from .

t hem however it is a significant fact that the maj ority

, ,

o f non J ews of historic importance that have cal l ed for

-

m ention h a ve been anti Semites l ike Vicente F err er -

( S ch l o e ssin g )
e r Vincent Fettmilch
, (S e l ig s o h n ) Martin ,

Luther Hermann Ah l w ardt (Deutsch) and Ad o l f

, ,

S tiicker (Mannheimer) .

J ews o f historic importance have been : the several

Herods (Broydé ) the Maccabees (Se l igsoh n ); A aron
of Lin coln the great financier Of A ngevin E nglan d ;
,

and Ben venist e D e P orta who held the same position ,

in Aragon in the next century (Jacobs); J osel of Ros

29
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

heim (Feil ch enfel d) court Jew of the E mperor Maxi

,

mi l ian I ; D on Joseph Nasi (Sch l oe ssinger) Mord ecai

.

Meisel of the b anking firm Of Prague ( Kisch); and

Shabb e thai Zeb i the pseu d o Messiah whose imposture
,
-

spread t h rough the worl d (Mal ter) Simi l ar impostures .

were attempte d b y D avi d R eu be ni (Jaco b s) an d Solo

mon Mo l ko (Bloch ) .

Joseph Suss O ppenheimer (Kroner) the martyr ,

financier Of Wii rtt e m b urg ; an d the three great conser

v at iv e statesmen of the mi d nineteenth century Ju - —

d ah P Benj amin (M J Koh l er); Benj amin D israeli

. . .
,

E arl of Beaconsfie l d (Emanue l ); and Frie d rich J ulius

Stah l (M Cohe n ) are Of historic importance The
. .

last less known than the other two was declared by

, ,

Lord A cton to b e a gre ater force than Be acon sfiel d .

O pposed to these may b e p l aced the iridescent figure

O f F e r d in an d L assa ll e (M Cohen ) the lea d er Of the S O
.
,

cial D emocratic party of Germany How far Nathan .

M ayer Rothschil d an d his d escen d ants (Jaco b s ) may be

regard e d as historic figures is somewhat questionab l e ;
b ut pro b abl y their influence h as b een greater than that
of all the ab ove taken together .

Historic M o vem en ts an d E ven ts

Besi des these speci al sections Of history un d er con

t in en t s cities an d men TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL O PEDIA
, , ,

d eal s with the annal s of I srael in connection with the

Church movements l ike the Crusad es an d the Black
De ath (Jaco b s) especially with regard to wh at has
,

b een sho w n ab ove to h ave b een the d etermining cause

Of the who l e of post Bi b lica l Jewish history
-
the atti —

tude of the Church tow ard the Jews I n this connec .

tion long artic l es on the P ope s ( De utsch an d J aco b s) ,

30
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

the Jews into that disreputab le occupation I n its .

relatio n to their f aith the story is main l y to l d in bloo d

an d tears un d er the rubrics I nquisition ( Kayser l ing) ,

Auto D a Fé (Gott h eil ) an d Marano ( Kayserl ing)

,

the M aranos were secret J ews Of the Spanish empire

w h o were the main victims Of torture an d persecution .

Besides these TH E JE W I SH E N C Y CL OPEDIA contains

accounts of whole series of persecutions caused by
the Blood A ccusation (Strack and Jacobs ) an d c h arges
of D esecration Of the Host (Sch l oessin ger and Jaco b s ) .

Special in stances of such atrocities are given in the

articles Hugh Of Linco l n (Jacobs) La Guard ia ( Kay ,

serling) Konit z A ffair (D eutsch ) D amascus A ff air

, ,

( Franco ) Mor
, t ara Case ( D eut s ch ) Tisza E s z l ar A f
,f air -

( Mannheimer ) an
, d above a ll the D reyfus Case which , ,

with the exception Of Russia forms the l ongest artic l e

,

in the entire w ork an d is p erhaps the most interesti n g

,

for continuous read ing The who l e modern move

.

ment against the Jews is summed up in the lengthy

artic l e A nti Se m itism (D e utsch)
-
.

W eapons Against Into leran ce

The mod ern met h o d s by whic h J ews attempt to

battle with the forces Of enmity an d intolerance that
oppose them are presente d in the artic l es on the Al liance
Israelit e Universe l le of P aris (Big art ) the A n glo
Jewis h A ssociation Of Lon d on (M D uparc ) the Jewis h .
,

Coloni z ation A ssociation (Schw e rzfeld ) and the Israe ,

l it isch e Al lian z z u Wien ( Kaminka) The nationalist .

movement which has seized hol d of the modern J ew

with such strength is represente d b y a l on g artic l e on
Zionism (Go tt h eil ) an d b y one on the foun d er of
,

po l itical Zio nism Theo d or Herz l (D e Haas ) A cco u nts

, .

32
 HIS TOR Y

are also given Of Herz l s predecessors Moses Hess

’
,

( S ch l oess in g )
e r and Lev P insker ( Lipman ) A d e .

scription of t he Basel Con gress an d P rogram is con

tributed by Herz l h im self The financial methods Of
.

t he Zionistic movement are explained in the article

J ewis h C olonial Trust (D e Haas ) .

Bes ides these treatments of the historic countries ,

cities and persons some of the most interesting of the

, ,

EN CY CL OPEDIA articles deal wit h spheres wh ich might

be deemed outside of history Hidd en or lost com .

m un it ies Of Jews are describe d un d er China (Cord ier

and Kohl er) and under I n d ia (Oppert ) where the Beni
, ,

I srae l ( Eze kiel an d J acobs ) an d the J ews of Cochin

( Ez e k iel and Jacobs ) present some Of the most interest
ing problems both from their ant hropo l ogical pe culiar
,

iti es and f rom t heir unusual customs B urie d deep in .

Central A frica is the curious Berber tribe known as the

Dagg at un (Got t h e il ) while in Turkey exists the o b
scure se ct o f the DOn m eh (Got t h e il ) whose members , ,

t h ough t hey have belonged to the Mohamme d an faith

for se veral centuries sti ll preserve some Jewis h char
,

acte rist ics

. I n Ab yssinia the Fal as h as (Perru ch on)
claim direct descent from So l omon an d are certain l y of ,

J ewish training if not of the Jewish race O ther out l y

,
.

ing colonies of Jews are d eal t with in the artic l es Bok

h ara ( Bac her and E N A d l er) Kurd istan (Lipman )
. .
, ,

and Afghan istan (Jacobs ) .

Th e Germ an Jews
The position Of the Jews in Germany natural ly
attracts considerabl e attention in TH E JE W I SH E N

CYCL OPEDIA . A part from the towns an d cit ies al read y

re ferre d t o ,separate artic l es are devoted to topics

33
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOPE DIA

like J udisch h eit J udenst att igkeit and Judensch ul e

, ,

(Deutsch ) while the pecu l iar position of t he Schut z

j u d e (Jacobs) an d the Familiant en Gesetz (D eutsch ) ,

under which only a certain number of Je wish young

men an d women were allowed to marry in eac h town
Of the empire have received d ue att e ntion
, The im .

portant positions he ld by the Court J ews (Kayserl ing)

and the S h e t adl an (Jacobs ) who in t he Mi d dle A ges
,

represented the German Jewis h communities at the

courts of t h e petty princes deserve notice Similarly
,
.

in I taly there was a curious law known as J us Gaz ak a

(Jacobs) by which J ews in ghetti refused to bi d for
,

houses on whic h the landlords attempted to put in

creased rentals .

Still more general topics are dealt wit h in t he articles

Universities (Jacobs ) where the mo d ern rus h of Jewis h
,

students to the E uropean universities i s descri b e d ,

and Travelers (Jacobs) where a list Of the chief Jews

,

who h ave ex ten d ed man s knowled ge Of his physica l

’

surroun d ings is given I n the article Social ism (Hour

.

wich ) the attraction Of the more ad vanced economic

views for persons of t h e J ewis h race is described as
being one of the most stri king points in the h istory o f
the movement T he three s u ccessi ve leaders o f So
.

cial ism have been Karl Marx Ferd inand Lassalle ,

( Cohen , ) and E duard Bernstein ( Bru m b e rg) .

Am erica , E nglan d, an d R ussia

I n t he preceding account o f t he c hief historical arti

cles of TH E JE W I SH EN C Y CL OPEDIA the reader will
doubt l ess have noticed three remarkab le omi ssio ns
practical ly no reference has b een mad e to t he history
of the Jews in the United States in E nglan d an d in , ,

34
 HIS TOR Y

Russia This was not because the ed itorial board h ad

.

pai d no attention to these aspects of the question far —

otherwise A n encyc l ope d ia is a work o f reference to

.

b e co nsul ted main l y b y persons speaking the l angu age

in which it is printed I t was therefore only logical
.
, ,

that TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA pu bl ished in A merica ,

and finding its chief circul a

tion in the E ngl ish speak -

ing countries of the worl d ,

shou ld have d evoted special

attention to the history of
the Heb rew race in the
United States and in E ng
land .

E ncyc l ope d ias must con

tain articles which are l ike l y
to b e sought by pro b abl e
read ers I t woul d be on l y
.

natural that Jewish read ers

in the Unite d States an d
E ngland should d e m a n d
somewhat m o r e m i n u t e
treatment of l ocal celebrities
than of those who se careers
lay in lan d s o u t s i d e t h e
A ngl o saxon W Ol l d Th us 8
'
'
‘

A.
S f th D il C
a ro n , on o e ev . a ri c

quite di erent scheme Of

ff t f E g li h J w D
ca u t a o an n s e . a

t d 1 2 77 e
perspective had to be em
'

ployed for articles on E nglish an d A merican topics than

for the others in the ENC Y CL O PEDIA A t the same time .

these portions were especiall y d i fficul t to organize ,

since the p l an Of the E N C YCL O P E DIA inc l u d ed l iving

persons an d the c l aims O f these to inclusion are natu
,

35
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E DIA

rally t he most di fficul t to ad j ud icate upon local esti ,

mates as to a man s reputation an d the importan ce

’

of his achievements being often much exaggerated .

Turning to the articles devoted to A merica attention ,

may first be directed to the general artic l e un d er that

caption (Adler i 492 , . which gives a careful con
spect us Of the w h ole su b ject This is s upplemente d
.

b y separate articles on C ana d a (D e Sola) Sout h an d ,

C entral A merica (Jacobs an d E N A d l er) West . .

,

I ndies (E manuel ) an d especial l y the artic l e United

,

States (Friedenw al d E isenstein and J aco b s x ii 345

, , ,
.

whic h wit h one ex ception is the longest devoted

, ,

to t he J ews Of any particular country This sum .

m ariz es the separate artic l es given to most Of the forty

seven states an d territories includ ed in it A general .

treatment of the social con d ition scientific achieve ,

ments struggle for emancipation an d re l ations to the

, ,

government is given ; separate sections deal wit h t he

,

history Of the Russian Jews of A merica ; and t he whole

is concluded with a special account of t he statistical
details of t he country ful l er t han has ever before been
,

brought together T he tex t is accompanied by an

.

elaborate map sho wing both the present geographical

distribution of the Jews in the United States and the
successive stages Of their immigration the names of ,

towns in whic h they settl ed b efore 1 800 being printe d

in red ; between 1 801 and 1 848 in b rown ; b etween ,

18 49 and 1 88 1 in gree n ; an d b etwee n 1 882 and 1905

,

in blac k .

Th e United S ta tes

A mong the states forty Of which are separately

,

treated particular attention may b e d ev oted to the

,

accounts of C alifornia (Vo ors anger) Georgia (I P ,

. .

36
 HIS TOR Y

Mendez ) Maryland (Hollander) P ennsylvania (Rosen

, ,

bach) South C arolina (J acobs ) and Tex as (H C o hen)

, , .
,

where J ewi sh influences h ave bee n most mark ed .

I n addition to the accounts o f t he separate states ,

sp ecial articles are devoted to t h ose cities w hich are

the leading centers of J ewis h population The article .

on New York ( Kohler Sul z berger and Herm al in i x , , , .

259 29 1 ) is very elaborate and is illustrated by no

—
,

less than 23 pictures Of bui ldings besides a foldin g ,

map 3§ feet long showing the distribution Of J ewish

, ,

b uildings t hroughout the city A fter New York comes .

Ph iladelp hia (Rosenbach ix 670 fully and ric hly ,

.

illustrated ; and t hese two cities are closely followed by

Chic ago (E l iasof iv 22 New O rleans (A dler i x
, .
,
.

Boston (Morse iii 331 Bal timore (S z old

,
.
,

ii 478
. Cincinnati (P h i l ipson iv 89 St Louis ,
. .

( Green f elder x 639 ,and San

. Francisco ( Voor
sanger x i 34 , Of more historic interest however
.
, ,

are Newport (Hiih ner and Kohler ix 294 Charles ,

.

ton (Hiih ner iii 677 and Lancaster (N ecarsul

,
.

mer v u 604
, I n t his connection the article
.

devoted to Ararat (M J Kohl er) refers to one of the . .

most curious episodes in A merican J ewish history ;

namely t h e attempt to estab l ish an independent
,

J ewish state in the western h emisphere .

Am erican Jewr y
T he
nex t step is from cities to men A mong the .

earlier A merican heroes reference may be made to ,

A sser Levy (Hiih ner); Moses Seixas (H il b ner and '

Hane m an); Mordecai Manuel Noah ( Raisin ); Moses

Lindo (Huhner) introducer Of the indigo industry
,

into Sout h C arolina ; and particularly to Haym Sal o

37
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOPE DIA

mon (Frie de nw ald) financier Of t he A merican Revo

,

l ut ion Many of the founders Of A merican Jewry

.
,

however are included in the fami l y articles under the

,

captions E tting Frank s Gratz Hays J udah Minis

, , , , , ,

Mo ise Mordecai Nathan Sheftal l and Solis most Of

, , , , ,

wh ich are provided with elaborate pedi gree s by Miss

E N Solis Later names of importance are those of
. . .

“
J udah P hilip Benj amin (M J Ko hler) t he brains of . .
,
”
the Confederacy al ready referred to ; Uriah Phillips
,

Levy (Wolf) head of the A merican navy in his time ;

,

Lorenzo da P onte (M J Kohler) the introducer of . .

,

I talian opera into the States ; A dolph S utro ( Dobse

vage) tunneler of t he Comstock Lode ; E mil Berliner
,

( A dler ) inventor
, O f the Berliner telephone transmitter ;
and E dwin Zal in ski (Hane m an ) patentee of the Za ,

l inski pneumatic dynamite gun -

.

I n art A merican J ewry is represented by Moses

J acob Ez ekiel the sculptor (F M Cohen ); and Louis
,
. .

Loeb the painter (A dler) O ther contemporaries in

,
.

various fields are : D avid Bel asco (Mels ) t he play ,

wright ; J ulius Bien (A dler) the lithographer ; Al fred ,

“ ”
I Cohen better k nown as Alan D ale
.
,
the dra ,

matic c ritic (Mels) Leopold D am rosc h (E manuel ) the ,

musician ; Charl es Frohman (Mels ) t he theatrical ,

manager ; Samuel Gompers (D ob sev age) the labor ,

leader whose word is l aw with more men than t h at Of

any other Jew living ; J oseph P ulitzer (Viz et el l y) ,

editor of the New York World C h arles Waldstein

( H an e m an ) the art critic
, ; and Gregory Wilenkin
( A dler ) the
,
Russian dip l omat living men whom —

A merica has del ighted to honor in various ways f or

contri b utions to its general welfare .

A ttention may n ow be directed to t he A merican

38
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

perhaps be p l ace d the Y idd ish poet Morris Rosenfeld

(Hane m an) A mong ot h er well known writers in the
.
-

Yid d ish dialect may be m entioned Abraham ben Hay

yim Lippe Goldfad en (Wie rnik) founder of the Yid ,

dish theater ; Nahum Meir Sch aikewit z (Seligso h n ) ,

who d ied since his biography in the ENC Y C L OPEDI A

was written ; and E liakim Zunser (Sel ikov it ch ) in a ,

measure the Mark Twain Of the Yiddish ghetto of New

York .

A t A merican universities the following J ewish pro

fes sors are foun d : of E nglish history Charles Gross ,

( dler); psycho l ogy Hugo Munsterburg (Jacobs );

A ,

b iology Jacques Loeb ( Hanem an ); Sans krit M

, ,
.

Bl oom fel d (Gray ) .

I nteresting person alities of divergent types men

t io ne d in the EN C Y CL OPEDIA are Rabb i Carregal (Ko
h ut ) whose name so frequently occurs in E zra Stiles s
’
,

d iary ; Joseph Choynski (Viz et ell y) the prize figh t er ; ,

-

and Max Frauenthal (Cohen ) who stood at the apex ,

“ ”
of the bl ood y acute angle at the battle of Spott sy l
v ania Court House May 1 2 1 864
,
Kasriel Saras oh n
,
.

(Han em an ) was the founder of the great est Yiddis h

daily in the worl d .

Jewish Infl uen ce

Besides these articles on special topics there are a ,

considerable n u mber dealing with general movements .

The part und ertaken by Jews in assisting Columbus is

d etailed in the article A merica The D iscovery o f ,

( K ay s e r l in g i 5 1,
1 that
. w hich they undertoo k
in the Anti S l avery Movement is expounded by Max
-

J Kohler General movements within the com

. .

munity are represented b y the following articles '

40
 HI S TOR Y

Fraternities (Wiernik); B n ai B rith (E llinger); C on

’ ’

gress oi Jewish Women (A merican); Sisterhoods Of

P ersonal Service (E i ns tein) Union of A merican He
bre w C ongregations (Wiener); Young Men s Hebrew ’

Association (Menken) The great phil anthropic move

.

ments are represent ed by the articles Hirsc h Fund

and Agricultural C olonies in the United States (Reizen
stein) special attention being pai d to t h e settlement
,

of Woodbine N J (Lipman ); while the claims Of

, . .

theology are represented by artic l es on the Jewish

Theo l ogical Seminary of A merica (Jacobs ) Hebrew ,

Union College (Miel z iner an d A dler) an d Grat z C ollege

,

(Adler) .

Great Britain

A nother country dealt with on a larger scale than

usual is E ngland Apart from the fact that t he E N
.

C Y CL OPEDIA is likely to be consul ted more frequently

in E ngl and than in any other l and with the ex ception
of the United States E ngl and woul d deserve its p osition
,

in the work on account of the num b er of distinguished

J ews who either have been b orn or have settled there ,

and for the length and vicissitudes of its J ewish hi story .

T he general article on E ngl an d (J aco b s v 1 6 1 1 74) is , .

-

supplemented by a special one on London (Jacobs ,

viii 1 55
. in which all the most important his
t o rical events are treated an d a tolerab ly complete
list o f Anglo J ewish worthies is given T his article is
-
.

fully illustrated b y representations of import ant Jewish

b uildings and by a coup l e of maps O t her E n glis h .

towns dealt with are Leeds (Abrahams vii , .

Liverpool ( Benas viii 1 4 1

, . Ram sgate (Harris x , .

Birmingham (Green b erg iii , an d P orts

.

41
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

mout h (Harris x 1 34 1 36) for modern history and

,
.
—
,

C anterbury Camb ri dge Lincoln (viii 90

, Norwich
, .

(i x
. 33 6 O xford (i x 452 Winc h ester (xii . .

York (J acobs xii 620 and Bristol (Jacobs

, .

and Cohen iii 387 ,

. for t he interesting details of
the preex pulsio n history in t h ese cities This aspect .

Of the su b ject is also dealt with in special articles li k e

D omus Conversorum (M Adler) Ex c hequer Of the .

,

Jews (J acobs ) and its special deed or Shotar (Jacobs )

, ,

w hich is supposed to h ave given the name to the Star

C hamber ; while the financial co nn ection between the
Jews and the kings is represented by t he articles T al
lage and Tally (Jacobs) .

E ar ly E nglish Jews
Glancing from cities to men the c hi ef biograp hies ,

dealing with the preex pul sio n period are those of

A aron Of Lincoln A aron of York (J aco b s) Yom Tob
, ,
-

Ben I saac of J Oigny (Kayserl ing) J acob o f London , ,

and I saac o f Norwic h (Jacobs) The only Hebre w .

authors of any prominence for t his period are Bere

chiah Ha N akdan Berec h iah Of Nicole or Lincoln
—
, ,

the grammarian Moses Ben I saac Hanessiah and t he ,

poet Meir Ben E lij ah of Norwich (Jacobs) .

The intermed iate period of A nglo J ewish hi story -

( 1 2 90 1 6
—
54 ) is represented by the fi gures o f Mark
Raphael (J acobs) who gave Henry V III curious advice
, .

ab out his divorce ; J oachim Gaun se (Abrahams) who ,

hel ped to introduce German met hods Of mining into

England ; and D r Rodrigo Lope z (Jacobs) wh o was
.
,

put to death for attemptin g to poison Queen E li z abeth ,

and was almost certainly the ori ginal o f Shyloc k (J a

cob s x i
, .

42
E ng lis h J e w W earing T abl e t s hap ed B adg e
-
.

( From a Cotto nian M S . in th e B itis h M se um )

r u .

43
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

J ew s R e turn to E ngland

The resettlement Of the Jews in E ngland is treated

in the bio graphies of Man asse h Ben I srael (Jacobs) ,

who planned it ; of O liver Cromwell (E manuel ) who ,

permitted it ; o f A ntonio Rodriques D a Robles who ,

b rought it to a crisis ; and of An tonio C arvaj al (Jaco b s ) ,

who carried it into e ff ect The beginnings o f the

.

attempt to take a part in E nglis h life is represente d

b y the article Brokers (Valentine) wh ile the succes ,

sive stages o f E ngl ish legis l ation about the J ews are
given in A cts Of P arl iament (Jacobs ) I n the eight .

een t h century t h e chief nam es Of interest in A nglo

J ewish history are those o f D avid Nieto the h ah am ; ,

Moses Ham b urger founder o f the Hamb ro Syna

,
’

gogue (J acobs); the two financiers Sir Solomon de

Medina an d Sampson Gi d eon ; the physician Sarmento
Cas tro (Kayserl ing) and the two brot hers D a C astro
K
( ay serl ing) one the secretary o f the Royal Society
—

and the other the founder of the Hebrew section of

the British Museum A quaint figure is presented by

.

Baron d Aguil ar the miser and eccentric O n the

’
,
.

other hand a curious episode is co nn ected wit h the

,

conversion Of Lord George Gordon ; and a mystic

hal o surroun d s the name of Hayyim F al k (Adler) .

Jewish E m an cipation

The nineteent h century open s wit h a number of

il l ustrious E nglish J ews who h owever were soon lost
, ,

to Judaism as D avid Ricardo ; Benj amin D israe l i

,

( E manuel ); Sir Manasseh Lopez ; I saac Samu d a the ,

* Most Of th e E ngl ish b iog raph ies e x cept

— th ose b
at t ri u ted to
o th e r w rit e rs w ere w ritt en by R e v
—
. G Lipk in d
. .

44
 H IS TOR Y

great s hip bui l der ; and Sir Francis P al grave (J acobs)

-
.

Their loss was counterb al anced within the commun ity

b y the ex ertions Of the fami l ies Goldsm id Roths ,

chi l d Mont efiore P hi l lips and Sal omons wh o fought

, , , ,

so strenuously in the struggl e for the removal of

J ewish disabilities in Engl and By their side were .

workers like D avid A Lindo and Michael Josephs. .

The stru ggle for freed om of l earning in the universi

ties is connected with the names of Nathan Lazarus
Ben m oh el the first possessor of a university degree ;
,

an d Numa Edward Hartog the first J ewish senior ,

wrangler After emancipation was Ob tained the

.
,

communal leaders are connected with the same fami

lies to which should be add ed the names of Sir
,

J ohn Simon (Jacob s) J acob Wal ey and Lord P ir

, ,

bright (E manuel ) while within the co mm unity recon

,

struction took p l ace at the hands Of Lionel Cohen

(Green ) A sher A sher (Jaco b s ) and the two chief
, ,

rabb is Nathan and Hermann Ad l er The Reform .

movement is represented b y the names Of Henriques ,

Mocat t a and D avid Marks and mention is made of

, ,

the milder position hel d b y Morris Joseph (Jacob s ) ,

and t he more radical one of C l aude G Mon t efiore . .

Rabbinic scholarship was pursued main l y b y a num

“ ”
ber o f aliens like Fil ipow ski (Beer) A lbert L6wy , ,

Adolph Neubauer Schi l ler S z ine ssy and Joseph Zed

,
-
,

ner (D eutsch ) the most accurate of J ewish b ib l iogra

,

p h e rs O.utside the community the influence of the fol

lowing was marked : J oseph Moses Levi who founded ,

t he fi rst penny newspaper the D ai l y Tel egraph Sam

,

uel I saac builder of the Mersey tunnel ; Sir George J es

,

se l Master Of the Ro l ls ; J ohn Braham (Viz e t e ll y ) the

, ,
“ ”
singer Of Th e D eath Of Nel son fame and father of
, ,

45
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DIA

Countess Wal degrave ; Henry Russell ; Sir J ulius

Bened ict the conductor and composer ; P rof J ames
,
.

Sylvester the eminent mathematician ; an d William

,

Van Praagh (Harris) who introduced lip reading for

,
-

deaf mutes I n phi l anthropy t he nineteenth century

-
.

is d ominated by the names of Sir Moses Mont efio re

( D avis ) an d F rederick D avid M o catt a Contempo .

raries are represented b y Sir Julian Gol dsmid and Lord

Rot hschi ld (De Haas) among communal leaders ; the
,

painters Simeon So l omon and Solomon Joseph Solomon

(Jacobs); the dramatists P inero (Mels ) James D avie ,

(E manuel ) Ed ward Mort on (Mels ) and A lfred Sutro

, ,

(Jaco bs); the E ngl ish scholars Sid ney Lee (Jacobs)
“
editor Of The D ictionary of National Biography ,
“
and I srael Gollanc z (E manuel ) ed itor of the Temp l e ,
”
Classics an d secretary of the British A cad emy ; Sir
I sidore Spielmann (Jacobs ) a friend of al l good works
,

in the community and founder of the A nglo Jewish

,
-

Historical Ex hi b ition (Jaco bs ); Lucien Wolf (Jacobs) ,

the A ngl o Jewish j ournalist ; I srael Zangwil l (Jacobs)

-
,

one o f the most distinguis hed of living Jewish men of

letters ; Sir George Henry Lewis (Jaco b s ) and Rufus
I saacs in law ; and D r E manuel Lasker (P orter)
, .
,

former c hess champion Of the world .

An g lo -
J ewish In stitu tions

Special institutions of the Jewish community in

Engl and are d iscussed in the articles A nglo J ewish -

A ssociation (D uparc ) Jewish Co l onization Associa

,

tion (Schwe rz feld ) United Synagogue ( Bril ) and the

, ,

London Board of D eputies (Jaco bs ) Jews Co ll ege .

’

(Fried lan d er) represents al most the sole center of

J ewish learning and rabbinic scholars hip while the ,

46
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

supervision of Mr Herman Rosenthal who owing to

.
, ,

the unfami l iarity of the sub j ect to the Western reader ,

advisedly adopted a full er and more detail ed manner

of treatment than had b een o b served in the other h is
t orical an d b iographical sections of the work .

The article Russia (Rosenthal x 5 1 8 56 1 ) itself is ,

.
—

the largest contrib uted to the ENC YC L OPEDIA on any

one country ; and it has as a supplement an art icle
on P ol an d by the same author (x 56 1 the print .

ing of which out of al phab etical place was due to the

disturb ances in Russia The ENC Y CL OPEDIA contains .

sections d evoted to the three czars Alex ander the two ,

Nich ol ase s and the czarinas Catherine and Eli z abet h

, ,

and the main article Russia gives besi d es t he ful lest

account of Russian statistics of the number and social ,

condition of the artisans in the P al e and of t he con ,

dit io n s of education an d phi l anthropy as well as a ,

section on emigration and an important one on legis

l ation .

