EX T E M P O RE S PE A K I N G

FO R

SC H O O L AND CO L LEGE

ED W I N D U BO I S S H U RT ER
A SS I
OC A T E P R
O FE SS R
O OF P UBL I S
C I
P EA K NG IN T HE

U I RS I
N VE TY O F T E XA S

G I N N A N D C O M PA N Y, B O S T O N
N E W YO RK C H I C A G O LO N D ON
AT L A N T A D A LL A S C O LU M B U S S AN F RA N C I S C O
 C OPY RI G H T , I 90 8

BY E D W I N D U B O I S S H U R TE R

I
A LL R GH T SRSR E E VE D

t cn au m a r e a' s
O
G I N N AN D C M P AN Y o P R O
P R I E TOR S B T N OS O
U S A . . .
 P R E FA C E

This book the re s u l t,

o f pr ac tic al experience i n the
'

c l ass room h as been p r ep ared to s u ppl y a tre atise on

,

extempore spe aking p r im aril y f or school an d college

,

s t u dents The gene ral p rinciples o f the scien c e an d

.

ar t o f extempo r e spee c h we r e f u ll y t re ated b y Q u intili an

an d others in ancient times an d are also se t f o r th in,

s u ch modern books as B au t ain s A r to f E xtempore ’

“

S pe aking
”
Pi tt
,
e n ge r s E xtempo r e S pee c h
’ “ ”
B u ckle y s ,
’

E xtempor aneo u s O r atory Tho m as Wentwo rth H i g

,

”
’

gi n so n s H ints on Writing an d S pee c h M aking an d

“ -

B rander M atthews N otes on S peech M aking

’ “
While -
.

these au thors h ave been f reel y cons u lted in the p r ep a

ration o f this book thei r t r e atises are not ad apt able
,

f o r u se as text books -
The p r esent vol u me aims to
.

p r esent the s u bj e c t in a m anne r ad apted to the needs o f

both te achers an d st u dents b y r e c l assi fy ing p r inciples ,

an d methods m aking the methods as specifi c in tre at

ment as possible an d b y adding atthe end o f e ac h
,

ch apter an d in t
, ,

h e A ppendix s u ggestions an d topi c s ,

f o r c l ass exercises A l arge n u mbe r of modern spee c hes

.

h ave also bee n inco rpo rated in o r der th at the r e might ,

be no l ack o f ill u strative m ateri al .

E . D . S .

TH E U N I V E R S I TY OF TEXA S
 C ON T E N T S
P AGE

I N T R O D U C TI O N
y o f T ai i n g S td e t
T h e D e s i rab ili t s i E xtm p e S pe c h
r n u n n e or e

—E x tm p e S p e ak i n g f o P e p a at
e or o y a d Hi gh S c h o l s r r r r n o

Ca t n he E x t em p M t h d b e A c q i ed — Te t
o re im y a d e o u r s on n

E xp e i e c s f N o t
r n e d O at
e o s
o r r .

C H AP TE R I . WHA T IS EX TEMP O R E SPEAK I N G ?

D i g is h e d f m M m o i t
is t n u e a d Imp m p t— E x e c i s e s
ro e r r n ro u r

— E x am p l e s S p ec h by S a g t! S Pe t iss J o p h
e es r en . r n , se

J e ff s Ab ah am L i c o l n T h e d o e R s ev e l ta d
e r on , r n ,
o r oo , n

W illi am J B ryan . .

C H AP TE R I I T H E D I FFE R EN T W A Y S O F
. PRE
PA R I NG A N D D E LI V E R I N G A N A D D R ESS
i t t W it

m
R e ad i n
g f r o m M an u s c r p
M S p e ak i n
er i g '

-
r n

i Pa t
n rxt i i an d E t
e m p o r z n g i n P ar —
S p ak i g e e n

I m p o m p tS p ak i g
r E xe c ises
u E x am p l
e Spe c he
n r es e s

by G e g W illi am C t
or is F a c i s M F i c h E d wa d E v e t
e tur , r n . n , r re

H al e F i th gh Le e R i c ha d O gl sby T h o d o e L C yl e
, z u , r e , e r u r,

ts o a d J h H ay
.

H e y W at
nr er n, n o n .

C H AP TE R I I I A D V A N TAGES O F EX TEMP O R E .

SPEAK I N G
C ltiv t
u i f th M
a tl F l t
on o i R l t
i f Sp k e en a ac u es e a on o ea er

andH i tt
A d p tt
e are rs h O i P lG p a a on o e c c as o n e rs o n a ra

ple w h i tt
h A d ie e u nce E xe c iser s .

C H AP TE R IV . GE N E R A L P R EPA R AT I O N .

A G e n e ral P re p arat o n 7 Gat

i/ h e ri n g S pe ec h M at
e ri al -

R e ad i n g W ri t
i n g —lAc q u i ri n g a V o c ab u l ary P rac tic e
E x erc i ses .
 E X T E M P O RE S PEA K I N G
C H AP TE R V SPEC I A L P R EPA R A T I O N
.

A ly i f t
na h S bj t R d i g f A m p li fi t
s s o e i uO t ec ea n or ca on u

line f thoSp h M t h d
e f O tli i g — Th F i l
eec e o s o u n n e na

O tuli tb M m i d S il tS p k i g E x i
ne o e e o r ze en ea n e rc s e s

E x m pl
a Sp h b y S tC l i M K l w y H
es ! e ec yW es . a r c e a , en r .

G dy Th d
ra ,L C yl B j m i H i
eo ore d H y. u e r, en a n arr s o n , an en r

v an D yk e.

C H AP TE R V I . THE O R A L P RE SEN TA TI O N I 2 —
3 1 43
U it
ny Cl e arn e s s C on c r e t
e n es s P ro p o r t
ion M o ve
m t L vi g
en ea n i De I m p v e m en t
fi it I m p
n e r e ss o n s ro

th gh P
ro u ti rac c a d R e vi w e E x e c ises
n E x am p l es e r

S p e ec h e s b y W e d ll P h illi p T h e d e L C yl e r C a l
n e s, o or . u , r

S c h u rz , G e o ge C a y E ggl t
r o a d P h illi p s B
r ok s es n, n ro .

C H AP TE R V I I ” T H E D I FFE RE N T T Y PES O F EX
TE M P O R E SPEEC H ES ! I —
44 1 5 4

A t L gt
s o h d St
en yl A d p tt
i t A di an e a a on o u en c e an d

O ccasi — E x m p l f D iff
on tS t
yl
a Ex i es o e re n es e rc s e s .

APPEN D I X S U B J
EC T S T O P I CS C LASS
7
. AN D FO R
EXE R C I SES I —
SS I 6

IN D EX 1 77
7
— 1 8
 EXT E M P O R E S P EAKI N G

I NT R O D U C TI O N

I . T H E D E SI R AB I L I T Y O F TR A I N I N G ST U D E N T S
IN E XTE M P O R E S P EE C H
Writing on the ed u c ation o f an o rato r in his I nsti ,

t ut es of O r ator y
”
Q u intili an s ay s th at the ri c hest
,
“

fru it o f al l o u r st u d y an d the most ample r ecompense

,

f or the extent o f ou r l abo r is the fac u l t y of sp ea ki ng

,

ext e mp or e .The r e ar ise indeed inn u me r able o c c a

sions where it is absol u tely ne c ess ar y to spe ak on the
inst ant Wh at s y stem o f ple ading will allow o f an o rato r
.

being u nprep ar ed f or s u dden c alls ? Wh at is to be done

when we have to repl y to an Opponent ? Wh at profit
does m u ch w r iting c onst ant r e ading an d a long pe r iod
, ,

o f li f e spent in st u d y b r ing u s i f ther e r em ains with u s

the s ame di ffi c u lt y in spe aking th at we f elt at
, ,

fi r st
N ot th at I m ake it an obj ect th at an o rato r sho u ld p r e f e r
to spe ak extempore I onl y wish th at he sho u ld be able
”
to do so .

I f the fac u lt y o f spe aking extempo r e — of thinki ng

“

on one s f eet — w as a need in Q u intilian s tim e how

’ ’

m u ch mo r e f r equ ent an d c onst ant is the dem and at the

p r esent time u nde r the c onditions o f A me r i c an li f e an d
,

gover nment Wh at ar e the s c hools an d colleges doing

t
.

omeet this dem and ? O f those instit u tions whe r e an y

ins t r u c tio n at al l is o ff ered i n p u blic s e aking t
p h e v as t ,
2 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
m aj o ri t y p r ob ably c arr y the s t u dent no f ar the r th an
, ,

p rac ti c e in spe aking de c l am ation s an d me m o r ized o ra

tions B u tthe t raining of the st u dent f o r p rac tic al
.

li f e — t raining him in the powe r of r ising befo r e an

,

au dien c e an d exp ressing his tho u ghts in his own l an

g u age — this is rar ely atte m pted T ru e the r e h as

,
.
,

been some c h ange in r e c ent y e ar s The r eviv al of.

inte r c ollegi ate deb ating an d the in c re ased attention

,

being given in s c hools an d c olleges t o inst ru c tion an d

p rac ti c e in deb ate are signifi c ant dep ar t u r es f r o m the

,

old time s c hool an d c ollege o rato r y ; an d an openl y

-

avowed movement in the s ame di re c tion is the p ro

posed o rg aniz at i on o f st ate u nive r si ties f o r the p u r
pose of holding c ontests in exte m po r e spe aking I n .