R usso J ewish Comm un ities

-

These are supplemented by articles on Jews in

municipal government and in rural communities b y a ,

discussion of the Jew in Russian literature and by ,

an account of Russo Jewish periodicals Besides this

-
.

great article there are special ones on Courland ,

Lithuania (Rosenthal ) Bessarab ia Finland (Lipman )

, , ,

Ca ucasus (Rosenthal ) Si b eria and the

,

towns o f Wilna (R at h er) Warsaw (Lipman and E isen ,

stein x ii 468
, . Zhitomir or J itomir (Wiern ik ) ,

Riga St P eters b urg (Lipman x 64 1

, . Od essa ,
.

( P enn ,i x 377 . Moscow ( Hessen i x 40 ,

.

Gro d no (Wiern ik ) Brest Litovsk (Rosenthal ) Bye

,
-
,

l ost ok (Wiernik ) Ki e v an d Kovno (Rosenthal )

, ,
.

48
 of anareh l fl a and he advh ed th u n to edd re-e m

Re du ced Facs imil e of a P ag e o f TH E JE W ISH E N CY CL O P E DI A A ft er B eing

P asse d by t h e R u ss 1 a n Cn
e so r .

49
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

The general position of the Russian J ews is also dealt

with in such articles as those on the Council of F our
Lands (D ub now ) an d the Kahal (Rosenthal ) ex plain ,

ing the internal communal organization ; on the Jewis h

kingd om of the Ch az ars ; the account of the Cossacks ’

Uprising und er Bogd an Ch m iel nicki (Rosenthal ); an d

that of the Haidam ack s (Lipman ) Two of the most .

recent outbreaks are detailed under Kishinef (Rosen

thal )and Home] (George D Rosenthal ); the earlier per
.

se cut ions by which young lads of twelve were force d

into t he army of Nicholas I are described in the arti

.

c l e C e ntonists (Rosenthal ) while the recent history is

given in the articles on the P ale of Settlement relatin g ,

to the circumscription of the Jews with in the western

Russian provinces and on t he May Laws (Rosenthal )
, ,

whic h d escribes the further restrictions imposed by

I gnatiev (Lipman ) Curious in ternal movements of
.

Russians and Russian Jews are ex plained under Sub

b ot nik (Hurwitz ) Jud aizing Heresy (Rosenthal ) an d
, ,

Novy I srael (Wiernik) .

R u ssian Jewish Le aders

Of t he men that hel ped to mold Russian J ewry ,

articles appear on Lilienthal I saac Baer Levinsohn ,

( Rosenthal ) ,
the two Gordon s ( S e l ig s o h n ) Lev P ins ,

ker (Lipman ) and P eter S m ol enskin (Sel igsoh n) not to ,

mention the renowned gaon of an earlier date E lij ah

Ben Solomon of Wi l na (Seligsoh n) Of more recent .

wort hies ful l accounts are given of the following : I saac

El hanan Spek t or (Wiernik); Samuel Moh il ever (Sch l oes
singer); and the writers Kalman Schulman (Gottlieb );
Ab raham Mapu (Wal d stein ) the first modern Hebrew
,

novelist o f consequence ; Solomon M an d el kern (Wier

50
 P HI LOLOG Y

nik ) the author of the b est Bi b le concordance in

,

exi stence ; an d Raphael Nathan R abb in ov icz (Gott

“
l ie b) author of t h e famous work Dik du k e Soferim
,
.

T he caree rs of A sher Ginz b e rg (K l au sner) the moral ,

Zionist ; of Lazar A t l as the critic ; an d of I Sokolow

,
.

( W ie rn i k ) ,
the Ru s so -
J e wish j ourna l i s t are given
, as ,

is al so that of Nahum S l ousch z (Han e m an) the his ,

torian of mod ern Jewish l it e rature .

O utsid e the community the chi e f names are those of

the painter I saac As k n az i (Rosenthal ) the musician ,

A nton Ru b instein (Lipman ) an d the scul ptors A nto

,

kolski (Rosenthal ) and Boris Schatz (Franco) The .

name of I van Bl ioch (Rosenthal ) wi ll al ways b e associ

ated with The Hague Tri b unal for which his great work
,
“ ”
The Future of the A rt of War prepared the way .

O f inte rest for various reasons are the artic l es on

Joseph Ch az anow icz (Hane m an ) founder of the na ,

t io n al l i b r ary at Jeru s al e m ; J aco b Br afm an n ( Broy dé ) ,

the re vi l er of his own p e op l e ; an d J C Blumenfeld . .

( Jaco b s )
,
one of the e arl i e r P o l ish patriots who escaped
to Engl an d and wrote there a s e mi sane epic The -
.

artic l e Saul Wahl (Gott l i eb ) d e al s with the curious

l egend of a Jew who sat for one night on the t hrone of
P ol and .

PHILOLOGY

From the record of what Jews have done an d os ,

p e cial l y of what has b e e n done to them one may turn ,

to their own record their thoughts and feelings as

, ,

ex pressed in Jewi s h literature ; b ut b efore d oing so it

is necessary to cast a gl ance at that not inconsi d erab l e
part o f the ENC Y CL O PEDIA which is d evoted to t h e
externalities of the lang uage or rather languages in
, ,

51
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

whic h J ews have expressed t heir feelin gs Besides t he .

article on He b rew Lan guage (Levias ) which gives a ,

general account of its chief characteristics there is ,

one on Semitic Languages ( Barton ) showing the rela ,

tion of Hebrew to the cognate dialects ; while another

on the A ramaic Langu age ( Bacher) gives the langu age
current amon g Hebrews in A pocrypha] and New Testa
ment times as well as that in which portions o f the
,

O ld Testament notab ly D aniel and Nehemiah were

, ,

written Considerable attention is devoted to Biblical

.

prosody the vexed question o f Meter bein g discussed

,

b y Cob b ; Rime an d P aralle l ism by Casanowicz ; an d ,

Strophic For m s by K6nig A comp l ete list also is

, .

given of the Hapax Legomena o f the O ld Testament

(C as an o w icz and S chl o e ss in g )
er Certain pecu l iarities .

of t he Biblical text are treated in t he artic l es Small and

Large Letters Suspended Letters Tagin (Eisenstein )
, , ,

an d Verse Division (Max Margo l is ); the last mentione d

- -
,

curiously enough w hen connected with t he enumera

,

tion o f c h apters bein g derive d from the C hristian

,

Bibles .

Hebrew Gram m ar

I t was not of course the intention of the E N CYCLO

, ,

PEDIA to give a comp l ete He b rew grammar b ut certain ,

aspects of the latter are treated in the articles A ccents

M
( argolis ) P unctuation Vocal ization (Levias) and
, , ,

Names P ersonal (J acobs ) There is besides a very

,
.
, ,

thorough article on its history among both Christians ,

and Jews by P rof Bac her with elab orate l ists of J ew

, .
,

ish and Christian grammarians Inaddition there are .

separate b iographies of the chief of these ; notably

Ib n J anah (Broydé ) D un ash Ben Labrat ( Bacher) , ,

Ib n Barun ( Broydé ) J udah Hayyuj (Levias) Tan h u m , ,

52
 P H I LOLOG Y

Ben J oseph (Broydé ) and Nathan Ben J eh iel (E nel ow)

, ,

among the Jews ; and the Bux t orfs ( Kayserl ing)

an d Gesenius (Jacobs ) among the Christians A very
,
.

complete list of Christian Heb raists is given by Pro f .

Gott h eil .

The b eginnings of Hebrew grammar are traced in

that elaborate system of annotation of the b ooks of
the O ld Testament known as the M as orah (Levias );
and particular attention is given to translations made
b y Jews from the Bi bl e in the articles Targum ( B ac h er) ,

wit h which is connected the article Met urgem an Le

vias ); Greek Language ( Krauss ); Bi b le Tran sl a
tions (Got t h eil ); P eshitta (Se l igsoh n); Vu l gate (P rice) ,

with which may b e compared the article Jerome

(Krauss ) Ful l accounts are given of the great masters
.

of the Masorah E lij ah Levita (Broydé ) and Seligman

,

Baer (Go tt h eil ) I n this connection mention may be

.

made of the article on Abb reviations and that on

Gematria (Levias ) the curious system of identifying
,

di ff erent words the numerical values of t he letters o f

which are i d entical .

Hebrew Inscriptions

The very earl iest app e arance of Hebrew is d iscussed

in the article P aleography (Broydé and D e Ricci );
the two celeb rated inscriptions that on the Moabite ,

Stone (McCurdy viii 634 636) an d the Siloam In

,
.
—

scription ( Berger xi 339,

are treate d at length ;
.
_

and t he results are summed up in the l ong article

Al phabet (Lidz b arsk i i 439 which is of general
,
.

interest showing the re l ation between the ancient

,

Hebrew and the anci ent Gree k letters the sources o f ,

all modern E uro pe an a l ph a b ets This article is ao .

53
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOPE DI A

companied by t he largest series of p l ates illustrating

the development of the alphab et ever brough t together .

I n addition to Heb rew itsel f the grammar an d ,

p hilological bearings of the dialects used by Jews are

treated in t he articles J udae o German (Wiener) J udaao
-
,

Gree k ( Bel l el i) J udaao Spanish (Kayserl ing) J udae o

,
-
,

Persian (Bac her) The various systems b y whic h

.

these languages are represented by Hebrew letters

are detailed in Transliteration (Broydé ) .

Turning from t he external forms in whic h t he Jewis h

spirit h as found ex pression to t h at expression itse l f of ,

t he work s (fi ll ing volumes) in whi c h

ancient medieval and mo d ern J ewis h literature is
, ,

ens h rined TH E J E WI SH ENC Y C L OPEDIA gives in due

,

bi bl iograp hical form an account of at least two third s -

.

Besides describing the pro d uctions t hemselves it deals

with t h e general movements whi c h t hey express .

There is a sketch of Heb rew Literature as a whole

( D avidson ) besides
, a series o f important articles on
J udae o Spanish Literature (Kayserl ing); J u daao Persian
- -

Literature (Bac her) the first account of this curious

,

si d e s h ow of t he J ewish mind ; J u daao G erman Litera

- -

ture (Wiener); an d A rab ic Literature of the Jews

( Hirsc hf eld ) P articu
. l ar a t t e n t io n m ay be dra w n to
the article on Modern H eb rew Literature (Sl ousch z ) ,

whic h reveals t he whol e d evel opment d uring the l as t

1 50 years o f a movement toward reviving Heb rew as
a means of national expression Anot her aspect of the
.

same movement is given in the article Haskal ah (Wier

nik ); and its beginnings may possibly be traced to the
sch ool of t h e Biurist s (R ou b in ) .

54
 G UI DE TO j E WIS H E N C YC LOP E DI A

great an a b undance A part

. from didactic h omiletic , ,

an d re ligious literature Jews have rare l y written for

,

the pure love o f the literary e ff ect Notwit hs tanding .

,

accounts are given of a Jewish minnesinger Siisskind ,

of Trimberg (Mannheimer) and a Spanish poet Sant ob

, ,

D e Carrion (Kayserl ing) w hile in pure Hebrew litera

,

ture I mmanuel Ben Solomon of Rome (Elbogen ) ,

Moses Rieti (C assuto ) and J udah Al Hariz i ( De Sola

,
-

Mendes ) al most ex h aust the l ist of important aut h ors ,

though Berechi ah Ben N at ronai (Jacobs ) appr ach es

them in versatility if not in originality
, .

Jewish Geograph ers an d S cientis ts

A mong wr iters of travel s Benj amin of Tudela

( Bacher ) calls for mention more for his su b j ect matter -

than for the manner in which he deals with it How .

far the all eged travels of Eld ad the D anite (Eldad Ben
Mahl i h a D ani ; Broydé ) are genuine is still somew h at
—

doub tful The only scientific writer of importance in

.

the l ate Mid dl e A ges was Tobi as Cohn (Hane m an) .

O f J ewis h astronomers Ab raham Bar Hiyya (Gutt

mann ) an d I saac I sraeli (Sel igsoh n ) deserve notice ,

whi l e among historians Solomon Usque (Kayserl ing) ,

Sol omon Ib n Verga and Gedal iah ibn Y ah ya are the

,

chief names Special articles are devoted to the Ibn

.

Tibb on (S ch l oessin ger) f amily which pro d uced so many

,

eminent transl ators as wel l as to Faraj Ben Salim

,

( B r oy d é ) and Ib n Shem Tob ( S ch l o

-
e ss in g e r ) The .

curious po l yhistor Leon of Modena (Broydé ) and t h e

encyc l opedi st I saac Lam pron t i (Bacher) may bridge
t h e g ap between t h e gen eral l iteratur e o f the J ews and
that known as rabb inical .

56
 R A BBI N I CA L LI TE R A TURE

RABBINICAL LITE RATURE

The men who carried on th e tradition of lawgiver

an d prop het psalmist an d visionary c h ose for the most
, ,

part to put their works in the form of commentaries

I n te rior o f t h e Ol d Sy nag o g ue at Worms .

( F ro m a h
p oto g rap h)
.

eit her on the Bi bl e or on the Tal mud AS has al ready .

been shown the Tal mud itse l f is a devel opment main l y

,

of t he legal si d e of the Bi bl e wh i le t he Midras h repre

,

57
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E NC YCLOPE DIA

sents a further stage of the prop hetic and didactic

portions o f Scripture T he development o f the leg al.

si d e of t he Talmu d h as already been treated under

Talmudic Law (s ide su pra pp 1 8 reference may .
,

h owever be here made to the responsa literature

, ,

described in t he article Sh e e ot U Tesh ubot (Lauter

l — ‘

bac h) T hese responsa correspond to t he Responsa

.

”
Prudent um o f t he Roman law and are casuistic ,

decisions on points not raised in text books T hey -

.

are mainly written by t he c hief rabb inic aut h orities

of t he vari ous ages w h o are k nown as Ah aronim
,
“
( D eutsc h ) or later
, ones in contras t to t h e Ris h ,
“ ”
on im or
,
former o nes The earliest o f the Ri sh onim
.

are the G eonim described in the article G aon ( Bac her )

, .

T h ey were t he leaders o f t he rabbini c sc h oo l s and ,

t heir opinions were aut horitative from t he sevent h

to t he elevent h century T he c hief of t hese were .

Hai G aon (Schl oessinger) Sh erira G aon (Lauter

bac h) and above all Saad ia Ben J osep h ( Bacher)
, , , ,

w ho touc h ed all sides o f rabbinical knowledge being ,

Bible commentator liturgist p hilosop her polemist

, , , ,

and t h eologian .

The nex t great name after Saadia is t h at of Ras hi

( S e l igso h n and Li b er) the F renc h commentator , on
Bi b le and Talmud whose Bible exegesis h ad t hr ough
°
, ,

N ich ol as de Lyra an influence on even Lut her and

,

Calvin and h as t hus profoundly modified the Protes

,

tant t heology of modern times His descendants and .

pupils formed a school o f Tosafis ts w ho compiled t h e

Tose fot (Sel igsoh n) which even to t he present d ay are
,

attac hed to t h e text of t he Tal mud and are only ,

second in importance to Ras hi in ex plaining its in

tricacies C hi ef among t h e Tosafists were Samuel Ben
.

58
 R A B B I N I CA L LI TE R A TUR E

MeIr (Och ser), Jacob Be n Mei r Tam (Sch l oessinger),

Judah Ben I saac (Jacobs) and Sams on of Sens (Mann ,

heimer) O ther aut h orities of nort h ern E urope were

.

I saac Ben Moses of Vienna (Sch l oessinger) known as ,

I saac O r Z aru a the aut nor of a code ; E lea z ar Ben

‘
,

Judah of Worms (Broydé ); Men of Rot henburg and

Mordecai Ben Hi l lel (Gin z berg) the latter a h alakist ,

or legal casuist who may b e associated wit h Moses Ben

Jacob o f Coucy (Sch l oessinger) al s o t h e author of a ,

code Simhah of Vitry (Lauterbac h) is more c l osely

.

connected with liturgy t he great medieval prayer ,

b ook t he Vitry Mah z or being associated with him

, , .

Th e Middle Ages

T h e ot her great sc h ool of rabb inical learning in th e

Mi d dle A ges was that of Spain Abraham Ib n E zra .

( Bac h er ) the traveler

,
grammarian e x egete ,
and com , ,

m en t at or ; Josep h I bn Migas (Sch l oessinger); A aron

Ha Levi of Barcelona (Ginz b erg) t h e legist ; and I saac
—
,

Al fasi (F rie dl an d er) the co difier o f t he law all t hese

,
—

prepared the way for the greatest mind of the J ewish

Middle A ges Moses Ben Maimon ( Broydé and Lauter
,

b ac h ix 73
,
. more generall y known as Maimonides .

Bot h in theology and in l aw he was epoc h making -

.

His great opponent Abraham Ben D avid of P os ,

quieres (Ginz b erg) also receives ad equate notice in t he

,

EN C Y C L OPEDIA ; an d t he conflict between his oppo

n en t s and a d herents is represente d in t h e article A bba

Mari of Lunel (Fried l an d er) A not her l ink between .

nort hern an d sout hern E urope is A s her Ben J eh iel

( D eutsch ) co d ifi e r
, ; while sti ll a further aspect of the
interesting movement is represented b y the mystic
commentator Moses Ben Nahman (Broydé ) known
, ,

59
 G UI D E TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DIA

as N ah m anides With Maimoni d es and N ah m anides

.

t he great Jewish names of the Mid dl e A ges ce ase ,

owing main l y to the increase o f the severity of perse

cu t io ns in the thirteenth an d fourteenth centuries .

But in Spain j ust b efore the ex pulsion o f the J ews

, ,

I saac Ab oab and I saac Ab ravanel (Kayserling) were

i m portant chiefly in t h e commentatorial sphere while ,

in M ayence Jacob Ben Moses MOl l n (Neumann ) was

prominent The school of Safed then took the field
.

with Jaco b Berab (Ginz b erg) Josep h Caro (Ginz b erg) , ,

and Jacob Hab i b (D eutsch an d Fried berg) these being ,

fo l lowed b y important P o l ish rabb is l ike Mordecai Jaff e

( E isenstein ) and M oses Isse r l e s ( igsoh n ) Finall y
S e l .

in the eighteenth century the d isputes of Jacob E mden

( S e l ig s o h n ) an d , Jonathan E y b e s c h ii t z ( D eutsch ) os ,

p e c i a ll y with r e gar d to the va l i d ity of amulets con ,

s titute d a l most the l ast flicker of ra bb inica l scho l arship

of the o ld en type t hough l egal casuistry never lost its

,

ho l d b ut foun d represen tatives like Shab b ethai Ben

,

Meir Ha Kohen (Friedberg) known also as Shak Meir

-
, ,

Ben Jaco b ( Maharam ) an d Schi ff (Och ser) , .

Meanwhile the stu d y of rabb inical l earnin g itsel f

b ecame the object of further stud y cul minating in ,
“ ”
the so cal led science of Ju d aism
-
This b egan wit h
.

A zariah Ben Moses D ei Rossi (Broydé ) an d after ,

b eing taken up in the north b y El ij ah Gaon was ,

b rought into ful l force by So l omon Rapoport (Wald

stein); Leopol d Zun z (Hirsch x 11 699 704) and Nach , .
—

man Krochmal (Rosenmann ) whose eff orts to anal yze ,

and arrange in due order t h e rabb inical stud ies of the

past were foll owed up b y I s aac Hirsch Weiss (Selig
sohn) So l omon Halb erstam (Bacher) and Zach arias
, ,

Frankel (Deutsch ) .

60
 BIB LI OGR A P H Y A N D T YP OGRA P H Y

BIBLIOGR APHY AND TYPOGR APHY

Besides the l anguages in w hich Jewish l iterature is

written the form in which it has b een mad e accessib l e
,

to the stud ent al so re ceives attention in TH E J E WI S H

ENC Y CL OPEDIA ; accord ingl y a series of articles on
Jewis h b ib l iography and typography is given Be .

si d es a gen e ral artic l e on Bi b liography (Jacob s ) arti ,

cles on Book Co ll ectors (Jacob s ) and the Book Trad e

( B r o y d é ) appear The . great co ll ections of J e wi s h
books are deal t wit h in general in the artic l e Li b raries
( G o tt h e il ) specia
, l artic l es in each
,
ca s e written by the
li brarian in charge b eing d e voted to the m ain col
,

lections like those of the British Museum Lond on ,

( M ar g ol io u t h ) the Bo
,
dl e i a n Li b rary O x for d (
,
Cowley ) ,

the Bi b liotheque N at ion al e P aris (Schwab ) and the

, ,

Vatican Li b rary Rome (Gui d i ) The catal ogues of

,
.

these an d other l i b r aries are d escri b ed by Mr Broydé . .

As suppl emen ting t h e artic l e on Bi bl iography the arti

cles A nonymous Works (Broydé ) and P seud onymous
Works (D avi d son ) wi ll b e foun d of interest The ori g .

inal sources of al l this huge literature are of course , ,

to b e found in Manuscripts of which an elaborate ac,

count i ll ustrate d b y over eighty facsimiles of Heb rew

—

manuscripts is given by P rof B l au D r M argol iout h

—
.
, .
,

an d Joseph Jacobs b esi d es supp l ementary articles on

,

Vel lum ( Blau) I nk (Jacobs ) an d Pen (Nowack ) O ne

, , .

of t he sources from which the greatest amount of

novel information in this regard h as been obtained in
recent years is t he curious custom of hav ing a grave
yard for manuscripts known as the Geni z ah (E N
,
. .

Adl er) Here as elsewhere supplementary in forma

.
, ,

tion is given in the artic l es d evoted to the great bi b

61
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOPE D IA

l iograph ers , as S hab b ethai Bass (G inzberg) I saac Ben ,

J acob (Wiernik) Moritz Steinschnei d er (Singer) an d

, ,

Josep h Zedner (D eutsch) among t he J ews an d Bar ,

t ol occi and J o h ann C hristop h Wol f (J acobs ) amon g

C hri stians .

A s regards printed books one o f t he most el aborate

,
“ ”
articles is t h at devoted to the h oly work of Typog
r ap h y (J acobs x ii 29 5 , where for t he first time
.

in E nglis h an account is given of the rise and d e vel op

,

ment of t h is art among the Jews The article contains .

al so for t he first time an enumeration o f the various

classes of Hebrew books that h ave been put into type
( xii
. 3 33 A list is given o f the Hebrew b ooks
printed in t h e fi fteent h century k nown as I ncunab ul a
(Jacobs ) and ot her artic l es are devoted to certain
,

characteristics o f printing 6 g Tit l e Page (E isen ,

. .
,
-

stein) C olop hons (Gott h e il ) C hronograms (Ginz b erg )

, , ,

an d Borders (F reimann ) A mong the forces which .

d etermined t he external form of Hebrew books was

the C ensors hip (P orges Zamet kin and Jacobs iii
, , , .

642 w hic h h as given to J ewis h boo k s a sort of

”
ghetto bend .

T he very fi tles of Heb rew Book s are discussed

( E isenstein ) as well
, as their P re f aces and D e d ications
(Eisenstein ) while a fu ll y i l lustrated article deals wit h
,

Printers Mark s (Freimann) T he c hief printers re

’
.

c oivo attention both C hristians as D aniel Bomberg

, ,

( Schwab ) and A nton Von Schmid ( Mann h eimer ) an d ,

Jewis h as Soncino (Jacobs) and Romm (Wiernik)

,
.

I n d eed it might al most seem t hat an ex cess of space

,

h ad been devoted to this si d e of Jewish activity were ,

it not remembered that the w ho l e of J ewish life de

pen d s ih t he las t resort on Hebrew print ing .

62
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

tion minimi z e as m uch as possi bl e the d ivergencies

,

b etwee n the b eliefs of the Jews an d those of their neigh

b ors O n the other si d e the representatives of the
.
,

so called O rthodox or conservative wing o f the Jewis h

-

army of thought always lai d more stress upon disci

p l ine than upon b el ief ; an d they have not cared to lay
d own in systematic form the underl ying principles
governin g them an d the Jewis h l ife w hi ch they are ,

content for the most part to d efend as a matter of

l oyal ty and reverence TH E J E WI SH EN C YC L OPEDIA
.

h as made an attempt to steer evenly b etween the two

opposing schools of J ewish thought O n the practical .

aspects of Jewish theol ogy it natural ly gives the prac

tise of the ages though when necessary it mention s
,

the mo d ifications mad e b y the mod ern school When .

it comes to doctrine the greater re ad iness of t he R e

,

form school to put its views on record has given it a

certain amount of superiority for whi ch some al lowance ,

has to be mad e in re ad ing the EN C Y CL O PEDIA ; b ut

even here the main positions of the O rtho d ox schoo l
have been also represented b y typical examp l es of
Jewish doctrine .

Thus there are two general treatments of Jewish

theo l ogy given in TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA one
un d er the heading Jud ai sm (Ko hl er) from t he Re form
standpoint ; the other und er the title Theology (Lau
,

torb ach ) giving the conservative aspects o f the sub

,

j e ct. Similar l y as regar d s the creed A rticles o f Faith ,

( Hirsch ) have been treated b y an eminent representa

tive of t he Reform school which article is to some ,

extent b al anced by t he artic l e O ral Law (Lauterbac h) ,

giving the O rthod ox b asis for conservative Jewish

practi se A lso on the fun d amental probl ems at issue
.

64
 THE OLOG Y

between the two schools t he function of t he Law in

, .

J ewish l ife a dual article on N om ism (Lauterbac h and

,

Koh l er) gives b oth sides of the question ; compare

,

al so A nti N o m ianis m ( Kohler)

-
A nother aspect of t he .

I nt e rior o f th e Sy
n a g o g ue a t K ai ’
-
F u ng —Foo China
, .

( Fro m th e J e wis h Quarte rl y

same su b ject is given in C omman d ment ( Kohler an d

Hirs ch) which topic c h aracteristical ly enough is fol
, , ,

l owed by an article on the 6 1 3 Command ments

( Br o y )
dé t h
,
e ru l es deriv ed direct l y from the Bible
which accord ing to the O rthod ox conception s hould
, ,

control every action of a Jew s life I t is perh aps fair ’

.

65
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

to add t h at t here is a sti ll further account of the Reform

view of Judaism bot h in its l ogical an d in its historic
,

devel opment in the article Reform Jud aism (Hirsch

,

and P hilipson ) w hile t here is a further exposition of

,

the prominence of the Law in Jewis h life in t he article

Torah ( Blau) .

Taking the topic of t heology in more systematic

detail attention may be first directed to the arti les
,
c

under the caption God (Hirsc h vi 1 ,

. The t heo
logical aspects of t he sublime conception are deal t wit h
“
in the articles Theocracy (Hirsc h ) Abba ,
Fat her ,

( Ko h ler ) Monotheism
, ( P hilipson ) an d ,P rovi d ence
( Hirsc h ) w h,
ile the opposing views are given under the
rubrics A gnosticism and A theism (Hirsch) The rel a .

tions b etween t his conception and Scriptur e are deal t

wit h in Jewish philosophy and will be discussed fur ther
,

on but they are al so treated in the articles A nthro

,

p o m or p h is m and Al legorica l I nterpretation ( Ginz b erg ) .

O ther and more specificall y J ewish views of the S u

preme Being are indicated in the articles Shekinah
( B l au ) Names
,
of God ( M c L au g h l in and E isenstein ) ,

Tetragrammaton (Blau ) and Ki dd ush H a S hem ( Koh

,
—

ler); and t hree i d eal s supposed to be specifical ly C hris

,

tian but s hown to be d efinitiv el y Jewish are discussed

, ,

in the artic l es Ho l y Spirit ( B l au) Kingdom o f God ,

( Koh l er) and Son of God (Hirsch)

,
.