thei r p r elimin ary anno u n c e m ent the p r o m ote rs of thi s

move m ent s ay !
We are c on c eiving o f the c u ltiv ation o f o rato r y not
as an ac q u isition o f ar ts o f r h eto r i c an d elo c u tion alone ,

bu t r athe r as in c l u di ng also develop m ent of all the intel

le c t u al an d pe r sonal po w e r s r eq u i red f o r the wo r k of the

p u bli c spe ake r in de aling w ith living p r oblems ; an d we
p r opose a radi c al dep ar t u r e f r o m the p r esent m ethod in
o rato ri c al c ontes ts an d app r ove the p l an s u ggested by
,

P r ofesso r E d g ar G eo r ge F razie r he ad o f the dep ar tment

,

o f p u bli c spe aking atthe U nive r sity o f K ans as in ac ,

c o r d an c e w ith whi c h m emo r ized d e c l am ations sh all be

r epl ac ed by the dis c u ssion o f so m e q u estion o f g re at

i m po r t u pon whi c h the c ontest ants sh all h ave m ade

,

tho r o u gh p rep aration while the p ar ti c u l ar ph ase of

,

the s u bj e c t to whi c h an y On e spe ake r in a c ontes t

sh all c onfine hi m sel f sh all be u nknown u ntil the d ay
”
o f c ompetition .
 I N T R O D U CT I O N 3

These wo r d s m ay w ell be heeded by eve ry te ac he r o f .

p u blic s pe aking H o w o f ten do w e find th at the s c hool

.

o r c ollege g r ad u ate w h o h as w o n p r izes w ith me m o r ized

o rations is h andic apped in the ac t u al c ontests o f af te r li f e ,

when he finds th at memo r ized spee c hes w ill not al w ay s

av ail him .O n the othe r h and his c l assm ate who f ailed
,

to win p r izes with set spee c hes b u t w h o h as le arned to

,

think o n his f eet c arries c au ses an d wins ve r di c ts

,
.

II . E X TE M PO R E S P EA K I N G P R E PARAT O R Y
FO R
AN D H I GH S CH OO LS

The q u estion m ay be raised C an exte m po r e spe ak

,

ing be adv ant ag eo u sl y t au ght to p u pil s in p r ep arato ry

an d high s c hools ? U nq u estion ably y e s ; b u t o f c o u r se
an y pl an adopted m u s t be s u ited to the ages o f the

p u pils .

E ve ry tho u ght f u l te ac he r m u st c e r t ainly ad m it th at

the r es u lts o f s u c h e ffo r ts as are at p r esent m ade to
te ac h p u bli c spe aking in the s c hools are u ns atisf ac to r y .

A nd these u ns atisf ac to r y r es u lts — the re are do u btless

m an y ex c eptions b u t spe aking gene rally — ar e d u e n o t
,

so m u c h to l ac k o f time as to w r ong m ethods Tho u gh .

the re h as been gene ral i m p r ovement in r ecent y e ars w e ,

are still t oo m u c h u nde r the infl u en c e o f the t r adition al

elo c u tionist The te ac he rs w h o are t rained at

. al l to te ac h

p u bli c spe aking come l ar gel y f rom s c hools whe re the ide a
o f ente r t ainment — n otc onvi c tion o r pe r s u asion — is
p aramo u nt The r e is no t ru e c on c eption o f the so r t of
.

p u blic spe aking th at s t u dents need The p rac ti c al needs

.

o f the f u t u r e c itizen are lost sight o f an d m u c h o f the

,

instr u ction given is fi tted onl y to t h e clown o r the ac tor .

4 E X T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
If a bo y o r gi r l c an with app r oved s c re e c h i n g s an d c o n t
, or

tions p r esent T he M idnight R ide o f J ennie M c N e al

“

C u r f ew S h all N o t
, ,

or
“
R ing T o N ight or c an r ende r -

,
”

a s to ry o r poem in di ale c t the te ache r s ambition is f u l

’

filled an d the p ar ent s c u p o f j o y is f u ll howev er e xc ru

’

c i at
,

i n g the pe r f o r m an c e to the ave rage he ar e r Hence .

the gene ral p r e ju di c e among ed u c ato r s against e l oc u

t i o n ary t r ainin g ; an d not u ntil we elimin ate the so r t o f
t raining above des c r ibed c an we hope — o r dese r ve
to see this p rej u di c e removed I wo u ld not be u nde r .

s tood to de c ry all r eciting or de c l ai m ing I f a gi rl r e c ites .

f r om the s t and ar d poets o r othe r good lite rat u r e o r the ,

boy d e c l aims selections f rom good speeches on q u estions

o f the d ay the p rac ti c e is v al u able in m an y w ay s Bu t
,
.

in the s c hools gene r all y is the r e not too m u ch me r e

,

de c l aiming ? C annot inst r u c tion in p u bli c spe aking be

m ade mo re p rac ti c al ? Wh y not give p u pils t raining in
th at so r t o f spe aking the y will be c alled u pon to p rac tice
in ac t u al li f e
L et the p u pils h ave p rac ti c e in telling wh at the y
know witho u t m emo rizing the l ang u age in adv an c e
,
.