COSM OLOGY

The cosmology of Jewi sh theology has generally

engaged the attention of the Jewish mystics an d will ,

be d e al t wit h later under t h at headin g T he sub j ect .

o f Creation (Hirsch) is in order here and may lead on ,

66
 COS M OLOGY

at once as in the first chapter of Genesis to J ewish

, ,

anthropo l ogy in its technical theo l ogical sense This .

is connecte d with the d octrine of pure theology b y the

concept of Godl iness (Hirsch) as the key to the Jewish
id eal to b e carried out in Ho l iness (Kohl er) resu l ting
, ,

in the pro d uction of the Saint an d Saintl iness (Eisen

stein) Man s responsi b i l ity to God is d eal t with in the
.
’

artic l e D uty (P hi l ipson ) an d the sanctions of such r e

,

sponsi b i l ity in the artic l es J ud gment D ivine ( Kohl er) , ,

an d D ay of Judgment (F Rosenthal an d Koh l er) l ead

.
,

ing up to a who l e system of E schatology (Koh l er) with ,

its view of Gehenna (B l au) Leviathan and Behemoth ,

( Koh l er an d B r o d
y )é I mmortality
, of the Sou l ( Koh
l er) an d Resurrection ( Barton an d Kohler) The l ast
,
.

name d artic l e may b e supp l emented b y that of views

an d customs on Death (E isenstein an d Kohler iv 48 2 ,
.

C l osel y connected with this are the Jewish

views on the Fall of Man (Hirsch) an d Sin (E isenstein ,

x i 376
. an d the specifical l y Jewish conception of
O riginal Virtue (Jaco b s) a d octrine counterb al ancing
,

the more one si d ed Christian view of Original Sin

-
.

This again is intimately connecte d with the more

human J ewish attitu d e toward the Bo d y an d the F lesh
( Hirsch ); compare a l so A sceticism ( Hirsch ) Here .

another entirel y Jewish conception of the temptations

to sin is represente d in the article Ye er Ha R a (J a
z — ‘

co b s) the more human representative of the Satan

,

concept of ord inary theology .

An th ropo lo gy (Th e o logical)

T hemore d efinite pro bl em of the relations b etween

G od an d not man in general b ut the Jewish peop l e
, ,

in particular is d ealt with in the article Revel ation

,

67
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E DIA

( Ko h ler ), with its cognate S u b j ects I nspiration ( K oh

l er) an d D ivine Grace (E ich l er) This gives rise to the
.

conception of the C hosen P eople (Kohl er) which h as ,

to b e contrasted with the article Genti l e (Hirsc h and

E isenstein) in w hic h t he antagon ism to t he outer
—

world is b y no means s hirked an d w hic h le ads up

—

to the theological view of I ntermarriage ( Kohler an d

J acob s) Here comes in t he J ewis h su bject Messiah
.

( B u tt e n w ie se r) with, w hi c h i s closely c o n nected t h e

conception of the Re mnant of I srael (Hirsc h) .

Besi d es discuss in g the t heological views of man s ’

nature in their J ewish aspects TH E J E WI S H E N CYCL O

,

PEDI A deals wit h the main virtues an d qual ities of

human b eings in a somewhat novel way b y giving the
views o f the Bi b lical writers an d rabb inical authorities
on the various subj ects A rticles of this kin d are those
.

on Fear (Gutt m ach er) C ruelty (Hirsc h) Forgiveness

, ,

( G u t t m a ch e r ) Humility ( Schrei b er) Joy Love and

, , ,

Life ( Koh l er) P atience (Harris ) an d Wisd om (K o hler);

, ,

w hi l e more practical topics of a somewhat simi l ar kind

are d eal t with un d er Repentance (Sch l oessinger an d
Kohl er) A tonement (Ko hler) Re b uke (Eisenstein )
, , ,

A nger (Kohler) an d Cruelty to A nimal s (G ree nstone)

,
.

E ven universal vices are t hus dealt wit h in t he artic l es

Lying an d Hypocrisy (Kohler) .

Theology woul d not b e t heology wit hout its damna

tory c l auses which in J u d aism d epen d to some ex tent
,

on Rabb inical A uthority (Kohler) with its practical ,

exercise of A nathema (Voorsanger) Ban ( Ko hler) , ,

a nd E xcommunication (G re e nstone ) I t is character

.

ist ic that in J u d aism t hese ecclesiastical weapons are

b rought into p l ay main l y against transgress ions of
practical comman d s of t he Law not against divergen ,

68
 C OS M GLOG Y

cies from the creed Neverthe l ess these are recognize d

.

in Ju d aism an d t heir theol ogical as pects are treated

,

in the artic l es Heresy (Ko hl er) and Apostasy (Ko hler

an d Go t t h e il ) w hile the Tal mudic aspect of t he su b ject
,

is d iscussed un d er the ru b ric Min (Broydé ) generall y

associated wit h the early C hr istians T he c hief Jewis h .

heresies are of course treated in their proper pl aces

, , ,

notabl y the Essenes Ph ari sees Sadd ucees an d Zeal ots

, , ,

( Ko h ler ); b ut b esi d es t h ese less we ll k nown ,

sects are -

d eal t w i th in the artic l es Boethusians (G in zb erg) ,

Bost an ai (Gin zb erg) D o sit h eus ( Krauss ) Yudg h an ite s

, ,

( B ro y dé ,) an d especia l ly the mo d ern mystica l sect of

the Hasi d im (Dub now ) correspon d ing in some respects
,

to the Methodists in ot hers to the Quakers The two

, .

l ead ers of the Hasid im are d eal t with in the articles

Ba al Shem To b an d Be e r of Meserit z (Gin zb erg)
‘
-
.

The main J ewis h heresy is that o f t he Karaites .

Here there are again two genera l artic l es on Karaites

an d Karaism (Harkavy an d Koh l er vii 438 t he ,
.

l atter of which d eal s wit h the d i ff erence b etween

Karaite an d Rabb inite ritual another phase o f whic h ,

is d ealt wit h un d er I ncest (Broydé ) The li fe an d .

motives of the foun d er o f the sect A nan Ben D avid , ,

are deal t with b y Dr A Hark avy the greatest living

. .
,

authority on the Karaites O th er leaders of Karai .

tic thou ght are d eal t wit h in t he art i cles Kirkis ani
( B r o y )
d é,
Sahl Ben Ma z liah (O c h s er) T o b ia h Ben ,

Moses (Sel igs oh n ) Cal e b Afendopol o ( Koh ler an d Gott

,

hei l ) an d Benj amin Be n Moses N ah awendi (Broydé )

,
.

A wh ole col l ection of Karaitic celeb rities is d ealt with

in the Tro k i fami l y Finally a special artic l e is d e
.

voted to the man who revived mod ern in terest in

this curious sect Abraham Fir kov ich (Wiernik)
,
.

69
 G UI DE TO j E WIS H E N C YC LOP E DI A

CHR ISTIANITY IN ITS R E LATION TO JUD AISM

E special interest wi l l d oub tless b e taken b oth b y
Jews an d Christians in the numerous artic l es in TH E
JE WI SH EN C Y CL OPEDIA on C hr istianity d ealt with of , ,

course in its relation to J ud aism an d t he J ewis h people

,
.

Whi l e every attempt h as b een mad e to avoid h urtin g

the feel ings of read ers perfect frankness h as b ee n the
,

tone adopte d in this section of the ENC Y CL OPEDIA ,

it b eing fel t that what would b e expec ted even b y ,

Christian readers would b e a p l ain straightforward

, ,

statement of the reasons for d is agreement with the

current opinions of the maj ority T he central per .

s on al it y of Jesus of Nazaret h ( vii 1 60 1 73) h as b een

.
—

d eal t with in three artic l es : one on the historical pro b

l ems presented b y his life (Jacob s); another on the
theo l ogical aspects of h is career (Ko hl er) an d the last
on the J ewish legen d s antipathetic in tone t h at have
, ,

co ll ected ab out his exp l oits ( Krauss) A si d e issue of

.
-

the l ife is given in t he artic l e Crucifixion (Hirsch) with ,

which may be associated the sym b o l ic associations o f

it in the a rticle Cross ( Kohl er) The sources from
.

which C hristianity professes to d erive its theo l o gical

constructions have al so b een stud ie d in the E N CYCL O
PEDIA with a special view to their Jewish si d e and ,

there is a general artic l e on the New Testament (Koh

l er) d eal in g with the Gospel s al so separate l y deal t
,
—

with in the artic l e Gil yonim ( Blau ) and the A cts of—

the A postles The E pist l es of P aul are treated to

.
,

gether with his life un d er Sau l of Tarsus ( Koh l er) ah

,

other artic l e treats of the Epist l e of James ( Kohler);

whi l e the Epistles associated with P eter are d eal t with
un d er the tit l e Simon Cephas ( Ko hler) I t is gener .

70
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DIA

Loosing (Kohler) Go d father (D rach m an ) O rd inatio n

, ,

( Lauter b ach ) an d
, Sym b o l (Och s e r) The points in .

dispute b etween C h urch and Synagogue are d eal t wi th

in general in artic l es entit l e d P o l emics an d P ole m i cal
Literature (Broydé ) A pologists (Bacek ) an d D isputa ,

tions (Kohler) .

O ther d ivergent rel igions are also treated in the

ENC Y CL OPEDIA eit her as influencing or as b ein g in fl u
e n ced b y J u d aism I n the former as pect the artic l es
.

A vesta Zoroastrianism (Jackson ) an d P ahl avi Liter

, ,

ature (Gray) d eal with the influence of P arseeism on

Jud aism in its later phases whi l e the three artic l es
,

I s l am (Gol dz ih er) Mohamme d (Grimme an d Montgo m

,

ery ) an d Koran (Frankel ) d eal in the main with the

,

influence o f Jud aism on the A rab ian prophet an d re

l ig ion . The artic l e Had ith (Gol dz ih e r) treats of a curi
ous parall el b etween Jewish and I slamic l aw Simi l ar .

outl ying sects are d eal t with in the artic l es Man d ae ans
( B r o d
y )
é O phites
, ( Krauss ) Therapeut a
,
e ( Koh l er) an d ,

N az arenes (Krauss) .

M YSTICISM

Whi l e in some of their aspects Jewi s h l ife and the

ology may b e regarde d as especiall y ari d an d tochni
cal ih others emotion d ominates reas on an d in the
, ,

theo l ogical sphere pro d uces that amal gam o f fee l ing
an d thought known as mysticism Certain theological .

probl ems may b e re gard ed as the vesti b ul e of this mys

t erio us temple ; for examp l e those of P reexistence ,

( Blau ) Transmigration
,
of Sou l s ( Br o y dé ) an d from ,

the Bib lical si d e Theophany ( R ich t m an n ) I n d eed

,
.

in earlier J ewis h mysticism the sub ject is concentered

72
 M YS TI CIS M

on the question of Creation (Hirsch ) as set fort h in the ,

firs t ch apter of Genesis an d on the theophany of the

,

si x th chapter of E zekiel ,known technicall y as M a asch ’

Beres hit an d Ma as ch Merk ab ah (Biram); compare

’

al so Me rk ab ah (Koh l er) But the wh o l e sub j ect o f

.

Jewish mysticism h as its technical name Cab al a ,

(Ginz b erg iii 456 ,

.un d er which it is el ab oratel y
tre ated The main c ab al istic sections are d eal t with
.

in the separate artic l es E manation ( Broydé ) Ad am ,

Kadm o n (Ginz b erg) Shem Ha Meforas h (Bacher)

,
-
,

an d Se fir o t (Broydé ) What may b e te rme d the

.

Scriptures of the Cab ala are tre ate d in the artic l es

Ye z ir ah (Ginz b erg an d Kohl er) an d Zoh ar (Broydé )
the l atter a mys tical an d all e go rical commentary on
,

Genesis has b e e n resp e ctiv el y ascri b e d to Simeon Ben

,

Y oh ai (Sel igso h n ) and Moses de Leon (Kay serl ing);

b ut mod ern research tend s to repu d iate b oth cl aims .

A simi l ar t reatise Shi ur Komah ( Bl au) is curious in

,
’

that it l it erall y att e mpts to give t h e d imensions of the

Al mighty Th e chief authoriti es an d moving forces
.

of the C ab al a are d eal t with in the artic l es Moses Ben

Nahman I saac Luria (Broydé ) Ib n Wak ar (Sel ig
, ,

sohn ) Mose s Bot arel (Lauterb ach ) an d Moses Cor

, ,

do ve ro fami l iarl y known as Remak ( Br oydé )

,
The .

two chief represent atives of the Chr istian Cab al a are

Pico D e Miran d o l a (Och ser) an d Baron von Rosen
roth (Broydé ) P oints touche d b y the Cab al a form
.

the sub j ects of the artic l es Me m r a (Kohl er) Metatron ,

( B l au ),
Bri d e Taxo ( Koh l
,
er ) an d Ab rax as ( B l au ),
.

The l ast named topic is however more in consonance

-

with Gnosticism (Hirsch ) .

Mysticism or its anal ogue s e xisted b efore the Cab al a ;

an d certain articles of t h e ENC Y CL O PEDIA tre at of its
73
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

b eginnings even in Bi bl e times I n particular the .

A ngel ology (Blau) an d D emonology (Ko hler) of Bible

and Talmud receive elab orate treatment With reg ard .

to the former separate articles are d evoted to Chem

,

b im (Muss Arnol t) Seraphim (Ben z inger) Raphael

-
, ,

Samael S andalfon (Bl au) Michael (S el igsoh n ) and

, , ,

especially the A ngel of D eath (Blau) who fills so l arge ,

a space in t he Jewish imagination T he somewhat .

pecu l iar position he ld b y Satan (Blau ) in J ewish the

ol ogy is duly set forth under that caption as are al so ,

Jewis h views as to the intermediate beings super ,

human and infrahuman Li l it h and S h amir (B l au) , .

I t is a moot point how far the b ad angels are id entical

with t he false gods mentioned so frequently in the
earl ie r annals o f I srael The latter are discussed in
.

general under t he topics Star Worship (Se l igsoh n) -

,

Id ol Worsh ip (Blau) Tree Wors hip (Barton ) as we l l

-
,
-
,

as in special art icles l ike Ba al (Ko hler) D agon (K6 ‘

,

nig) an d Terap him (Eisenstein and Sel igsoh n ) Here

,
.

occurs the transition to Magic (Bl au) and Witchcraft

( Barton ) wit ,
h the usual forms of I ncantation an d
N ceromancy (Blau) I t is d oubtful in w h at category
.

the Jewis h views of O men and Lots ( Blau) should b e

inc l u d ed The existence of the Urim and T hum mim
.

( M uss -
A r n o l t ) ad d to the d ou b t .

P opular mysticism may b e said to take the form of

Superstition (Gude m ann and Jacobs); under this cap
tion is given a remarkabl e series of ex amp l es showing
how t he superstitions of the nations h ave crept into
mo d ern J ew is h folk l ore C h ief of all these is the
-
.
“

curious eff ect attri b uted to the Evil Eye ( B l au) .

Special articles are also d evote d to Fol k Lore Fol k -

,

Med icine Fol k Tal es (Jacob s) and Fol k Songs (Har

,
-
,
-

74
 P HI LOS OP H Y

k av y) A ttac hed to the article Fol k Lore is a list of

.
-

topics which may be regard ed as falling un d er this

curious outwork of k nowled ge (see v 425 .

PHI LOS OPHY

TH E JE WI SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA gives also a full account

of the more formal attempts to solve the pro b lems of
life an d t hought k nown as phi l osop hy W h at the
, .

o l ogy attempts to solve b y fait h and mysticism b y ,

emotion p hilosophy tries to elucidate by reason A

, .

general sketc h o f J ewish thought is given under Ar ab ic

Jewish p h ilosop hy (Stein ) an d in t he earlier stages
, ,

un der A lex andrian Philosophy (Wendland ) an d Hel

l e nism ( Siegfried ) T h e sources o f J ewis h p h ilosophy
.

are given under Aristot l e (Ginz b erg and Loewenthal )

Averroism (Broydé ); A vicenna (Loewent hal ); Gha
zal i an d Sufism (Broydé ) though t h e latter is perh aps
, ,

more a source of mysticism than o f p hilosop h y The .

chief Jewis h p hilosophers influenced by t hese thinkers

an d systems are given in the articles treatin g of Saadia
( Bacher ) Solomon Ib
,
n Ga b ir o l ( Wise ) Ba h ya Ben ,

Joseph Josep h ben J acob Ib n Zaddi k J udah Ha

, ,

Levi Moses Ben Maimon the central figure of the wh ole

, ,

phi l osophic movement Levi Ben G ershon (Broydé )

, ,

Has d ai Crescas and J oseph A l b o (Hirsch) T he whole

, .

cul minated in Baruch Spinoza (Jacobs x i 5 1 1 , .

“
who is regarded either as the consummati on or as
”
the evisceration of J ewish philosop hy The influence .

of the J ewis h med ieval phi l osop hers on t he Christi an

scholastics was important as can be seen from the ,

articles P eter Ab elard (Newman) Albertus Magnus , ,

Alexan d er o f Hales (Guttmann ) Thomas A quinas ,

75
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

( Br o d
y ),
é Roger Bacon (Co hen) D uns Scotus (G utt ,

mann ) and Guillaume of A uvergne ( Broydé )

, .

J ewi s h influence on modern p hilosop hy is mainly

concentered in Spinoza the article on whom h as al
,

M o ses M e ndel sso hn .

( F rom th e d aw ing by Daniel Ch odowiecki )

r .

ready been referred to Th e main topics of J ewis h

.

p hilosophy are dealt with un d er Soul Microcosm F ree , ,

Will an d A ttributes (Broydé ) the last named t h e ,

-
,

center of d iscussion in J ewi sh p hi l osop hy being really ,

one o f t heology as is seen from its central prob lem

, ,

76
 C E R E M ON I E S

which may b e d efined as the possi b i l ity of ascri b ing

attri b utes to the D ivine The influence o f mo d ern
.

phi l osophy on Jewish thought is the main topic o f t he

artic l es Evolution an d Hegel (Hirsch) .

Besi d es articles on philosophy pure and simple t he

EN C Y CL OPEDIA contains others on Logic Category ,

( Br o y )
dé,
an d E thics ( Koh l er Br oy d é and Hirsch,) , ,

the l as t o f wh ic h again b ord ers on t heolo gy .

CE R E M ONIES

A s h as been emphasized throughout this account ,

J ewish life is largely d ominate d b y practises sanctified

b y tradition Ceremonies (iii 654 656) in general are
. .
—

d iscussed b y D r Koh l er Some of these are d irect l y

. .

comman d ed i n the P entateuch an d are therefore , , ,

enumerated in the 61 3 Comman d ments (Broydé ); oth

ers have grown up as traditional customs the bin d ,

ing force of w hich is d iscussed in the artic l e Custom

( Greenstone iv,
39.5 The d etai l s of al l these are
given in TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL O PEDIA as far as possi b le
with minute accuracy as those who fo ll ow the cus
,

toms oi their fathers may at times d esire to consult it

for guidance in the hall owing of the Jewish home I n .

particul ar the customs of the Ho l y D ays of the year

( Gre e nstone vi, 44.4 446) ar e—
d ealt with in ful l detail .

Preparatory to this the history an d calcu l ation of the

,

Jewish Cal en d ar (Adl er an d Friedl an d er iii 498 508 ) ,

.
—

are given with a fu ll set of tabl es for calcu l ating the

,

Jewish d ate for any time between the years an d

O ne of the most el ab orate artic l es in the E N
C Y C L OPEDIA is d evote d to the pecu l iar as pect of the
Jewish cal en d ar the d evice b y w h ich it fixes t he rising
,

77
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

and setting of t he Sun (Eisenstein x i 59 1 As ,

.

this d etermines the b eginning an d the en d ing of the

d ay and therefore the hours at which the frequent
, ,

fasts conclu d e it was found necessary to give special

,

tables showing the exact moment when the day fin

is hes for all the latitu d es in w h ich J ews most l y

M arriag e C ere m o n y .

( F ro m a Passo ver Hag g a dah , A m st e r d am , r695. )

congregate an d a chart presenting t he same informa

,

tion in graphic form .

A general treatment is given of Festivals (Hirsch) ,

Fastin g an d Fast D ays The question at iss ue betwee n

-
.

Ortho d ox an d Reform Jud aism as to the Second D ay

of Festival s (Wi ll ner) is impartiall y discussed in the
ENC Y CL OPEDIA A mong the most sacre d d ays is the
.

Sabb ath (Hirsc h an d Greenstone x 587 t he , .

78
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YC LOP E DIA

ler) with the more mo d e rn rite of confir mation (Koh

,

l er) may b e regard ed as l ead ing on to Betrothal

,

( D rachm e n ) an
,
d Marriage Ceremo n i es (Grunwa ld ) ,

w hich h ave sometime s to b e preceded by the c urious

custom o f H al iz ah (Greenstone ) or repu d iation b y a ,

d eceased husb an d s b rother Ceremonies connected

’
.

wit h d eath take up an unusuall y large numb er of

artic l es ; 6 g D eath al read y referred to ; Taharah
. .
, ,

( Eisenstein ) or the ceremonial washing o f the dead ;

,

Heb ra Kaddish a (Hirsch ) the fraternity w hich helps,

to lay out the d ead ; Funeral Oration an d Funeral

Rites (Greenstone) Mourning (E isenstein ); Memo
rial Service (Koh l er); J ah rz eit ( Eisenstein); Burial
and Kadd ish ( Koh l er) the quasi mass sai d b y orphans
,
-

in honor o f t heir d eceased parents The material si d e .

of t his mournful su bject is represented by Co ffin

( E isenstein ) Cemetery
, ( Koh l er ) Tom b stone ( Bro y
, d é
an d J aco b s ) an d Shroud ( E isenstein ) Sh innuy Ha
, .

Shem (Eisenstein ) the curious custom of c h angin g the

,

name o f a person when h e is d angerous l y sick may be ,

mentione d in this connection an d the even more curi ,

—K
o u s custom o f Hibb ut Ha ebe r ( Kohl e r) .

Coming to t h e more constant el ements o f t he in

d ivi d ual life one may b egin with Abl ution (Drach m an
,

an d Kohler) an d proceed to the D ietary Laws (Green

,

stone Koh l er an d Hirschfel d iv 596

, ,
which h ave
.

”
b een so e fficacious in preserving the aloofness of
I srael This is connecte d with the question of C lean
.

an d Unc l ean A nimals in the Bi bl e (Ginz b erg) and ,

fin d s its practical aspect in the J ewish butchers (See

Shohet Och ser) with their practises o f She hitah
,

( Greenstone ) P orging
, ( E isenstein ) an d Be d ikah ,

( D r ach m an ) an
, d the home custom o f M e l ih ah (G re e n
80
 P u rim Pl y
a e rs .

( Fro m Leusden, Ph il ol ogus Hebre o-mix tus.

 GUI D E TO j E WI S H E N G YCLOP E D I A

stone) or saltin g t h e meat before coo kin g it ; compare

,

also T erefah (Eisenstein ) .

Theological aspects of individual li fe are represente d

in t he articles Bareheadedness ( D eutsc h) Wig S h a , ,

at nez ( E i se nstein ) a curious rule w h ic h prevents t h e

‘
,

rigid Jew from wearing lin se y woolsey or any mix ture -

,

o f animal and vegetab le threads O t her aspects o f t h e .

individual li fe are given under Siyyu m (E isenstein ) ,

t he ceremony used at t h e conclusion o f the stud y o f a

tractate of t he Talmud and Semi k ah (Lauterb ach ) t h e ,

process by w hic h ord ination (Lauterb ach ) is mad e

“ ”
effectual t h e origin of t he layin g on of han d s o f the
,

Christian ritual This confers the rabb inical d iploma

.

known as t he Hat t arat Hora ah (E isenstein ) ‘

.

Par aph erna lia and Vestm en ts

Turnin g from the ceremonies to t h e phys ical ob

j e ct s associated wit h them one may notice E lij
,
ah s ’

C h air (Grunwal d) used in circumcision ; t he E trog

, ,

Lulab (Casanowicz) and Sukk ah (Lauterbach) used

in the Feast o f T ab ernacles ; t h e Sabb ath Lamp
( G reenstone ) lit by
,
t h e h ousew if e be f ore t h e Sab b ath ;
and t he Habd alah Box (J acobs) used during the cere
mony at t he conclusion of the Sab bat h I n the h ouse .

t he Me z u z ah (Casan ow icz ) on the door post and th e -

Mi z rah (Greenstone) on the eastern wall are the two

most notab le objects A t P assover Ma z z ah ( E isen
.

stein ) or unleavened bread is used ; and at Hanu k

,

k ah ( Ko hler) t h e Menorah or eight branc hed candle -

stic k Th e S h ofar (E isenstein and Cohen ) or trumpet

.

is used on New year s D ay and to mark th e closin g o f

-
’

t h e D ay o f A tonement For individual u se t here is

.

t he Tallit (E isenstein ) or prayer scarf worn over t h e

,
-
,

82
 G UIDE TO J E WIS H E N C YCLOP E DI A

and Litur gy (B l au) there are articles on whole classes

of prayers as Bened ictions ( Kohler) D evotional Litera ,

ture (Ei se nstein ) Responses (Dem bit z ) and a special

, ,

article on the well known response A men (G inz b erg)

-

in whic h muc h curious lore is co l lected The two .

c hief prayers whic h form the nucleus o f all public

services are ex amined at len gth t he S hema (E ise n ,
‘

stein) or enunciation of the D ivine unity ; and t h e

,

Shemoneh E sre h (Hirsch) or eighteen bles sin gs t h e

‘
, ,

various forms of w hich are anal y z ed and translated

wit h m in ute t horoughness .

A s t he Law is the formative principle o f J udaism ,

so th e readin g from the Law ( Ko hl er vii 647 648 ) , .

—

is t h e central function o f D ivine service The division .

of the P entateuc h into the P aras h ah (Dembit z ) an d

Sidra (Sel igsoh n and Dobsev age) is d irectly connected
with it while t he A liyah (Kohler) or cal lin g up to t he
,
‘
,

Law admits of t he participation of the layman in t he

sacred o ffice The special functions o f the Maftir
.

“ ”
(Eisenstein) or l as t called up relate rat her to the
, ,

Haftarah (Buchler and Dobsev age) or reading from ,

the P rophets corresponding to t he First and Second

Lessons in the E nglis h Churc h wh ic h derive d t he ,

custom d oub t l ess from th e Jews The ori gin o f this .

custom is e l uci d ated in t he article Triennial Cycle

(Jacob s) where it is Sh own that the d ivision o f the
,

P entateuc h into five boo ks is intimately conn ected

with the various New years on which the beginnin gs
-

of the various b ooks were read Th e read in g of the .

Law is depen d ent upon t he presence of a Minyan

( D e m b it z ) or legal quorum The special se ries of
.

prayers read through in the course of t he d ay are

treated in t he articles Ma arib Minhah (Eise nstein)
‘
, ,

84
 LI TURG Y

and Musaf (G reenstone) O t h er special prayers are

.

Grace at Meals G omel Bensh en (De m bit z ) the Con

, ,

fes sion o f Sin ( Ko hler) and the b l essin g o f the Sun

,

and t h e New Moon (E isenstein) Th e hymns w hi ch .

adorn th e public se rvice o f I sraelites are described

M an t l e o f t h e L aw .

( In th e Britis h M use um ).

under th e article Piyyu t (D eutsc h) and reference is ,

m ade to t h e two great composers of hymns E leaz ar ,

Kal ir (Levias) and Jose Ben J ose ( Brody) w hi l e t he ,

various classes o f hymns or piyyutim are given in t h e

articles Kerobo t Yo z ero t Ze m irot (Cohen ); Sel ihah
, ,

S e l
( igsoh n C o hen); and Az h arot ( Brody) T he c hief
, .

85
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

occasion for prayer in t he h ome is P ass over ni ght -

,

when t he Hagg ad ah (D eutsc h and Jacobs) is read .

A ttac hed to t his is a curious fol k rime Had G ad ya -

,

( Kohut and Co h en ) intended to amuse c h il d ren .

P rayers for the wh ole of t he fes tivals are included in

t h e ritual work kn own as th e Mahzor (Broydé ) w h ich ,

includ es a large portion of the P sal ms especial l y t h ose

,

known co ll ectively as the Hallel (Dem bit z and Co h en ) ,

mostly sun g to a special tune .

M USIC

T he proficiency o f t he Jew in music is well k nown ;

but it is not so well known that this proficiency can
be traced un d oub ted l y to the large part t h at sacre d
music takes in t he ord inary li fe of t h e J ew bot h in ,

th e h ome and in the synago gue Both O ffenbac h an d

.

Braham h ad their training in synagogue c hoirs TH E .

JE W I SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA emp h asi z es this characteristic

b y the large space d evoted to the subject in its volumes ,

no l ess than 1 00 pages of music being presented gi v m g ,

all the wel l known tunes o f t he sweet singers of I srael

-
.

Of these a full list is given un d er Music in the list o f

i l lustrations at th e beginnin g o f eac h volume ; only a
few can be referred to here .

There is a general article on th e w hole subject o f

Synagogal Music (Co hen i x 1 1 9,
. b ut besides this , ,

t here is a remark abl y elab orate one on th e subject o f

Canti l lation (Co hen iii 537
, . in w hic h for th e first
time are given the various modes of repeating th e
chant of the synago gue b y the accents attached to the
Heb rew text of the Bi b le This is of peculiar interest
.
,

as it will pro b abl y le ad to a restoration of the actual

86
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DIA

O wing to his past the present of the Jew is d ifferen

,

t iat e d from that of his neig hb ors in al most all aspects .

His occupations his vital statistics even h is d iseases

, , ,

are in a meas ure d ifferent from those o f his neighbors ,

and are caused mainly b y the di fferent social conditions

S o - call e d Ch
a ir o f M o s es in t h e Sy nag og ue at K ai- F u ng Foo ,
-
Ch
i na

( F ro m th e J e w is h Quart e rl y R e vie w .

in w hich persecution has p l aced him I n TH E JE W I SH .

ENC Y CL OPEDIA for the first time this sid e of Jewish l i fe

h as b een systematicall y expoun d ed and the d irect ,

issues of contemporary Jews are b rought into promi

ne n ce together with mat e ria l s which may aid in their
,

so l ution I n the first p l ace the numb ers of Jews in

.

all countries and in the chief cities are given in

, ,

88
 S OCI O LOG Y

elab orate detail under Statistics (Jaco b s xi 528 , .

with d etai l s as to their growth in various countries

an d othe r cognate topics Their increase d epends of
.
,

course upon their births an d d eaths ; and their rate

,

in this regard is investigate d in the articles Marriage ,

Births (Jaco b s ) and Morta l ity (Fish b erg) These ai

, .

ford material for further artic l es on the E xpectation of

Life (Ho ffman ) an d the Length o f Generation (Jaco b s) .

From the l atter artic l e it woul d appear that J e ws

forme rl y incre ase d in a c entury at twice the rate of
the surroun d ing popul ations Their numb ers in any .

one l and are gre at l y affecte d b y their ten de ncy to b e

forced from country to country ; an d this is d eal t with
in the artic l e Migration (Wygodsky an d Jacob s viii ,
.

58 3
But are there any pure Jews ? T his is the question
discussed in the artic l e P urity of Race (Jaco b s) where ,

the matte r is l eft un d eci d ed Two further aspects of

.

the sub j e ct are d i scusse d in A nthropological Types

( Fi s h b e rg an d Jacobs ) Th.e b o d i l y me asurements of
Heb rews are d iscussed ge nerall y in the artic l e A nthro
p o l o gy (Jaco b s ) an,d more particu l ar l y un d er Crani
o m e t ry Girth Growth an d Stature (Fish b erg)
, , , O t h er
.

b odi l y ch aracteristics are given un d er Hair (Broydé ,

Fishb erg an d Jaco b s) Eyes an d Nose (Fi sh b erg) I t

, , , .

h as b een c l aimed that Jews are more or less liable to

d efinite d ise ases A general treatment of t his sub ject
.

is given un d er Morb i d ity (Fishb erg); an d a confir m a

tion of the impression is given that while they are more
l iabl e to Diab e tes the y are l ess suscepti bl e to Consum p
tion an d Cho l era (Fish b erg) The question of their.

suscepti b i l ity to A pop l exy an d Cancer is l eft un d ecide d ,

b ut t here is no d oub t as to their greater liab ility to

89
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

Nervous D iseases (Fishb erg) This is proved in greate r

.

detail un d er I nsanity Id iocy (Fish b erg) and D eaf

, ,

Mutism (Jacobs) The evi d ence with regard to their

.

greater or l ess tendency to Suicide (Fish b erg) is con

fl ict ing : there use d to be less ; t here seems now a d ays - -

to be more The remark abl e capacity of the Jews

.
,

alone of European races to live in any c l imate is

, ,

d eal t with in the article Cl im at ion (Fishb erg) .

Apart from the special A nthropo l ogy of t he Jews ,

they h ave a special sociology as is given in the article,

O ccupations (Jaco b s) where their rel ative ad d iction

,

to hand work an d he ad work is anal yze d Most peop l e

- -
.

wil l b e surprised on l earning o f the enormous proportion

of Artisans (Jacob s) among them which is bal anced by ,

t h e almost equall y l arge rel ative proportion o f t he Jews

in t he P rofessions Their social con d ition is main l y
.

characterized b y P overty (Jaco b s); nevertheless their

record in Criminology (D eutsch) is ex tremely c redit
able .

BIOGRAPHY

Hit herto t his account h as dealt wit h w h at J ews are

in themselves or have done for t hemselves wit hout ,

regard except in a few instances to their rel ations to

, ,

the outer worl d as a wh ol e Their influence in t his .

respect has b een main l y with regard to rel igion the ,

transition of phi l osophy an d science from E ast to West

in t he Mi d dle A ges an d possi bl y in commerce during
,

the Mi dd le Ages o wing to the curious Churc h doctrine

,

of usury But w hile the Jews as a wh o l e have been

.

re stricted in their influence indivi d ual Jews have con

,

tri b uted to almost all t he great movements o f human

ity ex cept possi bl y t he French Revolution in whi c h no
, ,

90
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

persons who mak e these contributions are of the J ewis h

r ace entit l es them to a p l ace in TH E JE WI SH E N CYC L O
PEDIA I f there is no Jewish mat hematics t h ere cer
.
,

t ain l y are J e wish mathematicians ; an d the only way

to indicate the in d e b te dness of the worl d to th e modern
I srael ite at any rate is b y the accumu l ation of biog
, ,

r ap h ies of J ews who have contri b uted to art science , ,

etc Th e numb er of such contri b utors whose Jewish

.
,

origin is often unknown to the worl d in general is ,

quite remarkab le W hi l e the numb er of illustrious

.

Jewish names is possi b ly smal l it must b e remembe red ,

that i l lustrious names are rare un d er any circums tan ces .

I t h as been calc ul ated for examp l e that Englan d

, ,

d uring the nineteenth century prod uced only twelve

men of th e highest rank O n the same showin g the .

proportion would be one and one hal f such men from -

the Jews of western E urope who al one have the chance ,

of risin g to the heights A s a matter of fact Beacons

.

fiel d M en d el sso hn Lassall e an d Heine d eserve to rank

, , ,

with the highest When one comes to ab ility w hich is

.

not of the very highe st type the numbers are relativel y,

greater ; while in ab i l ity which may b e ranked as o f

t h e third c l as s the num b er of Jews is as tonis hing an d ,

imp l ies that any country may regard itsel f fortunate in

p ossessing a stock capab le o f turnin g out so many men
who b ecome d i stinguished for qualities giving rise to
publ ic ad van tages The EN C Y CL OPEDIA accordingl y
.

gives the names an d careers of all members o f the

Jewish race who have b ecome d istin guished enough to
fin d a p l ace in d ictionaries of b iography o f national
importance of those who have held high ofli cial posi
,

tions outsi d e t h e Jewi sh community an d generall y of ,

Jews wh o are contrib uting to t h e world s highest ih ’

92
 BI OGR A P H Y

t erest s . The
following enumeration wi ll gi ve an idea
o f the various fields in whic h Jewis h ab ility is foun d :
A ctors cantors composers and musician s ; arche
, , ,

ologists and paleographers ; architects sculptors an d , ,

painters ; aut h ors and j ourn alists (in non J ewis h fiel d s); -

chess p l ayers ; communal workers municipal o fficial s

-
, ,

etc ; ed ucators ; engravers ; financiers and ban k ers ;

.

inventors and manufacturers ; j urists l awyers and , ,

j ud ges ; phi l anthropists ; phi l o l ogists ; p hysicians ; pu b

l ish ers ; mathematicians naturalists and other scien
, ,

tist s ; so ld iers ; statesmen d eputies and hig h o fficial s ;

, ,

travel ers an d ex plorers .

I t is of course impossi bl e to refer to any but the

, ,

most prominent and eminent names as an indication ,

of the c l ass o f biographies which wi l l b e found in the

ENC Y CLOPEDIA Lists of d istinguished Jews in E ng
.

lan d (v 1 74 . in F rance (v 469 an d in the

.

United States (x i i 365 others o f more purel y

.

Jewish interest occur in the preced ing sections of this

account .

Th e Arts

T he J ewis h p oet s m ay first engage attention Here .

is an art icle on Heinrich Heine (Jacobs) accord ing to ,

Matthew A rnol d the greate st name in E uropean

literatur e since G oethe N ext to him come Cat u l l e
.

Men d es (Hanem an) an d Henrik Hert z (Singer); an d

the Yi dd is h poet Morris Rosenfeld (Hanem an) whose ,

productions h ave been so wi del y translated is giv e n ,

d ue prominence T he foll owing Jewis h dram a tis t s

.

have ob tained international reputation : Ludovic Ha

l evy (Hanem an) an d Ad o l phe Ennery (E manuel ) in
France S Mosenthal ( M Cohen) Morit z Hartmann
,
. .
, ,

93
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

and Ludwig Ful d a (Hane m an) in Germany ; and

P inero (Me l s) in En gl an d whom A Sutro (Jacob s) ,
.

promises to succee d on the dramatic throne N ov e l .

is t s are perh aps more numerous Benj amin D israe l i ,

( E manuel ) in E ng l an d Berthol d A uer b ach ,( I saacs ) an d

Karl E mi l Fran z os (Han e m an) in German y b eing the
c hief names thoug h in t he purely Jewish novel I
,
.

Zangw ill (J aco b s) L Kompe rt ( Mannheimer) and A

,
.
,
.

Bernstein (Wiern ik) have risen above local fame .

I n general literature the e s s ay is t s L Borne (M . .

Cohen ) and Gustav Karpel es ( Kayserl in g) may be

men tioned an d the lit e rary crit ics G eorg Brandes
,

( j
B err e g aar d) an d Si d ney Lee (Jacobs ) To these may .

b e ad d ed Max Nord an (Co hen) as general critic of

civi l ization in his work D egeneration Of art .

crit ics may be mentione d : B Berenson ( M W Levy) . . .

,

the c hief inheritor of More l li s method and t he main ’

,

authority on the minor I tal ian painters ; Marion H .

“ ”
Spielman (Jaco b s) historian of P unch and editor
,
“ ”
of The Magazine of A rt ; and Mrs Fran k au (Vi z e .

telly ) wh o hol d s an authoritative position wit h re

,

gard to color printing of t h e eightee nt h century .

I t h as been particularly in j ournalism t h at the

J ewish capacity h as shown itself in its most c h aracter
ist ic forms . Jews have found e d important maga z ines
and newspapers ; e g Julius Rosenberg (Hanem an)
. .
, ,
”
projector and editor of the D eutsc he Rundsc h au ,

an d J oseph P u l itzer (Viz et el l y) proprietor of t he New ,

“ ”
Y ork World Jews have held especial ly important
.

positio ns on the press as Lucien Wolf (J acobs) one , ,

of t he b est k nown of foreign ed itors in Lond on Su

-
.

preme among all Jewish j ournalists was Henry Blowit z

”
(So hn) P aris correspondent o f t he London T imes
,
.

94
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

Igna z Mosch e les J O ffen b ach Karl Gol dmark (So hn )

,
.
, ,

Sir Michael C osta Sir Julius Bened ict an d F H Cowen

, ,
. .

(Lipkin d ) and amon g virtuosi Anton Ru b instein

, ,

(Lipman) t h e pianist an d Joseph Joachim (Sohn) t h e , ,

greatest viol inist of the nineteenth century Names of .

minor importance are practicall y innumerab le A mong .

“ ”
the sweet singers of I srael were John Braham ,

already referred to P aul ine Lucca an d Georg Henschel

,

( P orter ) .

A s regard s the dram a attention may b e d irected to

the fact that the two chief actresses of the ninete enth
centur y have b een two French J ewe sses Rachel Fel ix , ,

an d Sarah Bernhard t (Mel s) I t is l e ss known that .

the great Ed mun d Kean (Mel s) was al so of Jewish

d escent I n Germany Lud wig Barnay Sonnenthal
.
, ,

Bogumil B awison (Mel s) and Possart (Hane m an) are

among the great names of the stage Jews h ave per .

haps b een even more d istinguished as t heatrical man

agers than as actors the chief names here b eing Lum l e y
,

( Jaco b s ) ,
who intro d uce d Jen n y Lind to Lon d on
au d iences ; D avi d Bel asco (Mel s) an d Al exan d er Stra ,

kosch (Mels) .

Jews are generall y d enied any capacity for the

g p
r a h i c a rt s b ut of recent years a fe w have come to
,

the front one the D utch painter Joseph I sraels (C H

, ,
. .

I srael s) b eing of European fame O thers are the Ger

,
.

man E Bende m an and the two Engl ishmen Simeon

.

So l omon the pre Raphaelite and So l omon Joseph Solo

,
-
,

mon the acad emician A comp l ete l ist of J ewish

,
.

artists is given un d er the rub ric P ictorial A rt (Cramer ,

x 32
. O f s cu l p t or s the Frenchmen D avi d D An ’

gers an d Ad am So l omon an d the Russians An t oko l sk i

-
,

( Rosentha l ) an d Boris Schatz ( Franco ) are the most im

96
 BI OGR AP H Y

port ant Jews h ave sh own special capacity for t he art

.

of t he m e dallis t Ab rah am Ab rah amson (Wilson) an d

,

Jacques Wiener (Cramer) being of national import ance

in Prussia an d Belgium respectively The only arch i .

t e ct s of more than local consequence that h ave ema

n at ed from t h e Jewis h race are t he A ust rians W Sti .

assn y (Singer) Fleisc her (D unbar) an d Marmorek

, ,

( H a n e m an ) .

S cience

P assin g from art t h at d elights to science t h at in

st r uct s ,
more d efinite statements may b e advanced .

T he ran k of an artist is a matter of d ispute ; t he con

t ribut ion s of a scientist are generall y recognized b y
experts and may be appraised much more accurately
,
.

O ne may t herefore inc l ud e in a l ist of scientists al l

, ,

those w h o h ave mad e d istinct contri b utions even ,

though t heir original ity may not be of as high an ord er

as is requir ed from an artist before he b ecomes gener
ally k nown I n other word s a list of Jewis h scientists
.
,

may includ e persons w h ose paral le l s in the art world -

woul d scarcely obtain general recogn ition .

O ne may first put forward t h e c l aims of philosoph y ,

t he science of sciences Here perhaps t he chief name.

is t h at of Solomon Maimon (Broydé ) w h ose criticism ,

of Kant an d contributions to formal logic give him high

rank Next come the two found ers of t he science of
.

folk psychology H Steinthal (Singer) and M Laz arus

-
,
. .

( S ch l o essin g )
e r who also s,
h owe d interes t in t h e the
ore t ical foun d ations of J ewis h ethics I n Fran ce A . .

Franck (Bloc h) was t he ed itor of the stan d ard d iction

ary of p hilosop h y I n E nglan d S A lexan d er (Lip
. .

k ind ) h as taken an original view of evolutionary ethics .

97
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

I n Germany Hermann Cohen (Bru m berg) has b ee n one

of t he greatest aut h orities on Kant A Lasson (Singer ) . .

h as made original contri b utions to the Neo Kantian -

movement and C Frauenstadt (Hane m an) is the main

,
.

propagandist of Sc hopenhauer L Stein (Hane m an ) . .

“
as ed itor of The Philosophical Journal and as
el ucidator of the relations between socialism an d phi
l o sop h y h as d one good work besi d es eluci d ating the ,

re l ations b etween Spino z a and Leibnitz Of spe cifi .

cal l y Jewis h p hi l osop hers only N Kroc h mal (Ro sen .

mann ) d eserves mention .

A s members of a historic people it woul d be only ,

natural to anticipate many students of h is t ory among

t he Jews ; and t his anticipation is fully justified O f .

course their c hief activities h ave b ee n devoted to t h eir

,

o wn national history the great names here bein g H

, .

Graet z I M J ost (Deutsc h); M Kayserl ing (Singer)

, . . .
,

and t he historians of culture M Giidem an n (Blau) ,

.

and I srael A brah ams (Jacobs) J ews h ave been almost .

as d istinguis hed as h istorians of ot her peoples Th us .

for English history Sir Francis Co hen P algrave (Jacobs )

was t h e e arl iest ; of scientific h isto rians C h arles G ross
~
,

(A dler) h as wr itten t he stan d ard bi b liograp h y of early

English history and M Liebermann (Hanem an) t h e
, .

standard edition of th e earliest E nglish laws F or .

A merica H Friedenwal d (Friedenw al d) h as written

.

the recogni z ed work on t h e C ontinental C ongress an d ,

O S Straus (Jacobs) one on t he origin o f reli gious

. .

liberty in the United States .

M Phil ippson (Kayserl in g) and H Bresslau are e u

. .

th orit ies on cert ain si d es of German history ; an d J .

“ ”
J astrow (Vizet el l y) ed ited the great J ah resberich t
of scientific history at the Berlin A cademy of Sciences .

98
 GUI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E D IA

political economy at J o hns Hop k in s University O ne .

o f t h e greatest of German economists is G Cohn (M . .

Coh en ) author of an entire system of po l itical econo m y

, .

“
E R A Se l igman (Jacobs) is the m as ter of all who
. . .

”
know about taxation ; A R aff al ov ich (Jacobs ) is one .

of t h e lead in g economists of Russia and France ; an d

several other Jews h ave s h own ab i l ity as statis ticians ,

notably M Bloc h (Neumann ) J KOrosi (Vene t iane r)

.
,
.

in A ustria an d Leone Levi (Lipkin d ) in E ngl and

, .

Statistics may l ead us to m at h e m at ics where J ews ,

are equally distinguished as in economics at any rate ,

in what is kn own as pure mathematics Here occur .

the names of K G J Jacobi (Sin ger) after whom

. . .
,
“
cert ain mathematical functions are termed Jaco
”
b ians ; J J Sylvester (Lipkind ) the originator of
. .
,

covariants L Kronecker (Hanem an) an d above

.

all th e two Cantors (Ch essin) G eorg who wit h h is , , ,

“
th eory o f transfinit e numbers first so l ved the prob ,
“ ”
lem of t he mathematical infinite and Moritz who , ,

h as written the great history of mathematics O ther .

names are those of B G ompert z (Lipkin d ) one of the .

,

earliest stud ents of d oub l e algeb ra the Frenc h man ,

Halphen (E manuel ) and Maurice Levi (E manuel ) , ,

presi d ent of the I nstitut The Russian S l onim s ki .

( E isenstein ) d eserves mention h ere as the inventor of

a wel l known counting machine A full list of mo d ern
-
.

Jewish mat hematicians may be found in vol viii pp . . .

377 378
-
.

So akin to mat h ematics t h at it almost see ms a b ranc h

of it is a st ronom y whic h field has also had its Jewis h
,

h eroes notably Sir Wi l liam Herschel (Jaco b s ) the

, ,

founder of modern stellar astronomy ; H Gol d schmidt .

( Sin g er) t h e discoverer

,
of fourt een as teroi d s ; W Mey .

1 00
 BI OGR A P H Y

erb eer , th e first c h artographer of the moon and M ,

.

”
Loewy (Han e m an) inventor of the elbow telescope
,

and director of t he P aris o b servatory .

A mon g ch e m is t s the chief names are those o f Lassar

Co h n (Singer) R Meldola (D e Sola) and Victor Meyer
,
.
,

( Lipman ) L b i successor ’
ie, g s .

I n t he bio l ogical b ranches of science t here are two im

portant German Jewis h b ot anis t s F Cohn (Hart o g) , .
,

practicall y the foun d er of b acteriology and N Frin gs ,

.

heim (M Cohen ) A mong p h y s i ol og is t s may be men

. .

t ioned R Remak ( Broy dé ) G G Valentin (Hane m an )

.
, . .
,

J Bernstein (Hane m an ) J Rosent h al (Max Rosent h al )

.
, .
,

J Cohnheim an d I mmanuel Mun k (Hane m an) with

.
, ,

whom may be associated F R Liebrecht as bot h a . .

,

t heoretical and practical oculist .

Ph ilo logists

Whether it is because the Jews themselves are for th e

most part b i l ingual or bec ause they have become ac
,

customed to l inguistic influences by changing t heir

country so frequent l y certain it is th at p h ilology h as
,

proved t h e science to which Jews have contributed

most The services of Lazarus (Schl oessinger) and
.

Steinthal (Singer) in found ing the science of national

psyc h o l ogy h ave al ready been referre d to ; but t h e
latter also was among the earliest stud ents of t he A fri
can d ial ects Laz arus Geiger (Geiger) ranks among
.

the greatest o f t h ose wh o have devoted t hemselves to

t h e stud y of the origin of l anguage M Bré al (G ray ) . .

h as helped to foun d the latest division o f p hilolo gical

“ ”
science t h at devoted to semantics or t h e science
, ,

of meaning I n classical p hilology L Fri edlander

. .

(Singer) h as written the most important boo k on t he

10 1
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

social l ife of imperial Rome and W Freund (Rhine ) , .

h as composed t he Latin di ctionar y whic h is t he fou nda

tion o f all t hose used in the A nglo Sax on world J -
. .

Bernays (Co hen) was almost equally at h ome in Latin

and Gree k while H Wei ] (Han e m an ) is one of t h e great
, .

est Hellenists of modern times and Bern h ardy (Max ,

Co hen) is a recognized expert on Greek literature T here .

is scarcely a ton gue w hic h a Jew h as not investigate d .

O ne o f t he earliest aut horities on Turk is h was t h e

talented A L D avids (Lip k in d) A Vam b é ry (Gray )
. . . .

also h as studied Turk ish Hungarian an d th e Tatar , ,

dialects ; M G as ter Rumanian ; an d D San ders

.
,
.

( B a er ) modern Greek t h oug h he is b est k nown

,
as t h e
aut hor of the stand ard dictionary of the German l an
guage Similarly A D arm steter (Hart og) was t h e
. .

e d itor of t he stan d ard Frenc h di ctionary as well as ,

t he author of the most accurate Frenc h grammar ,

whi l e L Ke l lner (Singer) h as written a textbook on

.

historical Englis h syntax A lessan d ro d An cona is .

’

one of the greatest authorities on I talian I t is not .

surprising perh aps that t he most popu l ar t h ough per ,

haps the most unscientific met h od of learning lan ,

gu ages was d ue to a Jew H D O l l en d orff and that at , . .

,

present the most wi d e spread u niversal language is -

E speranto invented by another Jew Zamenhof (Har

, ,

ris) I t is perhaps natural that the Jews shoul d tak e

.

the highest pl ace in O riental philology For nearly .

forty years Theod or Benfey (Gray ) was at t he head of

German Orie ntalis t s His specialty was Sans krit as
.

was t h at of G I A scol i (Ch e ssin) S Lefm an n (Hane

. .
,
.

man) and Sylvain Levi (Gray ) J ames D arm st ete r

, .

( D u cl aux ) was d uring his lifetime at the hea d of E uro

pean Zend sc h olars and was c h osen to succeed Renan

,

102
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DIA

as certained the Je w ish worl d owes gratitud e to Leo

,

pold Zun z (Hirsc h) and S L Rapoport (Waldstein ) . . .

I n Jewis h bi bl iography the first name is undoub t ed l y

t h at of Moritz Steinschnei d er (Singer) though t hose ,

of A Neubauer (Lip k in d ) Ju l ius Fiirst (Brod y) and

.
, ,

N Briill l i kewise deserve mention For the study of

. .

th e Tal mu d the names of Z Frankel (D eutsch) I '

.
, .

Weiss (Se l igsoh n) and M B l oc h (Neumann ) are mem

,
.

orab l e whi l e A Geiger ( Hirsch ) A Je l linek ( Kurrein )

, .
,
.
,

an d L Dukes (Broydé ) touch upon nearl y all lines of

.

Jewish sc h o l arship I n the stud y of sacred Hebrew

.

poetry L Zun z (Hirsch ) again l ead s the way w here

.
,

he is fo ll owed by S Kae m pf (Kayserling) M Sachs .

, .

( O c h ser) L ,
L a n d s h u t.h ( B ornfe ld ) an d H Bro d y , .

( H a ne m an ) Strangely enough no great Jewis h names

.

are associated wit h O l d Testament scholarship ex

cept those of A G eiger (Hirsch) and M M Kalisch
. . .

(Lipkin d ) b ut in t he stud y of the text in its Masoretic

,

form S Fre ndsdor ff (Malter) and S Baer (G ottlieb )

. .

stan d in the front rank .

Mod ern Hebrew l iterature is not of course a part \

, ,

of Hebrew phi l ology and is t re at ed elsewhere ,

.

Pr actical Life

Jews are often accused of b eing materialistic and

e xclusive l y practical in their aims yet it is d oubtful ,

whet her the number of those w ho attain success an d

d istinction in the more material wal ks of life is as great
as t h e artists an d scientists who while wor k ing for fame

work for all mankind E ven where a Jewis h reputa .

tion is connected with a calling or profession it is ,

almost invariab ly an intel l ectual one .

I n p olitics J ews take exceptionally high rank Lord .

1 04
 BI OGR A P H Y

Beaconsfiel d ( E manuel ) w as admitte d ly one o f t h e

greatest statesmen of his time ; Ferdinand Las salle
( M . Co h en ) fou n ded t h e party of Social D emocr a cy in
G ermany and h ad at t he time of hi s deat h w hen only
, ,

t hirty eight years old risen to be almost equal wit h

-
,

Bismarck ; Fried ric h Julius Stahl s h owed according ,

“
to Lord A cton more political ability t h an Lord Bea
,

co nsfie l d and Kiam il P as ha (Franco ) was for some

time Gran d Vizier of Turkey Perhaps Theodor Herzl .

( D e Ha as ) may ta k e hi s place here as a specifical l y

Jewis h statesman I Cre mieux (Reinach) w as one of . .

the found ers of the t hir d Frenc h Repub l ic ; E Lasker .

( H a n e m a n ) the leader of the Na tional Liberal P arty

,

in G ermany ; F Ad ler the l eader of t he Social D emo

.
,

cr at s in Germany ; an d P au l Singer ( M Cohen ) one .