The y do this in a w ay to be s u r e in c l ass room r e c it a

, ,
-

tions an d let the extempo r e exe r cises be in the n at u r e

o f a c l ass r e c it ation witho u t q u es tions o r int er r u ptions
,

b y the te ac he r Th u s w ill the p u pils le ar n to f al l! in the

p resen c e o f an au d ien c e an d t
.

h at,
is the ve ry so r t of
.

spe aking they sho u ld le arn This pl an h as the f u r ther

t
.

adv ant age o f r eq u i r ing no spe c i al t rainin g on h e p ar t

H ow the pl an c an be adap t
'

o f the te ac he r e d i n a p ar

t
.

i c u l ar s c hool is of c o u r se f or the individ u al te ache r

t o wo rk o u t S ome gene r al s u ggestions however m ay
, ,

Wh e n eve r t
.
, ,

be hel pf u l . h e c u rri c ul u m pr ovid es f or

 I N T R O D UCT I O N 5

instr u c tion in p u bli c spe aking b y al l me ans let so m e ,

time espe c i all y W i th adv an c ed st u dents be devoted to

, ,

cl ass exe rc is es in spe aking extempo r e When no r eg u .

l ar inst ru c tion is p r ovided let fi f teen twenty o r thi r t y

, , ,

m i n u tes be set aside on two th r ee o r even the fi ve d ay s , ,

o f the school week an d i m medi atel y f ollowing the open

,

ing exe r cises f o r wh at m ay be te r med mo r ning t alks

, .

A t fi r st let the te ac he r anno u nce some general s ubj e c t ,

an d assign topi c s on this s u bj e c t to a ce r t ain n u mbe r

o f the more ad van c ed p u pil s S eve r al mornings f or .

,

ex ample might be devoted respe c tivel y to S h akespe are

,
-

E me r son L ong f ellow an d other noted au thors

, ,
L et one .

p u pil give a b r ie f biographi c al sket c h anothe r a history ,

o f a c e r t ain pl ay o r poem o r book anothe r a q u ot ation

, , ,

the r e f r om an d so on with other p r od u c tions o f the au thor

,
.

With a V iew to le ading u p to extempo re spe aking p r ope r ,

several mo r e mo r nings might well be devoted to c alling

f or mis c ell aneo u s q u ot ations f r om s t and ar d au tho r s two ,

or three s u ch peri ods pe r h aps being assigned to the

, ,

cl ass in E nglish literat u r e A nd then a l arge n u mbe r .

o f exerc ises co u ld be d evoted to t alks e ach abo u t th r ee ,

min u tes in length o n c u rrent events an d q u estions of

,

the day The exe r cises co u ld o c c asion all y be v aried b y

.

h aving deb ates p r e f e rabl y on q u estions o f lo c al inte r e s t

, ,

assig n ing in adv an c e the affi r m ative an d neg ative le ade r s

an d thei r r espective c olle ag u es .

I n c ond u cting these exe rc ises elimin ate so far as , ,

possible the ho rr o r which the a ve rage p u pil f eels to

,

w ar d rhetoric al exe r cises D o not c all the spe ake r s to

.

the pl at f o r m let them simp l y r ise f r om thei r se ats an d

,

spe ak with the au dien c e abo u t them as the y wo u ld in ,

a c l ass recit ation A side f r om r eq u i r ing p u pils t

. o spe ak
6 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
distin c tl y eno u gh to be he ar d do not especi all y in the

/
, ,

e ar lie r e ffo r ts stim u l ate sel f c ons c io u sness b y c r iti c ising

,
-

thei r delive ry The inte res t sho u ld c hiefl y c ente r in w za t

.

they s ay an d the ai m sho u ld be to di rec t the p u pils

,
’

minds to this point of view .

I f the s c hed u le o f r e c it ations will not pe rm it these

mo rning t alks s u bstit u te si m il ar exe rc ises atle ast
, ,

o c c asion all y f o r the F r iday af t

'

,
e rn oo n r heto r i c als In .

o rde r t o allo w mo r e o r al l o f the p u pils to t ake p ar t

, , ,

the s c hool m ay b e divided into as m an y sections as

the r e are te ac he r s e ac h te ac he r meeting o n e o f the
,

se c tions i n his o r h e r r e c it ation r oom .

Th e individ u al te ac he r will of co u r se devise othe r , ,

me ans an d w ay s to meet lo c al c onditions I n an y event .

,

so m e s u c h in f o r m al t alks as h ave been s u ggested will be

f o u nd a v ast i m p r ovement in inte res t an d in p rac ti c al
,

r es u l ts ove r the u s u al s c hool r heto r i c al

,
The au tho r h as .

obse r ved the mo rning t alks above des c r ibed d u ring

1

seve ral y e ar s t ri al an d c an testif y to thei r p r ac ti c abilit y

’

, ,

thei r inte rest an d thei r e ffi c ien c y in developing in boy s

,

an d gi r ls the abilit y to think on thei r feet ; not the o r igi

n al thinking to be s u re th at w e expe c t of minds mo r e

, ,

m at u r e b u t
,
s u c h p rac ti c e d u r ing the f o r m ative pe riod
, ,

is a long st ride in the r ight di r e c tion .

III . C AN E XT E M P O RE S P EA K I N G BE A C Q U I RED ?

A gain the q u estion ar ises C an we le ar n t O s p e ak

'

exte m po r e ? I s it a thing th at c an be t au ght at

, ,

al l ?

I s it an ar t n at u r al to so m e b u tin c ap able of ac q u ire ,

ment b y othe r s ? I n ans w e r t o these q u e r ies let u s ,

1 A t
th It
h e ac a Hi gh s é h oo l .
 I N T R O D U CT I O N 7
t ake enco u rage m ent f r om the testimony an d e xp e r i
i

e n c e s of so m e noted o rato r s .

P e r i c les the g r e atest Of G r eek s t ates m en w as also

, ,

ac co r ding to t r adition the g re atest o r ato r of his d ay .

Tho u gh a note to P l u t arc h s L i f e Of P e r i c les s ay s th at

-
’

the l atte r w r ote d o w n his o rations be f o re b e p rono u n c ed

them in p u bli c an d indeed w as the fi r st who did so
, , ,

yet P ro f esso r B re d i f in his P oliti c al E loq u en c e o f

,
“

G ree c e de c l ares
,
P e r i c les neve r w rote his o rations
“
.

L ike A r istides Themisto c les an d the an c ient o r ato rs

, , ,

he imp r ovised af te r l abo r io u s medit ation The i m p res .

si on p rod u c ed w as immedi ate an d l asting ; he le f t the ‘

go ad i n the minds O f his he are r s .

’

C once r ning the two p r e eminent o rato r s o f the an c ient

wo rld D emosthenes an d C i c e r o the re is m u c h c o n fl i c t
, ,

ing testimon y D o u btless mos t o f thei r o rations th at

.

h ave c ome down to u s we r e c ar e f u ll y w ritten ou tin

adv an c e . S O m ani f est w as the p r ep aration o f D emos .

t h e n e s th at othe r envio u s o r ato r s r idi c u led him s ay ing ,

” ”
th at all his argu ments s m elled of the l amp “
Y et .
,

s ay s P l u t ar c h while he c hose not o f ten to t ru st the

,
“

s u c c ess o f his powe r s to f o r t u ne he did not absol u tely ,

negle c t the rep u t ation whi c h m ay be ac q u i red b y spe ak

ing on a s u dden o c c asion L o r d B ro u gh am c ontends
.

th at D emosthenes r epo r ted o rations are in the f o r m as

’

p rep ar ed f or delive ry b u t th at he added m u c h to them

,

while spe aking .

When time pe r mit ted C ice r o s o r ations we r e u s u all y

,
’

w ritten an d delive r ed f r om memo ry b u t when p r essed ,

f or time he spoke extempo r e an d w ith the v anit y n at u r al ,

to him b e c o m mended some o f h i s extemporized spee c hes

as s u pe r io r t o his w r itten p r od u c tions .
8 E XT E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
P assing b y s u c h c eleb rated extempo r ize r s as S tP aul .
,

C h ry sostom P ete r the H e r mit S avon arol a B oss u et an d

t
’

, , , ,

M ar tin Lu the r l e u s t ake two o r th ree ex amples f rom

,

the o r ato r s of the eighteenth c ent u ry .

M i rabe au u gl y b ut
,
powe rf u l is typi c al as an o rato r ,

o f the F r en c h R evol u tion M os t Of his fam o u s spee c hes

.

were written ou t in advan c e b u t he never w as Confi ned

,

to his p rep ar ed text I t i s s aid th at he wo u ld r e c eive

.

notes as he as c ended the t r ib u ne an d we av e them with ,

ou t app ar ent r e fle c tion into the text u r e o f his disco u r se

,
.