,

of t he lead ers of the same party in Prussia To t hese .

names s h ould be ad d ed that of Ju d ah P Benj amin .

( M . J. K o hl er ) mi n ister of war
, an d a f terward secretary
of state to t he Southern Confederacy in its struggle
wit h t he Nort h O ther names of consequence are : .

in Frenc h politics M Gou dch aux A Fou l d (E manuel ) , .

,
.
,

and A N aque t (Han em an ) in German Liberalism J

.
,
.

J aco b y (M Cohen ) an d L Bamberger (Ch essin); in

. .

Engl an d Sir Francis an d Sir Jul i an Gol dsmid Sir

, ,

D avi d Salomons (Lipkin d ) Baron Lionel d e Ro t hs ,

c hi l d (Jaco b s) an d Lord P irb right (E manuel ); in

,

A ustria I Kuran d a (Ysaye); and in I taly L Lu z z at t i

,
.
,
.

( Mun z ) A s .d ip l o m at is t s L A rton ( Rosenthal ) in I taly

.

and O S Straus (Jaco b s) in the United States h ave

. .

attained some d istinction the latter bein g a member ,

of t he I nternational Hague Tribunal .

The p ro fe s s ion s combine t he c l aims of practical life

and t hose of science T his is especially true o f m e di .

105
 G UID E TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E D IA

cine , in w hic h J ews h ave always held hi gh ran k ; and

it is c h aracteristic th at besi d es th e monument of M o se s
Mend elsso h n at D essau t here are only two monum ents
of J ews in G ermany namely t h ose o f t he p hysi ci ans
,

Hermann Hirschfel dt at Colberg and J acob H erz

, ,

( H a n e m an ) at E rlan g en Further i n A.u s tria t h e onl y

statue of a Jew is th at of t he p hysician Ludwig M a ut h
ner (Hane m an ) at Vienna Here occur t he names o f .

Solomon Stric ker t he founder o f microscopy an d

, ,

Lu d wig Trau b e (Hane m an) the fat her o f ex perimenta l

,

pathology I n anatomy Fri edric h Henle (Hanem an )

.

hel d front ran k .

O ne of t he pioneers o f scientific dentistry was L H . .

Hol lan d er (Hanem an) an d t he A ustrian c h ampion o f

,

homeopat h y was E mil Al tsc hul (Sin ger) A lar ge .

numb er o f the most distinguished d ermatologists are o f

the Jewish race ; chief of these being Herman n Von
Ze issl (Hanem an) d efend er o f t h e dual t heory o f
,

syphilis A braham J aco b i (Hanem an) o f New Y ork

.

is one o f t h e great authorities o f t h e world on chil

d ren s dise as es while Simon F l exner (A dler) is head of
’
,

the Roc k efe l ler I nstitute of Preventive Medicine In .

b acteriology J Haffkine (L ipkind ) and A Mar morek

. .

( H a n e m a n ) h ave obtained d istin guis h ed positions ,

w hile as a laryngo l ogist Sir Fel ix Semon (Hanem an)

is foremost in the Engl ish field A s embryologist .

Leopold Schen k (Hane m an ) made himself renowned

by his t heory o f sex d etermination I t is perh aps .

natural t h at J ews shoul d have a number of d istin

g u is h e d neurologists among whom ,
may be mentioned
Cesare Lombroso (Nord au) Nordau (Co hen) Moritz , ,

Romberg and A l bert Mo ll (Hane m an) The two

,
.

brothers Liebreic h (Han e m an) are distin gui s hed

1 06
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOPE DIA

j urist J Glaser (Hanem an) O ne of th e founders of

. .

th e h istorical sc hool of l egal study w as Eduard G ans

( Co h en )
, t h e coadj utor of Z un z .

Arm y an d Navy

I n mil itary and naval annals J ewis h names do not

fill any large space owing to t h e recent date at w hi c h
,

their entrance into t he army and navy in any ran k

ab ove a private was permitte d I n E ngland t w o .

members o f t he Gol dsm id fami l y (Lip kin d ) reach ed

high rank as h ave re cent l y several of the brot h ers
,

Nathan Sir Matthew Nathan (Lipkin d ) being gover n

,

or general of Hong K ong at the present time

-

I n France Capt Dreyfus aroused a notoriety by no

.

means d ue to mi l itary capacity ye t it is a curious ,

comment on t h e Dreyfus Case (iv 660 688 ) th at bef ore .

—

it h as bee n d efinitel y finis h ed a Jew Mord ecai Vala ,

b r egue (Kahn ) is one of the head s of t he general sta ff .

O the r Frenc h generals h ave been Bernard Ab rah am

( Wei ll ) an d Lam b ert (A mar ) I n I ta l y General O tto .

l e ngh i (Cassuto ) was only re cently comman d er in c h ief - -

of the army an d E nrico G uastal l a (Jacobs) was one of

,

Garibal d i s ’
heroes while in t he United States no
,

Jewish so ld i e r of whom there were so many reached

, ,

high rank or significance except possibly Capt Zalin , .

ski The A merican U P Levy (Wol d ) was the only

. . .

Jew to attain d istinction in any navy of t h e world .

S por ts , Tr ave l , E tc .

Taking up sports an d games Jews h ave attaine d

international repute onl y in such sports as p u gilis m ,

j u m p i n g an
, d h u r dl e r aci n g D avi d Men d oza ( Vi z.e
telly) was Britis h champion and was head o f a sc hool ,

1 08
 BI OGR A P H Y

of Jewish pugilists t h at mad e t he sport scientific in

ste ad of a mere test of b rute strengt h Meyer Prin .

stein and A C Krae n z le in hel d the world s record

,
. .
’

for the running j ump and for h urdl e racing T h e on l y .

game in whic h J ews h ave exce l led is t h at of ch e s s

( P orter ) an d
,
in this they h ave had successively three
world champions J Zukert ort W Steinit z an d ,
.
, .
,

E manuel L asker (P orter) .

Trav e l is half way b etween a sport and a profession ,

an d the chief J ewish names in this sphere are : E min

P asha (Hane m an); A Vam b é ry (Gray); Josep h Wolf .

( E manue l ) who visi ted Bokhara at the risk o f his life ;

,

Nathaniel I saacs (Lipkin d ) the pioneer explorer of ,

Zululan d ; W G P algrave (Jaco b s ) explorer of the

. .
,

Ne dj in A rab ia ; an d A ngelo He il p r in (Viz e t e l l y ) who ,

vi sited t he extremes of t he arctic circ l e and t he crater

of Mt Pel ee in Martinique
. .

Next to Jewish travelers may come Jewis h inv e nt o r s

who see m to be confined most l y to t h e A merican con
t inen t L E Levy (Adl er) was the inventor of the
. . .

Le v yt ype form of photography ; E mi l Berliner (Ad ler) ,

the improver of the phonograp h ; an d E Zal inski .

“
( H a ne m an ) the inventor
, of the Z al in s k i gun He .

” “ ”
d oes not know Z al in ski says Kip l ing s Captive as ,
’
,

a c l inching proof of the ignorance of an E nglis h general .

I n Germany the chief inventor was O tto Lilienthal

( Singer) w h o first attempte d flight like a bird
, .

Comm er ce and Ph ilanth r opy

Finally reference may be made to t he distinction

gained in comm erce and p hilanthropy w hic h almost ,

invariably go toget h er wh ere Jews are concerned .

This cert ainly applies to bankers like Solomon Heine ,

1 09
 G UI DE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E DIA

t he Ro t hschilds (J acobs) and t he Pereiros ( Kah n ) as , ,

well as to Baron d e Hirsc h (Straus) an d J acob H .

Sc hi ff (J acobs) A l l t hese gained their weal t h b y

.

finance Morit z von Fischer (Wise) was a porcelain

.

manufacturer ; I srael Honig (Templer) was a tobac c o

d ealer ; and Wissot ski (Lubarsky) d eal t in tea J ud a h .

Touro (Hu hner) Sir Moses Montefiore (D avis) an d , ,

F D Moc e tta (Lipkin d ) are the great names in A ngl o

. .

Sax on J ewis h philanthropy .

TH E J E WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA is so f ar impartial th a t

not only does it give account of Jews d istinguis h ed
for t h eir merits but it occasionally notices t h o s e
,

notorious for t he absence of merit T hus the t hre e .

chief fi gures in the P anama scan d al Baron Reinac h —

( J aco b s ) Cornelius Her,

z ( D un b ar ) an d Leopold A rton
( Rosenthal ) are d uly pil l ori
—
e d in their alp h abetic a l
places Yet with every d esire to be perfectl y impar
.
,

tial in this regard t h e number of items of t his k in d

,

is ex ceed ingl y small .

Anti- Sem ite s

It cert ainly of importance to treat in the EN C Y

w as
CL O PE D IA t h e c h ief anti Semites since this is a work o f -

reference an d Jews are perhaps t h e most likely peo

,

ple to want to know anything about an anti Semite -

.

Men like E Dru m on t (Fried enberg) A StOcker an d

.
,
.
,

Count Pl iicker as wel l as t he properly named Luege r

, ,

burgom as ter of Vienna will be foun d pilloried h ere , ,

as will al so the latest anti Semitic t h eorist Houston -

Chamberl ain (Jacobs) O ccasionally Jews are t h em .

selves anti Semites an d t his was especial l y t he cas e

-
,

in later times Besi d es that of Pfe fferkom (Hane

.

man) t he EN C Y C L OPEDIA contains t h e names of Brim an

,

1 10
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E DIA

O f these the one that professes to trace furthest bac k

is that of t he Mel dol as (Meld ol a) the full est is Roths ,

chi ld (Jaco b s) the one that can trace b ack with the
,

most authenticity is that of the Schi ff s (Jaco b s) while ,

the most titled one is that of Lousad a (Gut t enst ein ) ,

which contains d ukes marquises and princes ,

.

Closely connected with ped igrees is the heral dic d e

vice oi Coats of A rms (Jaco b s Gu t t e nst e in) one of , ,

the most elab orate articles of TH E JE W I SH E N CY CL O

PEDIA where for the first time the arms granted by
,

European herald s to persons of Jewish b irth have b een

b rought together making a remarkab le show From
, .

this l ist and fro m other artic l es in the ENC Y CL OPEDIA

,

it is possi bl e to d raw up the fo ll owing list of Jewish

persons having hered itary titles :

Av i do r , Fran ce Hol isch , Ba ron v .

, Au st r ia
Bir c H irs ch fe ld , v , Ge rm any
-
. Lew is , E ng l an d
Bis ch o ff sh e im , Belg iu m Lo u s ada , S pa in
Bl e ich ro ede r P ru ss ia
,
I. o n , v on , Au s t r ia
Bos ch au , W v , Vien n a , 1 8 90
. . au t n e r , v Ma rt h an d v Ku ff
. .

Cah en d An v e rs , It aly ; Fran ce n e r , Au s t ria

’

Cam on do , I t aly May , J u l iu s , Au s t ria

Dis rae l i, E n g lan d M en as ce , E gy p t
D oczy , Lu dw ig v o n , Hu n g a ry M on t ag u , E ng lan d
D o rm it z e r , A u s t Bo h e m ia
. Mon t e fio re , E ng lan d
E fru ss i, R u ss ia Mo rp u rg o , It aly
E ich t h al (A S Se l igm an ),
. . Oppen h e im , Ge rm an y
Fran ce Opp en h e im e r , Baron Au s t ria ,

E rl an g e r , Bav a ria Ott o l engh i, I t aly

E s k el es , R u ss ia Pe re iro, Fran ce
Faudell Ph ill i s , E ng l an d Pe re ira Ar ns t e in , Ba ron , Au s t ria
p
- -

Fra n kl , Au st ri a Ph ill ips , E ng l an d

Ge l de m , Au s t r ia P irb r igh t , E ng l an d
Goldb e rg e r , de Bu da (Al t o fen ), Po llak v Bo rk en fel d , Au st r ia
.

H ung ary Poll ak v Go m p e rz , Au s t ria

.

Go l ds m id , E ng l and Po ll ak v Kl im b e rg , Au s t r ia
.

Gu n z b u rg , R u ss ia Poll ak v R u din , Au s t ria

.

Gradis , Fran ce Po ppe r , Ba ro n , Hu n ga

He ine , France Po rg es , v Po rt j e im , Bo e m ia
.

H irs ch , Au s t ria R e in a ch , Baron , Ge rm any

1 12
 M I S CE LL AN E O US j U D AI CA

R it t , v Go m pe rz , Au st ria
. Sonn en fe ld, Alo is , v , Hu nga ry .

R o cca , Prin cess a de l a , It aly St e rn , Po rt u u ese

R ose n , v , R u ss ia
. Tedesco , It a y
R osen t h al , Ba ro n v , Ho llan d Tre ves , It al y
.

R o t h s ch ild , Au st ria ; E ng land Vit al e de Tivol i, It aly

S alo m o n s , E ng lan d Wan dsw o rt h , E ngland
Sam u e l , E ngland We rt h e im e r Au st ria ,

Sas so o n , E ng lan d Wo rm s , Baro n , G , v , Au st ria . .

S ch ossb e rg e r, de To m y a , Hu ng ary

For a time a Jewess Al ice d e Rothschi ld sat upon , ,

a throne of E urope that of Monaco the ru l er of which

, ,

principal ity she married after the d eath of her first

hus b an d the D uke d e Richelieu She h as recentl y
, .

b een d ivorced from the prince .

M ISCE LLANE OUS JUD AICA

A consi derabl e numb er of the artic l es in TH E JE W I SH

EN C Y C L OPEDIA refuse t o b e pushed into very definite
pigeon holes These in certain respects form the most
-
.

instructive an d sometimes the most amusing contained

in its pages P h rases current in Jewish l ife l ike Asusa
.
,

( Koh l er ) use d after a sneeze ; N e b ich ( D eutsch ) for

‘
al as ; Az u z P anim ( Koh l er) an d Hu z pah (Deutsch )
’

for an impu d ent fe l low ; Tal m id Hah e m (Broydé ) an d

Lamd an (D eutsch) for a l earned man ; an d Ba hur
( Ginz b erg ) for a stu d ious youth are d uly exp l aine d in
t heir al phab etical p l ace The various uses of Ba al .
‘

( Koh l er) an d the mysterious c l aims of the Ba a l Shem ‘

( Gin zb erg ) or won d er worker are given

-
as are also ,

the functions of the Bad han (Bu el ow) or professional ,

j ester and the Shad chan (Wiernik) or professional

, ,

marriage b roker The A pi koros (D eutsch) or heretic ;

-
.

the M oser (Kayserl ing) or informer ; t he Sc hnorrer

1 13
 G UID E TO j E WI S H E N G YCLOP E D IA

( E isenstein ,) or beggar ; an d the Schlem ihl (J acobs ) ,

or unl ucky one all these have separate articles The

—
.

word Jew h as a history an d a very curious one (J acobs) ,

an d this as well as the use of Ab u (Ginzberg) an d Ib n

,

( S c h l oe ssi n g )
er in A rabic Jewish names is e x p l aine
,
d .

E ven a custom l ike Swaying the Body (Eisenstein ) in

prayer or study has an artic l e d evoted to it whi l e it ,

has b een found neces sary to d evote one to the question

of a Meri d ian D ate (Eisenstein) for J ews can scarcel y,

b e expected to regard Greenwich as a sacred city .

Jews have had to do with pseudo sciences like Al -

chemy (Gaster) and A strology ( Bl au); in t he former

”
case the familiar Bain Marie turns out to be name d
-

after a Jewess The J ewish view of O ld Age (P h i l ip

.

son) is given as well as the Jewish division o f t he A ges

,
“
of Man (Kohut) which curiously anticipates A s Yo u
,

Like I t . A fad like A ngl o I sraelism (J aco b s) may

-

b e regarded as part of the general myth of the Lo s t

Ten Tri b es (J acobs) E choes of the legend linge r ab ou t
.

the Coronation Chair (Jacob s) The associations o f .

Freemasonry (J acobs) with Jud aism are not negl ected

in the EN C Y C L OPEDIA ; an d the trad ition that there are
thirty si x saints always l iving in the world is explain ed
-

in the article Lamed Waw (Wal d stein) The practises

-
.

an d prohibitions with regard to S having (Eisenstein )

an d the wearing of the Beard (Gin z berg) are also given ,

as wel l as t h e connection of t h e Jews with Gambling

(Greenstone) and Vegetarianism (Eisenstein) The .

myt h of t h e Wandering Jew (Jacobs) receives du e

notice ; and even a list of occasions w hen t h at gen
t l e m an made his appearance is given T he Jewish
.

practise and divergent views wit h regard to Kissn

( Jaco b s ) is discu s sed ; an d information is g iven a b out
1 14
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOPE DI A

Ib n Munabb ih (Sel igsoh n) The curious career o f .

Ward er Cresson (Friede nw al d) the A merican convert ,

to Jud aism may b e parall el e d b y that of Peter Spaeth

,

( B ro y )d é ,
the Germ a n one There is a whole
. series o f
Pseu d o Messiahs (Fried mann) among whom perhaps
-
,

might b e c l asse d Richard Brothers (J acob s) wh o claime d ,

to b e the nephew of the Al mighty The l egends w h ich .

c l ing roun d the name of Jud ah Loeb Ben Be z al el (Grun

wald ) are easi l y associated with the Golem (Eisenstein )
or artificial homuncu l us kept alive b y magic A .

E uropean war was nearly b rought ab out b y the case

of D on Pacifico (Jaco b s) while the greatest d ealer in
,

antiquities in mod ern times was the Jew Friedric h

Spitzer (Got t h e il ) Berechiah the Russian hero (R o
.
,

senthal ) may possi bl y compensate for Blin d C ohen

,

( W ie r n ik ) who
, attempte d to assassinate Bismarc k .

O ne wou ld scarcel y expect to find a J ewish man d arin ;

b ut he existed an d his name was Chao Yng C heng
,
-

( Jaco b s.
) There are a l so a Beni I srael sol d ier name d -

E l l oj i Shahir (Hyams) an d a great French phil an t h ro

pist named Coral ie Cahen (Wei ll ) The Busn ash fam il y .

of A lgeria (Broy dé ) p l ay a mi l e curious ly analogous t o

that of Bethe l St rousb erg (Lipkind ) in Germany Ad .

venturers of d i fferent types are Al fred Mels (Mels);

Shapira (Jacob s) who forged a ne w version of D euter
, i

o n o m y ; Julius Mires ( Kahn) who d ie d in the odor o f ,

riches ; an d Samuel Lewis (Mel s) an English money ,

l en d er who left mi ll ions to charity O ther quaint fig .

ures are represented b y Joseph Jaco b s (Lipkin d ) the ,

wizard ; Naphtali Herz I mb er (Jaco b s) the national ,

poet of mo d ern Zioni sm ; an d Borach Levi (Jacob s ) ,

who attempted to get a d ivorce b y b e coming converted .

1 16
Th e A l t n e us ch u l e , P ra g ue .

( Fro m a ph otog raph ) .

1 17
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E D IA

ILLUSTRATIONS

I n the eluci d ation of the past an d the present mod

ern scholarship is not confined to written records I t .

tends to make as muc h use of the material remains of

antiquity as of its literary pro d uctions T h is ten d ency .

h as b een fu ll y recognize d in TH E JE W I SH E N CYCL O

PEDIA whic h has b rought together an al most complete
,

collection of il l ustrations of Jewish life an d ceremonial .

To say that this collection surpasses its predecessors

woul d b e mislead ing ; for it practical ly has none ex ,

cept in t he region of portraiture For the first time .

the material remains of I srael s past have b een il l us ’

t rat ed wit h as muc h fullness as its literature or its

history .

Few of these illustrations b ear directly upon the

Bi b le The actual remains of Bi b lical antiquity are
.

ex cessively few an d the i ll ustrations of the Bi bl e dic

,

t ion aries are main l y taken from A ssyria or E gypt .

W h ile these contemporary sources of i ll ustrations have

not b een negl ecte d in the ENC Y CL O PEDIA as in the ,

artic l es Music Chariot Shiel d an d A rcher suc h i ll us

, , , ,

t rat ions have as a ru l e b een confined to cases where

there was direct connection with Bi bl ical antiquity .

For instance the e l ab orate i ll ustration of Brick making

,
-

( accompanying the article Brick ) taken from the ,

Egyptian monuments h as an ob vious b earing on the

,

Ex o d us The portrayal of the siege Of Lac h ish not

.

only i ll u strates the ancient metho d Of b esieging b ut ,

al so gives the first h istoric picture of I srael ites in e xist

ence A gain there is l ittl e d oub t that the w inged fig
.
,

ures of the A ssyrian monuments affecte d the Heb rew

imagination with regard to the Cherub im The actual .

1 18
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

Besi d es houses of Cel eb rated J ews of the past li ke those ,

of A aron of Lincol n Samuel Ha Levi (see Toledo ) ,

-
,

Basse v i an d Meisel (see P rague) there are whol e

, ,

series of representations of the med ieval ghetti Thus .

those of Frankfort Nik ol sberg P rague an d Ro me

, , ,

are given as we l l as p l ans of those of Lincoln Can

, ,

terb ury Val encia

,
Bordeaux an d Venice Histori c
, ,
.

sc enes occur rather more rarel y The procession of .

Jews meeting P ope Arthur V at Constance another .

,

procession at Frankfort on the Main and t he Fett - — —

,

mi l ch Riots al most exhaust the list I solated l ocal itie s .

like the Jews House at Lincol n Clifi ord s Tower a t

’
,
’

York an d the Go lde n Tower of Sevi ll e may also serve

,

to b ring b ack striking events of the past I n the c as e .

of Spain i ll us trations of streets associate d with the

,

Jews as at Cord ova Sevi ll e and To l e d o are given

, , , ,
.

A Bib le and a J e w ish -

At las

I n d e ed l H E JE W I SH ENC Y CL O PEDIA contains quite a

,
‘

Jewish at l as of all the chief countries in whic h Jews

have exi ste d P articul ar attention has b een given t o
.

the phy sic al fe ature s of t h e Ho l y Lan d and the EN C Y ,

C L O P E D I A cont ains practicall y a Bi bl e at l as giving the -

l ay of t h e l an d as we ll as its hi storical association s

, .

Un d e r P al estine a who l e seri e s of hi storical maps is

give n showing the d ivi sion of the l and from the time
,

t h e E gyptians b ecame aw are of its existen ce d o w n

to the Crusad es There are al so other maps s howin g
.
, ,

the chief centers of Jewish resid ence an d even of con ,

t ine n t s l ike A sia A frica and E urope ; in the l atter c ase

, , ,

the re l ative den sity of t h e J e w i sh population is indi

cat e d b y a d i ff erence in sh ad ing There is even a map .

of the world showing t he main centers of Jewis h popul a

120
 I LL US TR A TI ONS

tion (see Statistics) Besi d es these there are maps of

.

Engl an d an d France showing the p l aces where t h e Jews

d wel t b efore their expulsion from those countries ; an d
of Spain and P ortugal Hungary and Turkey For Rus
, ,
.

sia there are several map s inc l ud ing one of Lithuania ;

,

another un d er Ch az ars showing the spread Of that

, ,

remarkab le kingd om in the tenth century ; a further

one i l lustrating the Cossacks uprising in the seven ’

t ee nt h century ; and fin all y one giving the P ale of

Sett l ement and the rel ative percentage of the Jewish
popul ation in the d i fferent governments There are .

maps of Lon d on an d New York showing the position

in those cities of b ui ldings of J e wish interest and an ,

el ab orate one of the United States showing the d is

persal of the Jews throughout that country at di ff er
ent stages of the immigration Besi des mere p l ans of .

town s an d Jewish quarters the ENC Y CL O PEDIA contains

a whole series of pictures of the more important centers
of Jewish popul ation of the world as A msterd am , ,

Jerusal em Lon d on New York P aris P rague Rome

, , , , , ,

Toled o Venice Vienna an d Worms Mo dern h istory

, , ,
.

is chiefly represent e d b y the in stitutions which Jewish

phi l anthropy d evotes to t h e improvement of Jewish
con ditions Besi d es the i ll ustrations of such in st it u
.

tions accompanying the artic l es on larger Jewish cities ,

several institutions have i ll ustrations of their own ;

6 g
. . the All iance I srae l ite Universe ll e the A gricu l tural
, ,

Co l onies the Jewish Colonial Trust an d t he National

, ,

Farm Sc hoo l of D oylestown P a

, ,
.

Num ism atics

Coins and Medals are nowad ays ac k nowled ged to be

the h an d mai d s o f history Many a historical crux is
.

12 1
 G UI DE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOPE DIA

solved b y the date of a coin or a medal C onsider abl e .

attention has accordingly b een paid to these i n TH E

J E WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA ; and b esides t he general ar ti
cles Numismatics and Medals b ot h of t hem profuse l y ,

illustrated almost all t he coins of t he Herods are de

,

p ict ed in t h eir respective b io grap h ies Medals are .

given also under Hungary P oland and el sew here , ,

( see ,c g Basel Con gress)

. .
, Furt her a list of modern .
,

medals struc k to commemorate specifically J ewish

events is given under t he caption Medals C oins are .

occasional ly used to illustrate ot her arc heologi c al t op

ics li ke Harp Helmet an d L ulab
, , , .

Sacred E difi ces

I t is of course aroun d the remains of ancient syna

, ,

g g
o u es that Jewis h associations c l ing most c l osely .

Besides representations of ancient Galilean synago gues

li k e those of Kefr Bir im (see Synagogue) and ot hers ‘
,

the EN C Y CL OPEDIA gives the exterior of E l Transi to ,

t he great To l edo synagogue and detai l s of its interi or , ,

as we ll as that of St Maria La Blanca (see Spain) In. .

F rance the ancient synagogues of Met z and Carpentras

are represented ; as we l l as the Rashi C h apel at Worms , .

The synagogues of P rague an d Worms are perhaps t h e

most ancient in ex istence w hile there are re cords o f ,

early German synagogues as t hose of E rfurt and ,

Ratis b on O f more mod ern synagogues the E N CYCLO

.

PEDIA h as more than 1 00 examples a list o f whic h is ,

given in vol xi p 640 The most noteworthy o f t hese

. . . .

are perhaps at Florence Nuremberg O dessa, Paris

, , , , ,

Rome Stras b ur g and Venice

, , .

1 22
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DI A

Cochin Mayence Niko l sburg Prague Tunis and

, , , , ,

Worms as wel l as the ol d Jewish cemeteries at London

, ,

Newport R I New York an d A msterd am The

,
. .
, , .

Th e Tw o Ak
r s of t h e L aw in t h e Cas t ih an S y nag o g ue a t R om e .

( Fro m a p h o tog rap h) .

sh apes o f the tomb stones (xii 1 94 195) have also .

—

attracted attention a l ist of them being given un d er

,

that caption The curious d evel opment of t he tom b

.

stone from the sarcophagus to the headstone can be

traced by means of t hese i ll ustrations .

124
 I LL US TR A TI ON S

Cerem onial Paraph ernalia

But it is upon the h ome ceremonial t h at the fu ll est

stress h as b een laid in the pictorial i l lustration of J ewis h
li fe The c hief i ll ustrations of t his h ave hitherto bee n
.

in series Of pictures pub lished in th e eighteenth century

b y Christian O b servers of Jewish life li ke Leusden , ,

Picart and Bodenschat z and nearl y every one of their

, ,

illustrations which in t h e case of the fir st and l ast

,

named are ex tremely rare have b een reprod uced in

,

t he EN C Y C L OPEDIA These range from Chi l db irth

.
,

R edemption o f the First b orn Circumcision Betrothal

-
, , ,

and Marriage down to D eath Funeral Burial and , , ,

Mourning .

Besides this indivi dual side of J ewish ceremonial

l ife t he l iturgical or pub lic service lend s itself to re
production in bl ack and white Scenes from t he .