P owe r f ul as M i rabe au w as in his p remeditated dis c o u r se ,

his extempo r e u tte r an c e w as i rr esistible “ H e r o ared .

,

he st amped he shook his sho c k O f h ai r an d t rod the

, ,

t r ib u ne wi th the i m peri al ai r O f a king H is h abit u al .

g rave an d solemn tones we r e gone an d in their pl ac e

r ang o u t
,

ac c ents o f th u nde r an d he ar t r ending p athos ,

an d all witho u t losing his sel f cont r ol Bu t these i m

-
.

p rov i s e d e f fo r ts we r e sho rt an d wisel y ended when the

,

blow w as st r u c k H e w as not s u bj e c t to the c ommon

. .

infi r mit y of extempo raneo u s spe ake r s not knowing when ,

” 1
to stop an d how .

O f the g r o u p o f famo u s p ar li ament ary o r ato r s in

E ngl and d u r ing the eighteenth c ent u ry Willi am P itt , ,

L o r d M ansfield an d C h arles J ames F o x will se rve as

,

ex am ples .

I n his spe aking P itt h abit u all y emplo y ed the extempo r e

method A long with his gi f ts n at u ral an d ac q u i r ed he
.
, ,

h ad a m ar ke d s u s c eptibilit y f o r b eing ar o u sed b y the

o c c asion H is ove rw helming spont aneit y an d high per
.

son al c h ar ac te r swept eve ry thing befo r e him I t is s aid .

th at s u ch w as the ex c itement when he spoke th at it w as

1 S H i ty f O ty 4 5
e ars , s or o ra o r
‘
, 2 .
 I N T R O D U CT I O N 9

impossible to repo r t him an d the speech whi c h in its

,

delivery a n d p u bli c ation ove r th rew Walpole s m inist r y ’

w as r ed u c ed to w riting b y D r J ohnson . .

M ansfield w as p re eminent as an extempo re spe ake r .

A t an e ar l y age he g ave p ro m ise o f th at r e ady c o m

m and o f his mothe r tong u e whi c h w as l ate r sho w n in
his speeches This w as se c u red by a c o n s t an t
“
. t rans
l ation an d ret ransl ation Of G r eek an d R om an o rato r s ,

whi c h also g ave him a knowledge Of the p r in c iples of

eloq u en c e a st u d y which he began to p u r s u e with al l
,

diligence u pon his ent ry into the u nive r sity This he .

contin u ed afte r beginning his l aw st u dies especi all y in

t
,

he p rac ti c e o f e xt
e m p o ra spe aking f o r whi c h he p r e
,

p ared himsel f with s u c h f u llness an d ac c u rac y t h at h is

notes we r e u se f u l to hi m in afte r li f e both atthe b ar,

an d o n the ben c h .

The fame O f F o x as a p arli ament ary o rato r an d de

b ater is well known altho u gh he began awk w ar dly an d
,

abo u nded I n r epetitions H e w as an extempo r e spe ake r

.

solel y O rato r i c all y F ox s am bition w as to be c o m e a

.
’

po w e r f u l deb at er o n e who goes o u t

,
“
in all we athe r s ,

inste ad o f c ar ry ing wi th him to the H o u se a set spee c h

d rawn u p befo r eh and I n this c o u r se he pe r seve red
u ntil he be c am e the ac knowledged le ade r o f the Whi g
/“
p art y in the H o u se of C o m m on s H e answe r ed well to
his own defi nition o f an o rato r o n e who c an give
“

immedi ate inst ant aneo u s exp r ession t

,

,
o his tho u ghts .

He m aste re d hi s s u bj ec t an d ac c u m u l ated fac ts A s .

to how he sho u ld u s e these f ac ts he depended u pon

”
the m ood Of the assembl y h e r ose to ad d r es s B u rke .

affi r med him to b e the m ost b r illi ant an d ac c ompli s hed

“

deb ate r the wo rld eve r s aw M ac au l ay s ay s o f him

.
IO E XT E M P O RE S P EA K I N G
A t his first appe arance in P arli ament he showed him .

sel f s u pe r io r to al l his c ontemporaries in comm and O f

l ang u age He co u ld po u r f o r th a long s u ccession O f
.

ro u nd an d s t atel y pe riods witho u t p r emedit ation with

ou t
,

ever p au sing f or a wo r d witho u t eve r r epe ating a

H e w as at
,

wo r d . once the onl y m an who co u ld ,

witho u t notes open a b u dget an d the onl y m an who

, , ,

as Windh am s aid c o u ld spe ak th at most el abo ratel y

,

e ff u sive an d u nme aning of h u m an c ompositions a ,

king s spee c h w itho u t p remedit ation

’

,
.