Nint h of Ab t h e D ay of A tonement Hanukkah New

, , ,

Year P as sover and Purim as we l l as t he Sed er service

, , ,

and t he home banquet at Tab ernacles are d uly por

t ray e d . Colored inset plates give a vivid life to the
ceremonies of Marriage an d of Tashlik t h e ceremony ,

by which ultra O rtho d ox Jews cast their sins into the

-

water on t h e second d ay of the New Year T he para .

p h e r n al ia o f home ceremo n ial are numerou s an d very

often artistically b eautiful ; for ex amp l e the Lamp
which celebrates the b eginning of Sabb at h and t he
Habd alah b ox w hich is used in its concluding cere
-

monial P articular attention has b een paid to t he

.

s o urces of light in the Jewish lamp Under the tit l e .

C andlestic k Golden are given a considerabl e number

, ,

of t he earl iest il l ustrations of the can dl estic k of the

Temp l e . Under the titl e Lamp Sabbat h is a repre , ,

1 25
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E D IA

scu tation of the seven b ranc hed candlestick used o n

-

Fri d ay night to usher in the Sab b ath Under Han u k .

kah is represented the nine branched cand l estic k us ed

-

at the feas t he l d in commemoration of the recovery o f

t he Temple b y th e Maccab e ans The Me z u z ah fix ed
.

upon the door post an d the Mi z rah placed on t h e

-

eastern wal l are al so represente d .

Costu m es

O f personal o b jects the P hylactery th e phylactery ,

b ag Fringes an d the A rb a Kanfo t alread y refer red

, ,
‘
,

to are the chief ones represente d The last items may

, .

lead on to costumes of which the ENC Y C L OPEDIA p re

,

sents a ric h assortment Of specimens Besides t h e .

large num b er given in the article itse lf ot her ex amples ,

are scattered through the volumes .

Besi d es t hese illustrations of costume t he artic l e ,

Bad ge gives specimens of the mark of separ ation which

isol ated Jews from their neighb ors t h roughout t he m id
dl e ages whi l e the article Head d ress gives the di fferent
,
-

forms of head covering whic h Jews were obl iged to use

to d istinguish them from men of other creeds The .

curious shape of the Jewis h Betrothal rings d eser ves

mention here .

From costumes to the men who wear them is but a

short step and many of the figures which i l lustrate
,

costume may also b e taken to represent t he varyin g

types of Jewd om This would certainly app l y to t h e
.

Jews of the Caucasus the Beni I srael the Coc h in Jews

,
-
, ,

an d those of Sal onica Turke y Tun is and Yemen A

, , .

sti l l furt her attempt to give the Jewishness of Hebrew

faces is made under the artic l e Types where composit e ,

pictures are given of Jewish l ad s in London and New

1 26
 G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E DIA

York w hose portraits have been superimposed on t h e

same photographic p l ate so that the poin ts in whi c h
they di ffer disappear and t hose which they h ave in ,

common stand out as typical The pictur es o f t h e .

Samaritans and F a l ashas may a l so be regarded as of

anthropolo gi cal interest .

Por traits

From types to individuals is a muc h greater ste p

and l ead s one to the portraits in the ENC Y CLOPEDIA .

“ ”
O f t h ese a list is given un d er P ortraits In the list o f
illustrations at the beginning of each volume In all .

they number 333 of which 68 are those o f persons liv ,

ing at the time their b iographies were written for t h e

ENC Y CL OPEDIA The fol l owing list of the latter may .

b e o f in terest as s howing the m en who for vario us

reasons stan d out most prominently among the J ews
of the d ay (an asterisk d enotes that the person h as
died during the pu b lication of the ENC Y CL OPEDIA )
A b m w it h S J
ra o th J w i h Ch l
sc D ni l R i O i n e e s v so n , a e u ss an r e
C tz fit ;
.
, ,
” '

t
e r va n e s
; s
A dl H m n C hi f bbi f C w
er, er an F d i Hy m n E ng li h e ra o o en , re er c
'
e , s
t h B it i h E m i
,

e r s mp ; re
°
co o se r
n
n co Al n a, It li n hi
e s sa D b g J ph F n h O
o a a s e re n ou r , o se , re c n en
t i or an f lit t ; o t l t; e ra u re a is
* A t k l ki M k R
n o o s i lpt E z ki l J ar p h I di H b i t; u ss a n s cu or * e e o se n an e ra s
A l i G I I t li p h il l g i t ; F d l P h il lip S i G g L d
, , , ,

s co a an o o s eu e -
s, r eo r e, or
I M y fL d ;
, . .
,

A kn i
s az L i h R i
s aa c v ov c u ss a n a or o on on
F l th l B h d G m n
, ,

p i t a n er e se n a e rn ar er a
At El i A i t id F h bbi; Am i bbi th
, ,
* s ru c, e- r s d ;e, re n c ra e r ca n ra an au or
B h W il h l m H g i h l ; K l Em il A t i n n
,

ac er, F m
e un ar a n s c o ar * rz zos , ar us r a u
B y L dw ig G m
, ,

a rn a ut ; tl ; er an a c o r l or
B l D id Am i S mi n G R i n p t;
, ,

e as co , d mav F e r ca n ra a ru e o u ss a oe
L dwig G m th
.
,

ti t s
’
Ful ; a, u er an au or
B dik t M iz A t i G n zb g A h R i n h l ;
,

e ne l or u s r an ne u ro o i er s er , u ss a sc o ar
G l d f d A b h m Y dd i h p t ;
, , ,

g t; is o a en , ra a i s oe
B li Ab h m G m n h i t G l d m k K l H ng V lin
,

er ner , ra a , er a s or o ar , ar , u ari an io
Ia n
; t; Is
Bl m t h l O k
u en G m p l y G l d ih I g n z H g i n O i
a , s ar , er an a o z e r, a , u n ar a r en
w i h t;
r t li t; a s
B ra n G g D i h it i
es, G mp
e or S m l Am i n l b an s cr c o e rs , a ue e r ca a or
B e l Mi h l F h p h il l g i t
, ,

r a c e l d ; re n c o o s ea er
B ll Ig z A t i M it z A t i n bbi ;
, ,

ru namp Giid m us r an co o se r , e an n , or us r a ra
B b Sl m G li i h l ; G u zb g B H
, , ,

u e r, o o on, R a i c an sc o ar n ur a ro n o ra ce , u ss a n
C n t M it z G m n m t h m p h il th
,

a or, or pi t ; er a a e a an ro s
H l e y J p h F n h O i nt li t ;
,

a v , ose , re c r e a s

1 28
 ILL US TR A TI ON S

H am burger J acob . Ge rm an ra bbi; Possar t , E

rns t v o n , e r m an a ct or ; G '

A On * R o t hs chil d B ar on l p h o n se , A
,

H ar l ravy , l be rt , R uss ian en ,

t al is t ; Fre nch fina n cie r ;

* H e zl T h
r
,
L d f p lit i l
eo dor , ea er o o ca R o t hs child , L
o rd N a t h an , ng lis h E
Z m m; io s finan me r ;
I l J p h Du t h p i t ;
srae s , o se c a n er S S
al an t , C
a m u el hie f r a bbi o f t h e
J bi A b h m A m i p hy i A ,
s hk e n a zi m In Je rusal e m ;
,

a co ra a er ca n s
S I
, ,

cl a n
; a m u e l , Hae e m , ndi a n co m m u n al
*K h Z d C hi f bbi f F
a n, a o c, ; e ra o ra n ce w k ; or er
*K y a li g M y G m hi
se r n , e er , er an s S h ff J b H n y Am
c i , a co fie r , e ri ca n
t i or an
°
i d
na n c e r a nil t pi t ; an ro
th l A p
s
Ki mil P h T ki h G
a as d i i ;
a, ur s r an v z er S o n ne n hl f R tht
a A( o I er v o n , us
Li b m n M G m p i t ;
,

e er a ax er an a n er t t
ri a n a c o r
;
L wy M St i h id M it z A t i
,

oe F h t
au ri ce , re n c as r o n e ns c ne er , or us r an
d O
, ,

m ;
o er b bh g p h
i o ra t li t ;
er a n r ie n a s
L mbo C I t li
r os o , l i ni t ;
e sare , a an a e s St O
ra u s , S Am i
s car m e r ca n er
t t i L ig i I t l i
,

h t d dip l m t ;
.

L u z za t t m
u ; a an s a es an c an an o a
S l zb g M y Am i J dg ;
, ,

M an de l s ta m m M ax R uss1 a n e du u e r er , a er , e r ca n u e
Ge
, ,

ca t o r a n d p oe t
; Val a b re e, M ar do ch é e— o rg e s ,
* M o ca t t a F r de ri ck
e D avi d , E ng h s h Fre n c g e ne r al ;
hp il a n thro p is t
‘
vam bé ry , A
r m inius , u ng a ria n H
Neu bau er Adol f Hebral s t and ii t rav e l e r ;
bran an a t O xfo rd ; H
e n ri, F re n ch p h il ol o g is t ;
, ,

W ei]
*O
p p e rt J u l es Fre n ch O r ie n t alis t ;
, W ol S
im o n , A
m e rica n j u ris t , p u b
Guise p p e I t
,
* O t t ol e n li cis t , a n d p h il a n t h ro i s t ;
g h i, alia n g en
I E
,

e ra] ; Za ng w ill , srae l , ng l is n o v e l is t

P
.

e re t z . Isaac Lo b , Yiddis h write r ;

I t s hould perh aps be pointed out in this connection

that t wo or t hree of the portraits are only trad itional ,

an d have little or no claims to authenticity : they are

those of Alfasi Moses Ben Maimon an d I saac Ab ra , ,

vanel P articular attention may be d irected to the

.

series of portraits by the great painter Rem b ran d t in

vol x These are the earliest representations of the
. .

Jewis h face and as their accuracy is und oub ted from

, ,

their resemb lance to types of t he present day they ,

are of interest from an anthropological as well as from

a pictorial point of view .

The frontispiece of the eleventh vo l ume is perh aps

one of t he most interesting il l ustrations of the ENC Y
C L O PE DIA inas muc h as it contains a hithert o un p ub

l ish ed port rait of t he great philosopher Spino z a found ,

in A merica and the authentic ity of which is undoub ted

,
.

I t was presented by some Jewish tenants of C ardina l

“ ”
d e Rohan o f Diamond Neck l ace celebrity after his
1 29
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

arc h iepiscopal palace at Saverne h ad been burned

down and w as originally painted by Wal lerant Vail
,

lant in 1 672 (or probably whi l e wit h the Elector

P alatine who h ad invited Spin o z a to fill t he c h air of
,

p hilosop hy at Heidelberg P ortraits h ave also been

.

given o f t hose G entile scholars wh o h ave devoted most

o f t heir lives t o J ewis h learning as t he Bux t orfs J C, , . .

Wol f Bart ol occi and even the rat her anti Semitic
, ,
-

Sch udt .

A sad series of pictures reproduce t he persecution of

the J ews under the I nquisition and A utos D a Fé and ,

to these may be added Host Desecration .

Book s and M anu scripts

TH E J E WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA h as two main sides : ( 1 )

that relating to J ewis h men and women and (2) t h at ,

relating to Jewish books Al most as muc h care h as

.

been taken in the illustration d epartment o f the EN C Y

CL O PE D I A of its latter aspect as of its former Of t he .

very found ation of J ewish literature the Alp h abet , ,

perhaps the largest extant collection of ex amples h as

been mad e un d er that title Books are in the fir st
,
.

place mad e out of Manuscripts ; and here again under ,

that heading a liberal numb er o f specimens is given

, .

O ther examples occur un d er the headings : A b aba h

Rab b ah ; A quila (P alimpsest) D ecalogue t he earliest ,

manuscript of which containing c urious variatio ns

,

from the Masoretic text d ates from the second century ;

,

Geni z ah t he source of so m any important manuscripts ;

,

Ma hz or ; Moses Ben Maimon holograph draft of t h e ,

” “ ”
Moreh Neb u kim or The Guide of the P erplex ed ;
and Sirach manuscript fragments of the recently dis
,

covered Hebrew text of E cclesiasticus Certain man u .

1 30
 G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

a pedigree of the d i fferent forms of Hebrew type fro m

its first appearance in I taly and Spain in the fiftee nth
century By a fortunate chance the appearan ce o f
.
,

the ENC Y CL OPEDIA coincided with the collection of one

of the most comp l ete sets of Hebraica in t h e world
the Sul zberger col l ection now in the J ewish T h eo ,

l ogical Seminary of New York .

A s a rule the ENC Y CLOPEDIA h as avoided ma ki ng

,

use of anything fanciful or imaginative in elucidating

its topics ; but it was thought right to reco gni z e the
rise of a specifically J ewish art of recent years ; and
a few specimens of the pro d ucts of J ewis h artists h ave
been given as for instance the sculptures of A ntokol
, ,

ski the well known Jeremiah of Bendem ann t h e

,
-
,
”
Chess P layers of Kaufman n and Horowit z s Ninth ,
’

of Ab . Connected with these are the spec ifical ly

Jewish book p l ates of Lilien
-
.

The i ll ustrations of a misce l laneous k ind are perh aps

the most interesting in the EN C Y C L OPEDIA The pic .

ture one cannot call it a portrait of Susskind of

— —

Trimb erg the Jewish minnesinger is one o f the earlies t

, ,

extant portrayals of a Jew whi l e that given under ,

A aron Son of the D evil is perhaps the earliest carica

, ,
“ ”
ture The Rothschi ld Stammhaus is historic in
.

many senses ; an d the found ation stone of the proposed -

city of A rarat is the sole record of one of t h e earliest

attempts at Zionism The portrait of Lord G eorge
.

Gordon after his conversion to J ud aism can only b e

regard ed as a curiosity .

O ne of the most el ab orate l y illustrated art icles in

the ENC Y CL O PEDIA is that d evoted to Coat of Arms ,

in which twenty nine armorial b earings are given

-
.

The frontispiece of vo l ume iv al so cons is ts of nin e .

1 32
 I LL US TR A TION S

coats of arms reproduce d in colors A few others are .

scattere d through the vol umes as , for instan ce un d er , ,

Abravanel Jaffe an d Lewis A whol e list o f Jewish

, , .

nob ility is dr awn up in this manual of Jewish heral dry .

T o bias C o he n .

( F om th fr ontisp iece to h is M a asc h To b iyyah ,

‘
r e

The preparation of Maz z ot or P assover cakes is

paral l eled by t he large plate illustrating P urim cere
monies (x 280
. and this again b y the Se der
ceremonies of 1 550 The practise of Shehitah would
.

perhaps go si d e b y si d e with the representation of the

1 33
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA

ceremony of Kapparah of 1 530 A whole series o f .

il l ustrations has been taken from the Sarajevo Hagg a

d ah to illustrate the l ives of the patriarchs (see A br a
ham and Moses) Final l y a few illustrations of Games
.

( inclu d in g a f ull pag e o f chess players ) P urim Pl ays -

, ,

and A mulets are given to illustrate the li ghter si de o f

Jewish l i fe .

T hus the illustrations of TH E J E WI S H EN C Y C L O PEDIA

t hrow li ght upon J ewish archeology historical sites , ,

maps and plan s coins an d me d al s portraits and cari

, ,

cat ure s o f J ewish celebrities J ewish ceremonial s syna , ,

g go u e s and cemeteries manuscripts and, boo k s an d ,

anthropological types .

STATISTICS OF INTERE ST

I n the pro d uction of TH E JE WI S H ENC Y CL OPEDIA no ,

l ess than general articles were written which ,

treate d more than sub sidiary subj ects To .

d o this ab out
,
word s were penned of wh ich ,

were foun d acceptable and approved To .

furnish this vast amount of matter about ,

separate works were consulted exclud ing the Bi bl ical , ,

Talmudic an d A pocrypha] b ooks and their subdiv i

,

s ions The rate at which the volumes were prod uce d

.

w as nearl y four vo l umes a year eleven volumes having ,

b een iss ue d b etween Feb 1 902 and Dec 29 1 905 .

,
.
,
.

E ach vo l ume exceed s 700 pages in b ul k so that ,

pages of type were se t ; and these were read in galley

proof page proof and p l ate proof for corrections by
,
-
,
-
, ,

more than fifty p ersons .

The composition of the EN C Y CL OPEDIA was done by

typesetting machines whose operators p l ayed as many
,

as ems per d ay quite a not abl e feat when t h e

—
,

1 34
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DIA

CONCLUSION

I t may fairly be claimed for TH E J E WI SH E N CYCLO

PEDIA that it is the greatest work o f co nstru ctiv e
scholarship not dealing with purely A merican sub ject s
that has hitherto been pro d uced in A merica A mon g .

cyclo ped ias its chief competitors are McClint ock

“
Strong s Cyclope dia of Bib l ical Theological and E c
’
, ,

cl e siastical Literat ure (which occupie d twenty yea rs

“ ”
in the making) an d The A merican E ncycloped ia ,

each of which had pre d ecessors in its particular

field TH E JE W I SH EN C Y C L O PEDIA had no such prede
.

ce ssors was compiled in five years

, an d it is in t h e
,

strict sense of the word original from A to Z A t t h e .

same time it must b e al l owed that only in A meric a

could such a work have b een produced O nly in t h at .

country was there a Jewish population sufficiently

l arge an d well to d o to promise a favorable field for
— -

such an un d ertaking an d on l y there could a reception

,

without prej ud ice b e expecte d for a work deal in g

entirel y with Jewi sh matters I t seems pecu l iarly .

appropriate that a Chri stian firm should be t he means

b y which thi s great reparation shoul d be mad e f or
the i ll s d on e b y many so cal led Christians of the pas t
-

to the happiness an d fair fame of I srael Great care .

has b een taken to presen t Bi bl e sub j ects o b jectively ,

an d in such as there is a d iversity of opinion representa

t iv es of the d i ffere n t schoo l s of thought were en g ag ed

to contri b ute artic l es presenti n g these opinions A ll .

ad vocacy and special p l ead ing were exc l ud ed from t h e

work which h as b een d ec l ared b y comp etent authority
,

free from co l or or b ias .

I t is o b vious from the foregoing account that TH E

1 36
 CON CL U S I ON

J E W I SH EN C YC L OPEDIA is a l ittl e world in itself dealing ,

with t he history of a people which h as touc hed t he

great world in almost al l its aspects The great value .

of the ENC Y CL OPEDIA consists in diSpl aying this inter

action of the small world of J ewry and t he world at
large The section o f Biography in this intro d uction
.

gives in main outline the large contributions by J ews

to t he world s thought ; and comp l eter study of the
’

EN CYC L OPEDIA will only serve to deepen the impres

sion A nother aspect o f the work whic h cannot fail
.
,

to h ave a wide spread influence is its systematic

-
,

exp l anation of the indebtedness of Chr istianity to

Judaism TH E JE WI SH ENC Y C L OPEDIA as h as been
.
,

shown traces the main tenets o f b oth C hris tianity

,

and I s l am to J ewish doctrines and t h us proves ,

that J udaism is at the base of all mo d ern civili z a

tion .

Th e historic si d e o f t he EN CY CL OPEDIA may also be

expected to work toward a revolution of the world s ’

attitud e with regard to the J ews The annal s of I srael.

are one long series of persecutions and these when , ,

b rough t before the world in the pages of the EN C Y

C LO P E D I A ought to arouse a sense o f sh ame and in
,

d ignation among the descendants of t h ose wh o were

responsi bl e for suc h crimes A mong J ews t he eff ect
.

of t hes e narratives will be twofo ld : while proud of

the martyrs blood they will feel d rawn closer to those
’
,

s till su ff ering from persecution I n te ll ing the story

.

of t hese persecutions the aim has been to state nothing

b ut the bare historic facts without comment and that ,

the eff ort h as been successful is atteste d by the nu

m erou s critical reviews that have appeared in b oth secu
l ar and clerical press The key note of these reviews
.
-

1 37
 G UI DE TO j E WI S H E N C YC LOP E DI A

is the absolute impart iality of TH E J E WI SH E N CYCL O

PEDIA in its treatment of all matters o f thi s kind .

T he full account of Jewis h ceremonial and t h e i ll u s

t r at ions of Jewish sacred objects h armoni z es wit h the
general movement of the worl d toward a more ritu al
ist ic aspect of religion .I t has bee n found that form s
an d ceremonies are b y no means so idle as ration ali s ts
regard them ; an d in the revival of Jewish ceremoni al
ism THE J E WI SH EN CYC L OPEDIA will have its part .

There so full an account is given o f all the ceremoni es

and customs that even those who are remote from
rab bi or other authority can fin d the Law laid down
for t hem in the volumes O n the other h an d those
.
,

who h ave memories o f the past though they no longer

, .

o b serve the ceremonies wi l l have them tenderly re

,

v iv ed by the accoun ts and il l ustrations partic ularly,

the musical ones which are given in t he work T h e

, .

i ll ustrations of the EN C Y C L OPEDIA are likely to prove

one of its most popular features Nothing appeals .

to the youthful min d so much as visible presentation ;

and in this way it may b e anticipated that interes t

wil l be aroused among growing chi l dren in al l Si des o f

Jewish l ife an d thought .

Ab ove al l TH E JE WI SH EN C Y CL OPED I A will eff ect its

chief work in the form in which it was d esigned as a —

work of reference both within an d without t he ran k s

of I srael I gnorance is the mother o f prej ud ice an d
.

persecution ; an d it is b y the removal of i gnorance t h at

prej udice can b est be softened and removed Suc h a .

process though necessari l y slow and cumulative is

, ,

none the less effectual Hitherto there h as been no

.

source to which reference could b e made by well

m e aning Genti l es who wi shed to know somet h ing of
1 38
 IN D E X TO M A IN A R T IC L E S

(ill . in dica t e s t h a t t h e t o pic is il l u st ra t e d ; p ort . t h at

p or t ra it is g ive n ) .

s o m ncr
A cce n t s
A
.

ccid e n t
A
.

ccu sa t o ry an d In
u is it ori al P ro ce
A n B ny
aro ar e u re i 1 63
A n S n f th Achbo r
, . .

aro o o e
D n ] ( ll
e
,
i A t cos a ,l ri e 1 1 6 7- 1 68
A nb n
.
1
.

d m il l
.

a ro h th e a e a i 1 73 1 79
-

y ung { fi Ad m
. .

n ( at
‘

Ad m l m (ill ;
o er , o 1 00 a a o 1 . 1 8 1 - 1 83
i 9 —1 0 a a o on
L vi f B Ad m H nn h
. .

A n h
a ro a- e o ar a s a a 1 184
Addi H an )
. .

l n
ce o a i 1 5- 1 6 t u 1 1 8 6 - 1 88
A n f Li l all )
. . .

ar o o n co n i 1 6—1 7 Ad b 1a e ne 1 1 9 1 - 1 92
A n W m Adl H m ( p t )
. . .

a ro or s
1 2 1 22
-
er, er a nn ar 95 - 1 96
A b N nt h D y f (ill Adl S m l
.
,
1 a o
1 23- 25 er , a ue 1. 1 99
A b Fift n t h D y f A dm i i n i v
. .
, 1

ee a o 1 25 26
-
ss o s n
Lb y
.
,

A b b n el
ar a i rar d e n ce 1 1 99—200
A
.

i 27 1
A A
. .

1 28 1
A bb A k A
. .
1

a r1 a 1 29 — 30 i 208 2 1 1
-

Abb M i f L n l Ad i p l
. . .

a ar o u e 1. 33 34
-
r an o e 1 213 215-

A bb i t i n Ad l t y
. .

re v a o s 1. 39 —4 3 u er 1 2 1 6 2 18
-

Abd ti Vite r bo
.

uc on i 46—4 7 IE g idiu s of 1 219

Ab l d P t IE S O p S F a bl e s
. .

’
e ar e e r. i 51 1 22 1 2 22
-

Ab t m t Afe n do p o l o C al e b
. . .
,

e en 1. 55 ,
1 . 222 233-

Ab i M lk n
nu a e u. i 65 A fiko m e n 1 224
Af
.

A bl ti n
.

u o 1 68 7 1
-
ri ca 1 224 228
-

Ah h
. . .

oa 1 72 75
-
1 230 — 231
A b mi n t i n
. .

o a o 1 80 i 232 233-

A b h m ill )
. . .

ra a 1 3
8 91-
1 233 235-

King
. .

b h m
.

ra an d er ar i 99- 1 00 1. 235
Ab h m ib D d
. .
,

ra a n au i 1 0 1 1 03
-
1 237 238
-

A b h m b D id
. . .

ra a en av 238 239
-

i 1 03 1 05
-
o nie s
A
.

i l fB - l 1 0 i 24 1 26 2
-

Ab h m b
. .

ra a en 1 26 2- 2 70
N b
.

ar o n ne i 1 1 1- 1 12
Ab h m Ab
. .

ra a so n , ra i . 2 74
i 1 23 1 24
-
1 .

Sol o
.

A b ram ow it sch , 1 . 275—276

m o n J aco b i 1 25 - 1 2 6 1 . 28 1
A
. .

brav anel 1 . 1 26 1 29
-
1 . 28 3- 28 4
A b rax as ( il l 1 1 29 - 1 30 1 28 7 290
-

H
.

Ab
.

i er m a n n
.

ro ti on 1 31 1 33
-
Ah l w ardt , 1
A
.

hriman
.

Ab t a o n i 1 36 1 294 29 7
-

A
.

kiba b e n J h (ill )
. .

Abu . i
. 1 37 os e p .
1 . 304—31 0
A b u l a fia i 1 4 1 - 1 44 Ak lru m 31 2
‘
1
A
.

A l abam a
. .

cade mies i . 1 45— 1 48 . i . 31 4 -

31 5

141
Al abarch I N DE X

SU BJ E C T S U BJ E CT
Al a barch A
Al t S m l
a ri , a ue A
Al b t M g
e r us a nus A
Al b J p h A
.

o, o se
Al h m
.

c e
Al
‘
enu A nima l W o rs hip
Al x n
e th
( i ll )
a
.

Al tiit n de r I II , an d
er e Grea t A
mgg
A y non
t l
i

m ou s
ls

o r ks
of

W
th e Bi bl e

f A y
.

ll n t hr o p o l o g
A A
.

n t ro p o m o rp hi s m
.

h
1

l e x an de r o f A p h ro .

di S i as A n t 1ch ris t
A H
l e x a n de r o f al e s
.

An t 1 n o mi am sm
Al e x an de r J a n nw n s
.

A n t 1o ch u s
S
.

An t1- e m i ti s m
Al x d B h p M
e an er,
1

is o i A nti l av er
-
S e ve y M
h l
c ae s m ent
Al x d i (il l ) ar k (ill ) M
.

e an r a A n t o k ol s ki
Al x d i Phil A t i
. .

e an r an oso n on a
A t i i th
n o n nus n e
A] m ( p t
a ar m d u
Al f Pt
o ns i , e ru s A t w p (i ll
n er
Al f i T bl
o ns n e a es. Ap es
Al g i er a Ap i on
A l bar i zi , J u dah
-
A p l yp e
o ca s
A p l yp t L t
.

Al He tj i l l )
‘
o ca ic i e ra
A Aq i
.

l ie na t i o n an d c u
t
S i i on Ap yp h ocr 30
a
Ali A p l l ni
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ens o o us
A l im y Ap l g t
. .

on o o is s
Al iy h Ap p l xy
. .

‘
a o e
Al l g i l I t p t Ap t y
. .

e o r ca n er re a o s as
d A p tl
.

t i on A p tl an e
eip
s e os
Al l i
.

I
a n ce el it U i s ra e n s l
v e rsell e Ap t le Ap t li
os o os o
Al l it t i
,

e ra on Ap t m os o us
Al m m (i l l ) Ap p l
.

e ar e
F m ly Ap p r b t
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Al na q ua a i o a i on
Al f ia nd Om g a e a Ap h u
p
a
ll1. A q 1l (ill
u a
Al p h t Aq n T m
.

a e ui as , o as
Al y D d
ro a vi A b ra ia
Al A bi Nigh t
,

s a ce ra an s
Al t (ill ) A bi J w h P h l
.
1
ar ra c- e is i os
Al t O f
.

en oby
A gi
-

Al t on a ra Lit t c e ra u re of
Al t h l F m il y
sc u a Je w s
Am d d l R i
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a or e os
Am h A z
‘
a- re
Amb A m i L g ag
.

St
ro s e , ra a c an u e
Am A t M t ( ll
.

en r ara ou n i
A m i ( il l ) A t ty f
.
,

e r ca ra r a a Ci o ef
Am i D
.
,

e r ca ,
y f i s co v e r o u
g e
Am i J d i m
e r ca , u a s in Ab K ft
r a
‘
an o
Am t d m N th A h l g y B bli l
.

s er a e er rc eo o i ca
d (i l l ) Ai im
,

l an s r an s
A m l t (il l ) A i t L tt f
. . .

u e r s e as , e er o
A b D id A i t tl
.

nan en av r s o e
A th m C
. .

A
na
A w F m il y
ne
e
a
a
kiu ;
r th on e ove ant

A t W hip
n ce s o r o rs Ar of L a w (i l l th e
A
. .

’
n co n a , Al d d e ss a n ro a nd
f r ontis p iece l o

(p t ) or vol i
A d
. .

n re a s A rk o f o a b
A gl M ( p t ):
.

n e , o se s or A r m il u s

1 42
 I N DE X

s u m me r m me r su VOL PAG E
B arit Ja co b
.

, B e r dy ch e v (ill ) 51
sa p ha t
.

B ar l aa m and B e rech i eh be n Na
B arna cl e- oo se G ” t r o nai
B arna t o , B arne t t Bere k , J osel o v1 ch
1

I saacs . B ere m ce
B a rna y , L u dwig ( p or t 54 1 B e rerah
D L
.

g
e vi
-
B a rice, anie l B e res i t R b bah
a 544 54 5 efl g o nas
i
-
e er

fiS
.

B art ol o cci , r i il l )
( p ort ii 54 7 54 8
-
e rli n ( o n re ss
g
Baru ch Ap o cal y p se o f I
. .

e rl n , sai ah
.

54 9— 55 6 1
B aru ch Y av an S
.
,

5 63 e rk n , a ul
B aru k S h e A m e r C
.
1
- ” 5 64 B e rn a rd of lai r vau x
B asan A braha m H e z B e rna ys I
.

(p , saac ort )
Ja b
,

e kia h 565 er n y a s, co
B ase l C on g ress (i l l M h el
.

ii 568 570-
er n y a s, ic a
B ase l P r og ra m (i ll n h rdt S
. .

57 5 72
0-
er h
a ar a
B as il ea Fa mil y
.
,

5 76 578
—
e r ns t e i n , Aaro n
B as n ag e Jaco b C ( Port )
I gn
.
,

a 579 - 58 2 e rn s te i n , a
Mi
.

ll 58 3 58 4
—
e rr c he l
he dski
.

588 5 92
-
e rs .

ll 5 93 5 9 4
-
B e ru ri a h
B e s chre i e n
.

602—606
B eard ( ill 61 1 — 61 5 B es s ar a bia
Be ck K arl
. .

622 B e t Din
H
.
,

B ee l z e bu b
.

11 6 29 Be t i l l el an d Be t
S h mm
.

Be e r B e n j a m in (ill 631
.

ii a ai
B ee r F a m il y B t h Mid
. 0 0 0

h
. 0 0 0 0 0
, 0

ii . 633 6 36
-
e a- ras
B ee r s h e ba (il l B e t h e ] (il l )
.

-
ii 637 -

B e gg in a n d B egg a B e t ro t h al (ill )
. . .

ii 639 6 40
—

B e t t e l he i m F a m i l y
. . 0 0 0 0 0 0

B e 1 t , A fre d i1 648 - 6 4 9
D B e t t i ng
.

Be l as co , a vid ( p ort ii 65 6 5 3
2 -

Bel g iu m B evis Marks S m

. .

” ii 653— 6 5 7
Be l m o n t Fa m il y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

ii 663—665 og ue
M C
.

eir
1

Be n ii 6 77 Bi l e an on
Edit i
.

B e n Te m ali o n ii 68 1 Bibl e o ns
E Ex g i
.

B e n de m a n n , dw ar d B ibl e e es s
J F ( p ort a nd
. . . Bibl e Ex g e e si s , Mo
fr on ti sp iece l o vol
B ib1 M
.

iii ”) e a nu s crip t s
B e ne dict , S ir Ju l iu s n
a )
B bl T
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

( p ort ) i l t
e ra ns a i o n s
B e ne di ct io ns B 1b l i o g r a p h y
B e ne dik t M o riz
.

, B 1 b l 1o m a n cy
Bibl i o t h eque N a t io n
al e , a ri s P
B ie de rm a nn , Mi c ae l h
Th eo dor L ( ort )
p
.

B 1e n , u liu s
B e ni I srael (i ll
-
B i n di ng ( i l l ) Il l 21 4
B e n j aco b I saa c B indin g a nd Lo osm g
. . .

21 5
J u dah My
, .

Ben am i n , B1n e er 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 6
lip ( p or t Bi r s 2 1 7— 2 1 9
B e n j a min be n o se s M Birt h , N e w 220 22 1
-

N a h a w e n di B irt h da y 22 1 - 22 2
B e n j a m in o f u de l a T B irt h s l
il
a t ha n N
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B e n m o h el , in 229 230
-

L z
.

a ar u s iii 37 Biu ris t s 232 233

-

B e nn e t t S D
.

ol o m on ” iii 37 B l ack e a t h ( ma p ) 233 236

-

B e n v e ni s t e F a m il y y
.
,

iii 38 —4 1 Bl e m is h 111 24 1
C
. . .

B e n v e n is t e dc Po r t a iii 42 l e s s1n g a n d u rs ing iii

B eq u e st P y
. . .

iii 42— 4 5 l e ss i n g , rie s t l 244- 24 7

B e ra b
. .

B lin d
.

1ii 4 5—4 7 1 11 . 248 24 9

-

B e racha h H
. .

, th e e ro 47 Blin d-C o he n 24 9

1 44
 SU BJ E CT vo n PA G E s u m me r
B u rial (ill
.

I van S ( p ort ) i ii 250 - 25 2

B l och M
. .

B u rnin B us h (il l
.
.

o rit z iii 2 56
gfl
. .

B lo od A
.
.
'

ccusa tio n iii 260 — 26 7 e ring ”

I id
.

B u sh s o r
.

$3
iii . ,

B u s h So l o m o n
,

B us nas h . N a p h ta li
2 75 B u x t o rf . J o ha nnes , I .

2 75 ( p ort
B ux t o rf, J o han nes , II
.

y
.

28 1 283
—
B el os t o k (i ll
y
B zant ine m p ire E
.

iii 28 285
4 —

28 6 —29 1
ii i 29 2 296
-

299 300
-

ii i . 305
iii . 31 0 — 31 2

iii . 3 7 320
1 —

i ii . 320
L u d wig
iii . 323 325-

iii . 32 6 327
—

B o rr owe r iii 32 7
C
.

B os t a na i iii 330 331

—
a m e! ( ill
C
. . .

iii 332 339—

a n ada
C
.

iii 339 34 0
—
a n ce r“
C
.

iii 34 0 — 34 1 a n dl e s t ic k ( il l
C b u ry
.

Eng l d
.

iii . 34 1 343
—
a n te r an
B
,

iii . 346 ( il l .

B iii . 34 7 C an t io n ( il l )
B
.

iii 35 1 35 2 ms
.

g
an to n
—
.

B
.

iii 358
B of C
11 1 . 36 1 363
-

B iii 363 365

—

B ré al , Mi h c el J . A .

( p or t. ii
i . 365 — 366
B re as t p a t e ( il l . ii i . 36 6 —
36 7
B re it ha u p t , Jo hn F .

iii. 369—370
B iii .

B iii . 379 38 1
—

B iii . 38 1
B ride 38 1 38 2
-

B rideg roo m of th e
L aw (il l . 38 2
Bris t o l (il l i ii 38 7 388
—

B ritis h Mus e u ui,

.

ii i . 38 8 39 1
—

B ro ke rs iii . 395 — 396

B iii . 397 398
—

B iii . 398
B iii . 40 1
B 402 Oc ta l
B 40 2 4 03
—
Ca i ns .

B
B —4 10
209
ii i .

B 4 1 6 - 420 Cd e ar
Cm y ( il l
g
iii . 42 1 e e t e ry . .

B iii 4 22—4 23 C e n so rs h i (il

Ch j
.

B iii . 425 — 4 27 a as . bi Hi rs ch
B 43 0 —431
( p ort .

145
Ch am berlain INDE X

S U BJ E C T VO L . PAG E S U BJ E CT VOL PA GE
iv 21 1
C
.

3
13
o nfessio n o f S in (ill ) iv
. .
—2 1
9

—
22 1 22 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 224— 22 6
226
229 —230

Co nvu s io n .

C o rcos Famil y ( pedi

C
C o ro na t io n Ch air
C osm o o ny
Cossa c Up rising
( ma p )
C ost a , De . Fa m il y
Clean d an U n cl ean ( p edi gr ee
Animal C os t u m e
lF
s
Cl m t
e e n i na C o u n ci l 0 ou r L
a n ds
Cl l d 0
e ve a n (i l l )
C
. .
.

Clima tio n o u rl a n d
C ou r t Je ws
C o v e na n t .
C ow e n , F H ( port )
C
. . .

ra co w
C ra dl e S o ng s .
C ra nio m e t r
C y
.

rea t io n (il
C re m a t i o n .
cr I
i fi pfié ( p
u u saac
ort. )
Cresca s . H dias a .

C reaq ues l J h
o u eu
Ce W d
.

r sso n . ar e r.
C m ri ea .

C r o wn
C l d ilL)
o o ra o . C ro w n of the Law
C mm
o m t an en
C m m ndm nt Th
o a e s. e, C
613 C ru e l t y
C mm
o e r ce Cru e l t t o nim al s A
C m m it y O g iz
o un r an a Cru es
t ion Cu p
C d
o n co r a nce Cu ra
ca o
C dit i
on o ns Cu rt ai n ( il l )
C gl i F mil y C
.

o ne ano a . us t o m .

1 46
E m den IN DE X

s u m me r VOL PAG E IKHHE C T VOL . paoa

E m de n Ja co b ( il l Fe rrara (ill )
.

v 14 9— 1 5 2 365 — 373
E P
m in as ha ( p ort V Fe rre r Vice n te
. .
, .

15 2 —
1 53 , 373
Fes tiv al s
. .

E n Ke l o h e n u ( il l 1 54 1 55
-
374 — 377
E y Fe t t m il ch Vincent
.

n c cl o pe dia 1 56 1 5 7
-

E
,

n ding e n ( i l l 1 5 7 1 58
-
( il l 378 - 379
E V Fez ( ill )Z:
.

ng l a n d ( il l 1 6 1 1 74
-
380- 38 1
E Filip o ws ki, i rs ch ” H
. . .

n g rav in g an d Eu
1 75 1 7 7
-
Fina n ce “ 38 3 38 4
—

E y Ad l p h P d
n ne r o e
‘
1 77 Finde r of Prope r t y 385 386
—

E h B k f Fin es an d Forfeitu re
.
, .

no c oo s o 1 79— 1 8 2 38 6 38 7
—

F m il y Fing e r
.
, .

E iqnr uez a 1 83 1 8 4
-
38 7
Ep t i F mil yy( p di
s e n a e Finzi Fa mil y . 38 9 —390
fl 1 95 1 98
-
Fire 39 1 393
-

E ra fi 1 98 1 99
-
Firk ovich , bra h a m A
E b
‘
ru fi ( p or t 393- 394
E h t l gy Firs t -B o rn, R e de m p
.

sc a o o . fi 209 - 2 1 8
E sse n es fl 224- 232 t io n o f ( i ll fl 396 3
—
98
E t h ( il l d Firs t- Fru it s
.

s er an fr on fl 398 —400
V Fis che r o rit z v o n M
.

ti p i t s l ece o vo v 232 237

-
fl 40 1
Et hi l C l t Fis cu s l u daicus (il l
. . . .

ca u ure , So fl
Fis h an d Fish in ill
.

cie t y fo r 244 245

—
403 4 5 1
-

g
fl
E t hics Fl es h
.

2 45 — 2 58 409- 4 1 0
Etiq t t ue e 2 5 9 — 26 1 Fl oo d 41 0 4 15
—

Et g (il l Fl o re nce ( il l
.

ro 26 1 2 6 2
-
4 1 6- 4 1 9
Et t i g F m il y Fl o u r (ill
. .

n a 262 263
-

Et t i 1 F mil y Fol k ore L

. .

n 263 264
-

li5
1 8? a -

M
Fol k- e dicine
.

E uc 265 42 6 4 2 7
—

F ol k- o ng sS
.

E p h mi m
u e s 26 7 268
-

E p (m p ) F o l k- al esT
.

ur o e a 26 9 2 74
-

E Sm l F o nse ca Fa mil y
.

v a ns , a ue 2 74 2 75
—
M O
f H l id y
.

E ve o o a s 2 76 2 77
-
F oo t 430 —4 33
2 7 7 28 0
-
Fo res t 433 434
—
—2
28 0 8 1 Forg iv e ness 434 435
—

Ex h q c f the ue r o e F o rt y 438 —439

J w (il l
e s V 28 4 —
28 5 F ran ce ( ma p and il l 44 2 —47 0
Ex m m i t i V Fra n ck A dol p he
. . .

co u n ca on” 28 5 28 7
-

Exil h V
.
,

ar c 288 293
-
( p or t 4 72 —4 73
Ex d (i ll ) V Fam il y
. .

o us 296 305
-
ra n co 4 74
Ex i m F ra n k Jaco b ( p lirt
. .

o rc s 305 306
-
4 75 - 4 78
f Lif ra n k e l F a m il y ( p edi
, .

t ti 306 31 8
g g h t J th
—
ec a on o e . .

esc u z, ona an gree ) 479

308 31 0
-
F ra n kel , Z ac harias
E ye 31 0 31 3
-
( p ort )
Ez kiel ( il l Fra nkfo r t
.

31 3 31 6 on- t h e
- -
e
Ez e kie l M ose s ( i l l M
.

31 9 320
—
ain (il l 48 4 - 4 9 2
L
. .
,

Fr an k s , u dwig Au
g us t 495—496
F ran ks Fam il
M ) —
49 7 4 98
Fal as has ( i ll ) 32 7— 330 Fra n z os , Kar
y
.

a l k , Ha y im 331 498 4 99
-

Fall o f M a n 333 335

-
499 — 500
Fa m ilia n t e n e se t z G 335 336
-
F ra u d
y Ch i
O O O O

Frau e ns t adt
O O O O O

F an o Fa mil
. O O O O

34 1 — 342 r s
S t ia n M J
,

F ara j be n al im
.

342 343
-
50 1 —50 2
rau e n t ha l M
.

F a ro 346
F as t in g an d Fas t F re de r ick II th e
D y V
.

a s 34 7 349
-
g re a t (i l l
Free m aso n ry
. .

Fa t v. 349— 35 1
a u de l - P hil lip s, S ir F ree W ill
G eo rg e ( p ort ) V 352 Fr e u n d W il hel m 0
5 9 510
-

V Frie de n w al d Fa mil y
. .

Fea r
.
,

35 4 35 5
-
51 3
F r ie dl an de r D avid
. .

355 35 7
-

Fee t W as hin
,

oi 35 7 515
F elix Elisa
.

h
.
,

c el g 52 1 - 5 22
V Ch
,

. 360 Fro h m an , arl es .

1 48
 IN DE X

s u m me r vo n p ac e su m me r
Ful da Lu dw ig ( p ort ) S
.

, v 5 2 7 5 28
—
G ol ds m it hs and il v er
hs
.

Fu n e ral Ora t i o n an d s m it
Ign
.

5 29 530 -
Go l dzih e r , az
urn it u re , H o u se hold 531 533-
( p ort )
fi rs t , ul i us J 3
53 534
-
G l m
o e
Fiir t h ( il l ) 536 538
—
G m lB n h n
o e e s e
G m z F mil y ( p edi
. .

o e a

G g ) r ee
G mpo S mu l e rs , a e
G bb i F mil y
a a a 538 540-
(p t ) or
G bil G mp tz L m
.

a r e 540- 5 43 o er e s
G l n t F mil y G d L d G g
.
,

a a e a ( p edi or on , or eo r e
.

5 4 7 5 48
—
(p t ) or g
G d L n (p t
.

G 5 9 5 53
4 —
or on, eo or g
G ng O
.

Galil ee 5 53 5 54
—
ori x e
Ga m al iel Go t t l e be r Ab h ra am
B ae r
,

Ga m bh ng
.

563 s
G m Mi h l a
.

a es 564 565
— G o u dch a ux c e
G n Davi d
a s, v . 5 65 5 66
-
Go u ds m i t , l l Em
. oe an
G n Ed u u el
.

a s, ar v 566 567
—
s
G n G
.

ao 56 7 5 72
-
ov e r n m e n t s
5 73 G ra ce , Di i v ne a
G te
a 5 74 5 75 -
G ra c
e t M a ea s
l
l
g
G t gn F m l y Fam il y ( p edi
.

a i o a i 5 75 5 76
—
Gra dis
G h nna
.

2
58 58 4 g ree )
—
e e v
G g Ab h m Hei nr i ch
.

Grae t z
.

ei e r, ra a ,

(p t ) or 58 58 7
4 —
( p or t )
G g L z u G H
.

ei er , a ar s 58 7 -
588 ra m m a r , e brew
Gm t
e a ri a . 58 9 5 92
—
Gra t z Fa m il y ( p edi
Gme s. 5 9 3 -
596 ar se )
G n at n L g t h G k L ng u g
.

e er io en o f. v 5 99 ree a a e
G n ( il l )
,

G ti g F m
.

e e si s . v . 5 9 9 -6 1 1 ree n s, or s of
G m h
e za 61 2 -
613 G dnro o
G t il
en e 6 1 5- 6 26 G v ro es
G g
eo r i a 62 7 6 29
-
G w th
ro
G m y
er an 631 —6 35 G ar di
u a
G dia d W
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ge ro nl a 635 —637 ua r n an ar d
Ge rs t oe L e w is 64 1 Gu as t ali a nrico E
My
, , .

Ges e ni us 643 Cu n h e im ,
‘
e er
Ge t —
646 64 7 Gui au m s o f Au
Ge u ll a
‘

h v e rg ne
Gha zal i 649 650—
G unzbu rg Fam i l y
N th
Gh a z z a t i, a an (ill ). 650 —6 5 2 ( p edig ree )
Gh tt e o —
65 2 655
Gi n t
a s v 6 —
65 65 9
Gib l t
.

ra ar
Gi k a t il l a , J ose p h 666 -

Gi l y o nim —6 69 H bdal ah ( ill )

a
G A
in zbe rg , s he r ( p ort ) Ha ber
.

670 671
—

Gir t h a bi b J aco b i b n
.

67 1 - 6 72
G a d G a ya
,

l as s (i ll )
G t m
. 67 7 d
n os i ci s 68 1 — 68 6 ada d ( i ll ) .

G d
o vi 1 15
—
H
G df t h W
.

Hafl kin e al de m ar
'

o a vi er 16
G dli es MW
.
,

o n vi s 1 7 18
—

G el H
.

f tar ah
.

vi
‘
o 18 1 9
-
a
G ld n R l
.

o e vi u e 2 1 22
-
Hag ga da h (i ll )
G l df d n
.

Hagiog ra p her
.

o a evi 23
G l dm k K l
. .

o t ) vi
ar ar ar 24— 25 Hai Gao n
G l d h m dt
.
,
. .

o sc v in i , Haidam ack s
V) 26—2 7 Hair
G
. .

Hak k a fo t (ill )
A H
0 0 0 0

h
. 0 0 0

( t)
aro n vi or 27 al al a
G l d mi d Fm il y ( p edi H be rs t a m S
. . .

o s a al , olo m on
v i. 28 32 ( pmt )
— -
.
Hal é vy I N DE X

VOL PAG E s um t e r v o r. FA Q E

M d .

H arl a n d
H
.

arp (ill
Fa mil y
.

H ar t F
H
.

ar t , E rnes t .

Vi .

Vi .

t in g
H ar t o
g Ed o uar d de
A
. . . Vi .

H Y u g us t
, . .

V1
as da i , Ab u us uf
Hi h C
.
,

l ara de ( p ort ))Vi

H
. .

rsc
aside ans
Hi rs ch Fu n d B aron
, .

H
,

de
k l
as a a h .
.

H a t ra ah
‘

H a t t a ra t Hora ah
‘

(i ll ) .

H aw kers an d P e dl e rs
( i ll .

H ays Famil y ( p edi

H o m il e ti cs .

H e b rew Lang uag e .

H o rs e
H or t i cul t ur e
H o sa n n a

H
H
H
Hell er , Yo m -Tob . V1 . H ug h o f Lincol n
1 50
Jewish I N DE X

( “HQ E C T VO L PAG E (H HN E C T
Ju das M acca beu s
.

Ju de nhu t
.

18 3 1 8 4
-

185 Ju de ns chule
1 8 9 1 90
—
J u de ns t a t t i k e it
J oa chim J ose p h , . 1 90— 1 9 1 J ud
g m e nt , iv in e .

J ob 1 93 200
-
J u di s ch h e it
T
J o b , e s ta m e nt o f V ii 200 —2 02 J u d it h B oo k o f.
W
. ,

J ob , ell o f (i l l v ii 202 203

— J u m o r Rig h t
J oel , B oo k o f Juri s di ction
. .

V ii 204— 208
J o ha n a n b N J us a s aka G
. .

u ri 2 13
Z Ju s t i nia n
.

Jo h an an b e n akkai
Jus tis D r
.

(il l ) 2] 4 21 7
-
, .

J o han nes bu rg
.

Vi i 217
John t h e Ba p t is t
.

v ii 2 18 2 1 9
—

Jo hn of C a p u a
. .

v ii 219
J o hn o f Gis cal a Ab h
.

Vii 2 2 0— 222 Ka b al ‘
-
ar
J o hns o n Fa mi l y
.

fi
22 2 a ddis h (ill ) Vii . 40 1 —4 0 7
Jci nt Owne rs hal
.

Vi i 2 23— 224 a 409 —4 1 1

Jo na t han Macca be u s Z
. . .

Vii 236 238

—
h
a n ad o c ( por t ) V ii 413 4 1 4
—

Jo n e s T ho m as K
.
. . , .

Vii 238 ai rw a n V ii 4 1 4—4 1 6

Jose the G al il e an D im n h
. .

Vii 240 —24 1 Kali l ah w a- a v ii 4 7 4 18

1 -

K all ah
. . .

J oseben al a fta 2 4 1 — 242

J ose b e n o se Kal o n y m u s Fam il y
.

24 2 243
-

J o sel o f R o s he im V”
.

V ii 244 - 246 ( edigr ee )

KaP
. . . .

Jose p h Vii 2 46- 253 o ny m u s be n Ka

J os e p h Fa m il y
.

2 5 3 25 4
-
l o n y m u s ( il l )
J ose p h o f Arima t he a Ka m m e rkne ch t s ch a ft
.

Vii 2 5 6 25 7 Vi i
-

K a p p ara h
. . .

J ph be n C o rio n
e
os
ll ) 25 9- 26 1 K ara , J ose p h
Karai t e s an d K arais m
.

J o
Vi i . 264- 265 ( il l ). v12
K arl s ba d ( ill )
.

J o vn .

Kar p e l es G us t av
.

2 67 268
-

Ka t z e n el le n b oge n
.

J o
Vi i 2 69— 2 70 Fa m i l ( p edi g ree ) y
D
.

J hu s , Fl aviu s K aufm ann ,

.

o se p V ii 2 74 28 1
-
a vi d
J os hua , B oo k o f
. .

28 4 —
28 8
J o s hu a , a m arit a n S K a u fm a n n , I id s or
B oo k o f Vi i 288 — 28 9
Jo shu a b e n ananiah H
.

v ii 290 292
—

J o s hua be n Le v1
.

Vii 2 93— 29 4 Me y er
Jos t I M
.

, saa c ar cus 460

( i ll )
. Vi i . 2 96- 297 461 —46 2
J ota p a ta V ii . 2 98 462
J V ii 29 9 462—463
Jub
o
B oo k
.

il ee s , of V ii 30 1 304
-

G
.

J u daio
.

- e r m an 304 309
— 468 —4 7 1
J u daeo -
Ge rma n Lite r 4 72—4 78
a t u re . 309 31 0
-

J u daic - G re e k Lt
i er
—
483
a t u re 3 0 31 1
1 48 3—48 4
J u d P e rsia n
.

ai o - Vii 31 3 324
-
484 4 8 5
-

J u daao—S p a nis h .
.

Vii 324 —
32 6 48 7—4 9 1
J u da h ( A m e ri ca n
.

V B . 49 1 —4 9 2
F a mil Vi i 331 332
-
Ki 4 93
J u dah
.

u s sian Fa m 493 4 9 7
—

il y Vii 33 333
2 -
l 498 — 500
J u da I
.

V ii 333 337
-
i ng Vi i 500 50 2
—

J u da h be n I saa c
. .

V ii 344 345
-
Ki g do m o f G o d 50 2- 503
J u da h h a Le vi Kir kis a ni A b u Y u suf
.

- V ii 34 6— 353 Vi i 509 5 1 0
-

K is ch F a mil y
.
,

J u da h L6w b e n
.

Be 51 1
z al e cl (i l l ) Vi i 353— 355 K is hine f 5 1 2—5 1 4
Ju dah b e n Sa m u e l K iss a n d K issin g
. . .

V ii 35 6 358
—
1
5 5 5 16
-

J u dais m Kl a cz k o Julian
. . .

V ii 35 9— 368 Vi i . 517
Ju da izing H eresy Kl au s
.
,

. 369— 370 . 1
5 8 5 19
-

1 52
 I N DE X Lom broso

s u m me r v o r.
K no t Lev a n da , Le v v iii
R a b ba h L T
r ibe o f Viii
. . .

oh el e t e vi
é
I
Le v i B o r ach
,

v iii
L D Viii
0 0 0 ,

K e v i, av id ( p or t
L D Viii
. .

e vi , a vid ( p ort
e rs ho n G
. .

K Le i i en
K x”g .

K 0 0 0

K o ra n
0 0 0 0

m o th Vi i i
J ose p h
.
.

K o r fi si
K o v no
,

K ra us s F , . S .
( Fo l k
l o ris t )
K rim ch a ks
K ro ch ma l , N hm ac an
K o he n V ii
K ro n e cke r eo L p ld o ” v ii
Ku h E p hraim
, .

v ii
K u rdis t an
,

Vii
A b h m Hi t ra a r
”
ze l . V iii .
Le y v Al b t iii
er v
Le y Al f d Viii
0
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

v re
Le y Al p h n
0 0 0
, 0 0 0 0 0

v iiio se v
L y
.
,

Vii
ev Am y iii v
Le y Am d
0 0
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L a mp t ual Vii
L y
v ,

A
r iiian 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v .

La w n, S a b th P v ii
L y
ev ,

J ph M
sse r
V
ii . v i

L a m ti ro n t i saac I L y
ev , o se
U i h P h ll p
ose s ii i

La n cas te r Pa
.

ev r a i i s
Vi ii
,

L
.

an da u Fam i ( p o rt )
l U i o rt
'

La ndl o rd and s ua n t : f Vii

L a ss a l l e . Fer dinan d

Lig h t
Lig h t ing B di
.

n , e ne c
ti on on
Lili Ep h im M
.

en, ra o ses
( il l . Vi i i .