O f E nglish p arli ament ary o rato r s in mo r e mode r n

times two ill u strio u s ex amples sho u ld be mentioned ,

J ohn B right an d Willi am E G l adstone . .

P r ob abl y no mode r n o rator in E ngl and h as s u rp assed

B right in m aste ry o f his au dience an d in le aving a p e r
m anent pe r son al imp ress H e began his p u blic c areer
.

b y c ommitting his spee c hes to memo ry b u ts ay s one , ,

o f his c ontempo raries he soon ab andoned so c l u ms y

,
“

an d exh au sting a method o f addres s I nste ad o f m e m or .

ite r r ep r od u c tions he held imp ro m pt u r ehe ar s als at o dd

ho u r s in his f ather s mill be f o r e M r N u tt all an i n t

,
’
elli .

gent wo r km an an d u nsp ar ing c ri ti c b u t

,

even now his

pe r orations are w r itten o u t ”
with the g re atest c ar e A n .

s w e ri n g an inq u i ry as to his method B r ight himsel f s aid ,

“
A s to m odes o f p r ep aration it seems to me th at ,

eve ry m an wo u ld re adil y d iscover wh at s u its him best .

T O w r ite spee c hes an d then c om m it them to memo ry

is a do u ble sl ave ry which I c o u ld not be ar T o spe ak .

witho u t p rep aration espe c i all y on g re at an d solemn

,

topi c s is rashness an d c annot be r e c ommended When

, ,
.

I intend to spe ak on an y thing th at see m s to me impo r

t ant I c onsider wh at it is I wish to imp r ess u pon m y
,
12 E XT E M P O RE S P EA K I N G
T u r ning now t o A me r i c an o r ato r s we fi nd th at the ,

most f amo u s r ep resent ative o f the e arl y pe riod of

o u r histo ry P at rick H en ry n eve r w r ote a line o f his
, ,

spee c hes The sp arks o f his eloq u ence flew h o tf rom

.

the anvil o f his tho u ght H e owed hi s s u ccess to e arl y

'

p rac ti c e in c onve r s ation an d p u blic spe aking an d to the ,

c o u r age an d r e adiness with which he met a c risis

We are ap tto think of the gre at t ri u mvi rate

.

C alho u n C l ay an d Webste r
, ,
as less r e ad y in p u r el y .

extempo raneo u s spee c h th an the ave rage legisl ato r of

to d ay an d yet e ac h o f these th r ee g r e at o rato s showed
-

,
r

a g r ad u al development i n f ac ilit y as extempo r e spe ake r s .

C alho u n c u ltiv ated extempo r e spe aking with g r e at s u c

c ess w hile in the l aw s c hool at Li tc hfi e ld an d he p u r ,

”
s u ed this method in the i r on logic o f his spee c hes “

in C ong r ess C l ay t o o e ar l y p r ac ticed the extempo r e

‘

method in a deb ating c l u b atR i c hmond an d his y et

.
, ,

e arlie r p rac ti c e with c o r nfi eld o r woods as an au dien c e

is well kno w n The testimony Of Webste r q u oted i n
.
,

C h apte r I I ( p might at fi r s t gl an c e appe ar adve r se

to the extempo r e method b u t
.

he r efe rr ed to the p rep ara

,

tion of the m atte r not the l ang u age Webs te r w as not

,
.

as r e ad y a m an as C alho u n or C l ay He u s u all y w r ote

.

ou t o r tho u gh t o u tin senten c es his set o rations b u t his ,

ar g u m ents in c o u r t an d m ost o f his spee c hes in the S e n

at e w er e extempo r aneo u s E dw ar d E ve r ett s ays th at

w hen Webste r m ade his t r ip atthe opening of the
.

E r ie R ail r o ad he showed his powe r in ext

,
empo r e
spee c h in the p r ope r sense of the te r m He m ade .
“

eleven spee c hes s ay s E ve rett d isting u ishing between “

s pee c hes an d me r e sn atche s o f r em ar ks at

, ,

st ations The y .

w e r e m ade w hen he w as well adv anc ed in y e ar s an d ,

 I N T R O D U CT I O N 1 3

p rob abl y eve ry o n e of them w as extempo raneo u s H e .

c o u ld n o t h ave k nown when he went o u t o f the c ar s to

the pl at f o rm wh at he w as going to s ay an d y et eve ry ,

o n e O f them w as sing u l ar l y ad apted t o the pl ac e an d

o c c asion ; indeed e ac h speech w as s o complete th at if

, ,

he had intended onl y to m ake an y one an d h ad c ar ef u ll y

,

prep ared it i t c o u ld not h ave been imp roved E ve r y

,
.

o n e o f those eleven speeches — an d I h ave r e ad the m

c are f u ll y — wo u ld h ave added g r e atly to the r ep u t ation

O f an y othe r m an in the U nited S t ates .