Lil i t h l O t t (il l
en a o Viii
Lilit h Viii
, . .

. Viii

. Viii
Lit g y
ur . . Viii
Viii L b I id
oe s or
L wy M
,

oe , a u rice
Lom broso I N DE X

su m me r VO L PAG E S U BJ E C T
L mb
o C ro so , esare M asar a w aih i
M h ( ill
. .

(p t ) or aso ra
L d (ill ) as sa ra ni F a mil y Vi ii
. .

on on M
L p z R d ig M S
. .

e o r o as t e r a n d e rv a n t i
o vi
i
L d P y M Vii i
,

or
’
s ra er viii at he m at ics
L d S pp I
. .

M au ro g o n a t o
’
or s u er v iii s a cco
Lt Vi i i P
,

o s es a ro
L d P dig Viii M L
O O O O O O O O O O O O

o u sa a e ree ax im s e g al
L L
. . .
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ov e . v iii M ay aw s
L6 w L p l d ( p eo o or t. v iii y
Ma e n ce ( il l )
L l b (ill )
, . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

u a v iii
L i F m il y
.

ur a a v iii
L I
u ria , saa c v iii M e cia
L th M t i M d l (il l
. .

u er , ar n v iii e a s
t t i L ig i M d b (il l
. .

L u z za u or t ) viii e e a
y M di t
, . .

Fa m
'

L u z z a tt o e a or
Vi ii M di i
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

e c ne
M di F m l y
e na a i
M g il l h (ill
e a
M i (il l Vii i
.

e r
M i f R th b g
. .

e r o o en ur v iii
M a ari
‘
b v iii M i l F mil y (il l
e se a v iii
Viii M kil t
.

M a as e h B e res h i t
‘
e a
M h B o o ks Viii M l d l F mil y ( p d
. . .

‘
a asc e o a a e i
M ac a bee s B o o ks o f Vii i
.

c
M a fti r Viii
, . .

M Viii
.

ag e n
M bo o k
.

ag
g id v iii M e m or -

M m ilD t
. .

v iii e or a a es
v iii M m i lS i
e or a e rv ce
M z
.

h v iii M m
(i l l
)m
a or e ra
Vi ii M d l h F m il y
. .

M ai m o n , So o on en e ss o n a
M y
. .

j
a o rit v iii (P d g e ) i r ee
M dl h
. .

F lx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M an , S on of v ii i en e ss o n, e i
M a n as se h be n I s rae l (p t ) or
M dl h M
.

en e s so n, o se s
Ma n daaan (p t ) or iii v
M a n del ke r n S ol o m o n M d F m ly
en es a i
M d z D l (p
,

en o a, a ni e u
M an de l s t a mm M ax g il i t ) s V ii i
Vi i i M k F m il y
,

en en iii a v
M M h (i l l
.

a nn a( il l ) e no ra iii v
M i H M t ti
. . .

a ns o n d o use an e n s ru a iii on v
G il dh l l M t i g
u a ee n s v iii 2 96— 2 9 7 M di D t ( i l
e ri an , iii a e l v
M tl f t h L w
.

an e o e a M k b h
er a a
M L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

( ill ) e sse r , eo n
M t M ih
.

an ua e ss a
M n
pt
a n u s cr i (i l l d s an Mt le a s
Mt t
.

fron tis piece to vol e a ro n

Vi ii Mt
.

m ii e er in t h B ibl e e
M p Ab h m
. .

a u, ra a Me t u e n t e s
(p t ) or viii M e t u rg e m a n
M a ra n o . Viii M e t z ( il l
V iii
M ll B d t t Vii i My V i ct o r
. . .

a r ce o, e ne e o e e r, v iii
My e e r bee r
. . .

M g l i t h ( p dig
ar o ) o e ree v iii G ia co m o
M ig Vi ii Vi i i
.
,

arr a e ( p or t )
M C m i y
. .

g
a r ri a e e re on es M e y u bas Fa m il v iii
M z F m il y
.

e a a v
ii i
M ig Lw M z z h (il l )
. .

arr a e a s e u a viii
M ty d m R t i Mi h l
.

ar r o es r c c ae v ii i
Vi i i Mi P
,

ti f on o cr o co ccu s ro d i g i o
M ty l y
.

ar ro o v iii ( il l
su s
M ty t T Viii M
. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ar rs ' e en m
i cro co s
M xK i
.

ar ar v iii M i ddo t S h el os h Es
M yl d
.

ar an . rc l i

1 54
Nik ol sbur g I N DE X

S U BJ E C T an i na VO L PAG E
gy
.

Pal eo ix 4 7 1 —4 78
fin ( m
l ap .

Pal es t e a ps a nd

f
.

r ont i sp i ece ta va l .
ix 4 79 - 504
P
.

al g ra v e , Sir Fran ci s ix
P bl e
.

ara ix . 5 1 2 —
5 14
ix . 5 1 5 520
—

Ph r anefis ni ix 520 522

—

P
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

arash h
0

a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ix . 523
Paras h i yy o t , Th e
ix 5 3 5 24
2 -

N P Fam il y
.

o rwic h ( il l ar do ix 5 24 525
—

y P
. .

N o rzi Fa m il ari s (il l ) . ix . 5 26 —

539
ix . 541 542
-

N o t h h a n del ix 2
54 544—

N I
.

o vy srae l ix 5 45 546
—

N bers N
.

um an d u m er ix .

ix 6
55 55 7
-

N P
.

u mi s m a t ics a ti e nce x 559 —560

i
N
. .

ure m be rg ix . 0 —
56 56 1
Nut ix . 5 6 1 56 2
—

ix .

ix . 5 70 5 77
—

ix . 5 77 579
-

i 58 58 4
2 —
Oa t h
x .

58 6
O h M
.

ix
J u dai co
.

at ore
ix 58 9 5 92
—

P
.

e n t e cos t ix 5 92 — 595
P Fa m il y ( p ar t ) ix
.

e r e iro —
596 598
P z Fa m i l y
. .

e re ix
P
. .

e r o dicals ix
i .

Pe r ix . 640 —641
Pe r es a mi l y ix
P
.

ersi a (i ll ) ix
P
. .

es hit ta
Pfe il e rk o rn ,
’'
J o h a nn
(i ll )
Ph
.

arao h

Ost ro g ( ill )
Gu
.

O t t o l e n h i, i se p p e

ox fi dx x
r zzzzzzzzz

Pi (il l )
sa .

P yy t
i u
Pl g
.

a ue
Paci fico ase C ix 454 Pl t an s
P Pl dg
. .

ad ua ( ill ) ix 456— 4 6 1 e es
Pa hl a v i L P ty
. .

ite r a t u re ix 2
46 4 65
—
oe r
P S P t y Ly
. .

al e o f e t tl e m e n t . ix . 468 —4 70 oe r , ric ”

1 56
 I N DE X R ufiii a

s u m me r V OL PAG E s u m me r V OL PAG E
P P
.

ol e m ic a nd ol e m B
s
i cal Lt t i e ra u r e .
P o li
ce Lw a s x 2 94 29 7
—

P R a bbin o v icz , R a p hae l

.

o ll T
-
ax
Po o n a s ,
ll i A m eli e N at h an ( p art ) x
G
. . .

Poll o n ais , as t o n R a ces of t h e Ol d

P
.

ol t a v a t am e n i x 304 305
—

P t L z
.

on e . ore n o da R a chel x 305 307

-

R a p h ae l x
.

(p art 31 7— 31 8
Pp M
.

R a p hae l , k x
.

o es ar 31 9
P g Famil y Fa m i l y
.

o r es . R a p o p o rt
Po rg in (p a rt
) 31 9 323
—

lga m il y
x
R as hi x
.

324 — 328
P o rt s m ou t h , Engl R a t i s bo n ( ill )
.

an d x 330 331
—

R e buk e x
. .

339
P x
. .

o r t u g al Rw ife 342 343

—

P A
. .

ose n R eco rdi ng ng el x 34 3—

344
Ent
.

R e for m J u da i s m
. .

Po ss art , r s Vo n x 34 7 359
—

I S
.

( p ort R e gg io , saa c a m u e l
P t ki
o oc ”
(p art
-
) x 360 —362
P t t y (ill R ei n ach Fa i m ly
. .

o er x 366 368
—

P ty
.

R em ak x
.

over 370 — 37 1
P g u y(ill R e m br a n dt ( i ll
.

ra e a nd
P y
. .

ra er fr on tis p iece ta vol x 37 1 375

-

P y b k (ill I
. .

ra e r- oo s R e m na n t o f srae l x 375 37 6
—

P d x
. .

re ce e n ce R e na n 376
P d t in t i
.

re es a on x 376 37 9
—

P xi t
.

ree s e n ce x 38 38 1
0 —

P f d D di
. .

re a ces an e ca e ne
ti o ns 38 1
P b g (ill
re s ur R e s u rre ct io n 38 2 38 5
—

Pi t
.

r es R e ta l i a t io n x 38 5 38 6
—

P im g nit D x
.

r o e u re R e u be ni av id 388 38 9
—

P i t M k (il l R e u chl in x
, . .
’
r n e rs ar s 38 9 390
—

P d R e v el a t io n B oo k o f x
. .

r o ce u re 390 398
-

P D x
, .

t
rocu ra o rs Ri car do . avid ( par t ) 402— 403
P f Ri ch m o n d . Va x
.

r o essi o n s 406 40 7
—

P x
. .

i ti
ro n u n c a on Ri ddl e
P ph t F l G
a b rie l x
. .

a se Riesse r o t
-
4 10 -4 1 1
y gg
ro e , .

Pr0 p h e t s an d Pro p h R i e ti Fa m il ( r di
p )
res x . 4 1 1 —4 1 3
R ig a (il l ) x 4 18
P l yt R ight L ft
. .

ro se e a nd e x 4 1 9—4 20
P b
. .

ro v er s R ig h t an d Ri g h teou s
P id
r ov e n ce nes s 420 —4 24
P i
.

ru ss a 4 25 — 4 2 7
P l m ill )
.

sa s R in g s x 428 — 430
P d x
. .

se u oi e ss R o ads (map 434

P d ym Lit R o bber y
.

se u on ou s e ra . x . 434 437
-

t u re R o de n be rg , J ul i us
Pt l m y
o e 439
P l it z J p h
.

u e r, o se R0 g ue z Fa 440 -44 1
P l p it (ill
u R o m e (ill ) x
P t ti R o m m Fa m i l y
. . .

u n c ua on x 46 7
P gt y R osa nes Fa m i l y
.

ur a o r x 4 70 4 7 1
-

P m (il l R ose n fel d , M

.

u ri orr i s x 4 75- 4 76
P im Pl y ( il l
.

R ose n ro th , B aro n v on
. .

ur a s 4 77
m S A
. .

i l a R oss i, zari a h be n
P it y R M
,

ur 0 a ce oses de i x 485 -48 6

Rossi, Giov anni B , de
. .

x 48 6
y
.

R o t h s chil d Fa m i l
.

ig ree a nd p ara ) x 490 - 504

A
. .

R u inst e in , nto n
Que bec . x . 50 7 509
—

Q u ee nsl and ( ill ) . x . 509 - 5 1 0

 BUB UE C T VOL PAG E S U BJ E C T
R ul es o f lie ze r b E S a m u el be n M e ir
S
. .

J o se e t c a m u e l h a —N ag id
S Sy y
.
,

R u m am a am u el , dn e M o n
H y
.

R u sse ll e nr :
S
.

R u ssia : a m u el Y ar h ina ah
‘

His t o r y ( M ar a m u e l ) S
S S
. .

a m ue
Ce nsu s t a ti s t i cs l an d
At n
.

r i sa s ( pedi g ree) x
i
C h it
.

S an F ra n ci s co
.

ar i es x i 3 36
4—

Ed t i S an ch o F a m i l y
.

u ca on x i 38
Em g t S y
. .

i ra i o n a n ct u ar x i 39
S
. .

39—40
°

s l a t io n a n dal io n x i
S
.

Th e J e w in R u ssia n a n da l s(i l l ) x i 40—4 1

Lit S D
. .

e ra t u re a n de r s a n iel x i 41
M i ip l G S ,
a n h e dri n
.

un c a o v e rn x i 4 1 - 44
S a n h e dr in F re n ch
.

m t en x i
P i di l S a n t a ng el F y
. .

er o ca s a m il x i 453 50
-

l C mm C
. .

R u ra o u nit ies S a n t o b de arri o n x i 50

P l d (il l ) S a n u a , Ja m es
.

o an x i 50 5 1
-

S
.

a p h ir , Jaco b ( p art )
.

x i 51
o rit z M G
.

S a h ir ,
.
ott
i e b ( p art ) 51
Saadia be n J ose p h
.

2
5 54
—

Sabba t h
.

55 58
-

Sabba t h S choo l s -
S j
ar a e v o 58
Sa bba t h a nd Su nday S a raso h n , K as r i
.

59
Sabba t ical Y ear an d S a ra v al Fa m il y
.

—
60 6 1
Ju bil ee
.

S ar g e ne s 62 6 3
—

Sa be ans 608 — 6 1 0 S a rg o n , ichae l M I 63

S ifi
acr ce 6 1 5 6 23
—
S as p o r t as Fa m il y
S ifi S m it
a cr ce . a ar an . 623 6 25
—
x i
S ifi T l m di S Fa m i l y
.

a cr ce , a u c 625 ass o o n ( pedi

S ifi i Th l g y
.

acr ce n eo o 625 — 6 28 g ree a nd p ar ts )

S il g S
.

a cr e e 2 —
6 8 62 9 a t an
S d l D
a
‘
a l h -
au a 629 —6 30 S a t ir e
S dd T
.

a u cee s 630 6 33
—
S au l o f a rs u s
Sfd S xo n u chie s D
.

a e 633—6 35 a an d
S hl b M i il h
a en a a 6 36 K in g do m
S i t d S tl S ch a t z B o r is
.

a n an ai n i n ess 637— 6 39
St P t L
. .
,

b g
ih ifi
e e rs ur 64 1 6 4 2
—
S c ienk e o p ol d
S l t S m l (p t )
.
,

a an a ue ar 64 7 p
Sl
,

64 7 6 5 0 Sc a m il y ( pedi
a e —

Sl
a i va 65 1 g ree a nd p art ) x i
I S hl e mi hl
. .

S l ki
a n so n , Ed s aac c x i
w d ar X 65 1 S ch m i d A n t o n Vo n x i
S l m F m il y ( p d S chn o rr e r
. .
, . .

a o on a e x i
S ch o m be rg F am il y
.

i g )ree 65 2 x i
S l m H ym S
.

ch o rr J o s h u a
.

a o on , a 653—6 55 x i
Sl m F m ly
. .
: ,

a o o ns a i S ch r e ib e r .M oses ( p art ) x i
Jo ha n n J
.

(p t ) ar 65 5—6 56 S ch u dt .
S l ni (il l )
. .

a o ca 6 58 —6 60 ( p ar t )
Sch ul m a n K al m an
. .

660— 6 6 1
S l d J ph
,
—
66 663
2
a va o r, ose ( p ar t ) x 1
Sl t S
.

ch u t z j u de
.

a va ion 663—664 x i
S m l
a ae —
665 666 S hw b M i
c a o se x i
S m f l d F mi l y
.
,

a d
a r ca n 666—6 67 S hwc a rz e a x i
S m i (ill ) S t t Ch l
.

a ar a 66 7 6 69
—
co a r es . x i
S m it S ib
,
. .

a ar an s 669 —68 1 cr e x
i
S m b ti S l l f t h L w (il l )
. .

a a on 68 1 - 68 3 cro o e a x i
S l (il l
. . .

S m
a so n 1— 2 ea x i
S m fS S d y f F ti
. .

a son o en s 2 3
-
e co n a o es
S m S m
.

a b
s on en a so n l va s x i
S d (ill )
.

(il l e er x i
S m l ( il l ) S d Ol m R bb h
.

i
‘
a ue e er a a a x
S m l H m (p t ) S d Ol m Z t
.

i
‘
a ue . ae e or e er a u a . x

IEQS
Solom on

su m s e r V O !‘ PAG E S U BJ E C T
S E S
e

sm
ol o m o n , d w ar d X1 45 0 u f i
S S
.

J
.

al o m o n be n e ro h a m X1 45 2 ui cide
S Sim S S C
. .

o l o m on , eo n X1 45 7 ul l a m , a ra o p ia
S Sl m n S u l zbe rg er Fa m il y
. . .

olom on, o o o
Jose h 45 7 ( pedigree a nd p art x i 58 58 6
4 -

S Ad l p h S
. . .

ol o m o n s , o us u m m o ns 58 6 58 7
-

45 9 S u m p t u ar aws yL ” x i . 58 7
X1 460 - 46 1 Sun x i 588 5 90 -

S u n , B l e ss in 8
. . .

Son of Ma n X1 4 6 1 - 4 62 g of th e x i 59 1
S Fa mil y ( il l
. . .

o n cin o 463 464

-
S u n , Ri s in g a n d S e t
t hey T h r ee
.

So of t in g o f t h e ( il l
?ol y C hildre n S
.

—
46 7 468 u p ers t it io n
So nne nfel s Fa m i l y S u r e t y s h ip

mm S L
.

468 4 69
—
u s p e n de d e t t e rs “
So al , Ad l f o S uss k in d o f rim be r T g
R it t e r v o n (p t ar 469 ( il l
S Sid y S A do l p h
. .

o n nin o , ne u t ro ,
S A
,

B aro n 469 4 70
—
u t ro , l fre d
S o ss nit z . Jose p h J u S y y
.

w a ing t h e B o d
.

S
”

da h L 6 h 47 1 w e de n
S o ul
‘
4 7 2— 4 7 6 S w in e
S outh A
fri ca 4 76 48 0
—
Sw it ze rl an d
S C Sy y
”

ou t h aro l i na 48 0 4 8 1 dne
—

S ou t h a nd Ce n t ral Sy l v es te r , Ja m e s J o
Am e ri ca
.

48 1 —
48 3 ( ill i 61 4 6 1 5
—

n
. s X
S pse t h
.

48 3 48 4 ym m 6 15—6 1 9
—
x i
S Sy
.

p ain ( ma a nd il l 48 4 502 nag o g u e ( i ll i 6 1 9 6 31

— —

f
i
x
Sy
. .

S p e k t o r , a” c E l h a n nag og ue A rch ite c

an ( 503 504—
t ur e ( il l x
i 631 640 —

Sp y F y G
. .

e mil
er ( p di a e
.
S y n o g ue , Th e re a t x i . 6 40 —
64 3
g )
ree s
g 5 08 S y no x i 643 6 4 5
—

Sp y Sy n o d of Usha
.

e er s
g 5 04 5 08
—
x i 6 45 - 6 4 6
Sp i l m S i I id S ze g e din (ill
.

e a nn , r s o rg s
509 5 1 0
-
x i —
64 9 6 5 1
Sp i i g
. . .

nn n ig 5 1 0—5 1 1
Sp i z ( p t il l d
no a ar .
. . an
T
frontis p iece ta vo l
Tb
.
.

i
g 5 1 1 52 1
-
a e rna cl e ( i ll x i 653 6 5 6—

S p i F mily Tb
. .

ra a s
g 5 20 — 23
5 a e rn a cl es , Feas t of
Sp z Fi d h
ir e r, r e ri c “
i
g 524 5 25
—
( il l x i 657 —6 6 2
S t hl F i d i h J li T bl
. .

a r e r c u us s
g 5 26 5 2 7
-
a es o f t h e L aw ( ill ) x i 6 6 2 —
6 64
St ti t i
, . .

5 28 536
.

a s cs X1 —
Xi 66 6 6 6 7
—

St t
. .

a u re 53 539
6 —
x i 667—6 68
S ti d fi G
.
'

en or g e or ” x i 5 42 5 43
—
x i 668
S t i i t z Wil h l m
.
, .

e n e ” X1 5 44 —
545 669
S t i h id M it z
, .

e ns c ne er, or x i . 66 9— 6 7 6
(p t ) ar x i 5 5 54 7
4 —
x i 67 6
St th l H m
. .

e in a er a nn al lit ( il l x i 6 76—6 78
y
. . .

(p t ) ar x i 54 7 al l x i 6 78
St Al b t E d
. . .

Tal mi d I a k a i i
s
6 78 — 6 79
n
e rn e r , er x
T
.

w ar d 553 al m u d i l l ) x ii 1 27
-

S t iass ny , W il hel m T C
. .

553 5 5 4 al m u d o m m e n t ar ie s ii 27— 30
-
x
S S T
.

t o ne a n d t o ne-W or al m u d H e r m e n e u
sh i ( il l ) i 5 5 6 55 9 ti 30— 33
—

nH
x cs x ii
S T l m di L w
. . .

t ra e erm a n n ii 33 37
—
a u c a x
T lm d T h
.

b e re ch t x i 55 9 a u o ra x ii 37— 39
A T mm z
. .

S t ra k o sch , l e xa n de r x i 55 9 5 60
—
a u x ii 4 1 42
-

S Jose p h
. .

t r as burg (i l l
.

x i 5 60 —
565 Ta n hu m b e n x i
i 43— 44
S y
. .

t r a u s F a m il
. . .

x i 5 66 56 7
—
Ta n h u m a x ii 45 46
—

S T D be El iy h
. . .

t r ipe s ( ill 5 9 5 70
6 —
a n na e a u” x ii 46 — 4 9
S t ro h ic F or m s i n t h e T d Am
.

a nn a im an or
T
0 d es t a m e n t ” 57 0 —
5 72 aim
S t ro u s be rg , B e t h e ]
. .

Xi 5 72 Ta rfo n
St t tg t
. . .

u ar Kl 5 73 576
-
Ta rg u m
S F m il y
. .

Ta rr as ch S ie g
be
u asso a 577 rt ”
S bb t iki T hlik ( il l
,

u a n . . 5 77 5 78
-
as .

1 60
 IN DE X

s um me r S U BJ E C T
Tw a us , Jaco b T ransl a tio ns
T Gax -
a t he rer s T ran slite ra tion
Txt a a ion
Tx
.

a o x ii
Th e e ra n ill ) T rau be Ludwig
T xei T
. .

ei ra am il y rav e l e rs .
Te ufah fl Lifq
ee o f 1 9
A T
. .

Tel E l - m arna re e-worsh i p I n

Te m e s t ar ( il l ) Tree s . Laws oncern
T
.

e m p l e A dm i nis t
ti ( ill
on x
ii 24 1 242
-

T m pl f
.

e de o e ro Xi i
T m p l Pl f
e e, an o T re v es Fa m il y ( p edi
T l
ei i i e R b in Lit
ili
a . .

T l th S
e eco n d
a p
e, e

l; f S l
ti
u o om on
n
o

Tent i ll
Tera m
'

$
e re ah
Ol y
.

erq u e m , r I n
T esta m e n t f th o e
Tw el ve Pti h a r ar c s . x ii
n .

Th eocrac y
Th l gy
.

eo o
Th p h ny
.

eo a
U
Th era u tm
Three ol d y
.

x ii -
B a l s-Zi y o n x ii
Ti be ri as U g o l i no
. .
.

x ii x
ii
Tik tin F a m il y U nit ed St ates ( ma p )
.

x ii x ii
Ti zza E s zl ar A U ni ve rsi t ie s
.

-
air
Urim an d Th u m mi m
.

Xii
T th
i e Usq ue Famil y x
-
ii
Titl P g (il l
e- a e Usu ry
T tl Usu ry
. .

i f
es o e b re w
B k oo s Xi i U zi el Fa m il y
Titl f H
. .

es o o no r

Ti
al a b r e Ma rdo
h o
e r ( p ar t )Xii 395
T bacco
. .

o al e n c a ( i ll X 11 39 5-
39 7
i
T o biah be n M o ses
. .

. a l ua t i o n 398 399
-

To b iads m us
To k 399 400 —

Tol e no F a m il y I ” 40 1
T
. .

ol e do ( ill
To m bs ( ill i
. .

T
.

o m bs to ne s ( ill ) .

V e nice ( il l ) .

Ve n tu raFainil y
T oro n t o V e rse D i vi si o n
-

T o rt
Tosa fo t .

To se fta
T6 t b rie f

T
ote mi m Vo ca liza ti
o u ro , sd h p art
u a
T bo t Fa m il y
.

ra
T ra de U m o ni s m .
Wach nach t I N DE X Z unz

VOL PAG F '

Wine 53 535
2 -

su m me r VOL . PAG E Wi nni pe g Xi i

. . 535 536
-

Wach n ach t 45 4 —4 55 Wi s do m i
x i 537 538
-

Wahb i b n M una bbi h Wi se I saac M (i l l ) x i i

. . .

x
ii. 54 1 - 5 42
Wahl Sa ul
.

Wol f Jo hann Cri s to p h

.
, . .

x ii 456—4 5 7
Wal ds te in Ch arl es
.
,

458 459
-
54 9
Wal dte ufel Em il e
.

45 9 W 54 9
Wal e Jaco b
.
,

. 459 4 60
—
W
Wan ring J e w 46 2- 463 Wo m an R ig h t s o f
0

Xi i .
,

War W orm s
Warburg Fam i l y ( ped Worm s Jul es
Wors hip I dol
.
,

Xi i . 46 6 46 7
-
,

Wa rsaw ( ill ) . x ii . 468 4 73

— Wreat h
Was hi
.

4 73
Wate r raw ing Feast ,

of x 1 1. 4 76 4 7 7
-

Weat he r l ore -
480 Y ad ( il l 5 78 579
-

Wee k Y hy y
.

Xi i . 48 1 a a s m il ( pedi
W eb u R a h u m 48 2 ’ 58 1 58 4
—

y fiffi:
.

W 585 58 6
-

x ii 48 3 4 90
— Y ea r ook Xi i 58 9 5 90
—

W
. .

49 1 5 92 5 94
-

H
e il e nr i ( p art ) Xii 49 49 2
1 —
595 600
—

W l A l e xa n dre S
.

e il x ii 4 93 4 9 4
—
Ye gira h . e e f x i
i 2
60 606
—

I Hi Y gd l
.
,

h
.

We iss saac rs c i a x ii 606 6 1 0

—

Y k
, .

Xi i . 495 —4 9 7 or , ng l a n d ( ill )
. x ii . 620 —6 2 1
W x ii . 49 7— 4 98 Y o zero t . x ii . 622 6 23
—

W x ii . 4 99 500
—
Yu dg h am te s 624 - 6 25
Wel l h a u s e n J u l iu s x ii 50 1
We r t heim e r Jose p h
, .

, ,

R it te r v o n x ii 50 503
2—

Wert hei m e r S
.

, a m so n 62 7
503 505
-
Xi i . 632 6 33
—

W x ii . 633—635
H
'

( ad Xi i 5 06 507
— ii 639 643
—

Wes t I n gl es (ill )
i rz . x .
°

x ii 508 5 1 0
-
648 —6 49
Wid
. .

ow x i 5 1 4 —
515 65 0 65 1
-
i
Wi
.

e ner , Leo x ii 516 65 1 - 6 52

W ie ne r Le o po l d
.

x ii 516 Ze mi ro t ( ill Xi i 656 660

-

W ie rni k Pe t e r
.
, .

X ii 517 Zio nides 665 66 6

—

W ee k Z
, .

x ii 5 18 5 1 9
-
io n is m 666 68 6
—

Wil en kin G reg o ry Z

. .

x ii 5 2 1 5 22
—
o diac Xi i 688 — 68 9
Z
.

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Z
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Wil na x ii 5 24 531
-
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695 69 7
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Winaw e r i on 531 Zu k e rt or t , J o ha nne s

Wi h
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