I n an y ac c o u nt O f extempo r e o r ato ry in A me r i c a the

n ame O f S argent S P rentiss sho u ld not be omitted
. .

”
“
The mos t eloq u ent O f al l S o u the r ne r s s ay s Wendell
,

Ph illips ,
“
he wielded a powe r f ew m e n eve r h ad A .
”

single ex ample o f his po w e r m u s t s u ffi c e A t the dinne r

.

given to D aniel Webste r in F an e u il H all in 1 8 3 8 when

P rentiss w as b u t
,

twent y nine y e ar s o f ag e he w as p r e
-

c eded b y a long list O f spe ake r s in c l u ding Webste r an d

,

E verett . The l atte r s u bseq u entl y des c r ibed P r entiss s ’

spee c h as f ollows
“
S u ch w as the l at e ness o f the ho u r th at not h aving ,

h ad the f o r t u ne to he ar M r P r entiss I m u s t o w n th at
.
,

I f e ar ed he wo u ld fi nd himsel f obliged afte r a few sen

,

ten oes O f c u stom ar y ac kno w ledg m ent to give u p the

length B u t
,

ide a of add r es sing the c o m p any at he w as .

f r om the o u tset c o m pletel y s u c c ess f u l H e took posses

.

sion of the au dien c e f rom the fi r s t senten c e an d c ar r ied ,

them along with u n ab ated inte r es t I think fo r abo u t an

, ,

ho u r I t seemed to me the most wonde rf u l spe c imen O f

.

a sententio u s fl u en c y whi c h I h ad eve r w itnessed The .

wo r ds po u r ed f r om hi s lips in a to r rent b u t
,
the senten c e s
we re c or rectl y f ormed the m atte r g rave an d impo r t ant
, ,
I 4 E X T E M P O RE S P E AK I NG
the train o f tho u ght distin c tl y p u rs u ed the ill u strations ,

wonde r f u ll y h app y d rawn f r om a wide range o f re ading

,

an d aided b y a b r illi ant im agin ation Th at it w as a c are

.

f u ll y p rep ared spee c h no one co u ld believe f o r a moment .

S itting b y M r Webs ter I asked him i f he h ad eve r

.
,

he ar d an y thing like it H e answe r ed N eve r except

.
,
‘
,

f rom P rentis s himsel f .

’

Wendell P hillips who h as b een ch arac teriz ed as a

,
“

V es u vi u s in f u ll e ru ption in the c alm O f a s u mme r d ay ,

an d as an in f ern al m achine set to m u si c h abit u all y

“

H is fi r s t g re at s u c c ess atF ane u il

,

S pok e extempo r e .
,

H all w as a p u r el y extemporaneo u s addres s With the

,
.

single ex c eption mentioned in C h apter I I ( p P hillips .

neve r u sed a pen in the p r ep aration o f his S peeches E ven .

his g r e at le c t u r es s u c h as The L ost A r ts an d D aniel

,

”
O C on n e ll
’
tho u gh c are f u ll y p rep ar e d were never w r it ,

ten o u t H is method w as th u s st ated b y himsel f

,

. The “

c hie f thing I ai m at is the m aste ry O f m y s u bj e c t Then .

I e arn estl y t r
y to get the au dience to think as I do
”
.

H en ry War d B ee c he r developed the extempore method

g rad u all y E arl y in his minis try h is se rm ons were gen
r ed f r om q u ite f u ll m an u sc r ipts b u t
.

e rall
y delive d u ring ,

the l ast twent y y e ar s o f his li f e he took into the p u lpit

a mere sk eleton b r ie f o f his disco u r se sometimes j otting ,

down b r ief notes o n the m arg i ns O f newsp ape r s My .

“

”
o w n expe r ien c e te ac hes me he s aid th at m y sermons
,

S ho u ld so m etimes b e written b u t
,

more O f ten u n w r itten

,
.

Ho w eve r m u c h y o u m ay w r ite the tenden c y Of all ,

s u c h me c h ani c al p r ep aration sho u ld be tow ar ds the ide al

Of the u nw r itten se r mon an d th r o u gho u t y o u r e arl y t r ain
ing an d y o u r af te r l abo r y ou S ho u ld re ach ou t
,

af ter th at

high e r and b road e r f o r m o f preac hin g .

 I N T R O D U CT I O N 1 5

F r om n u mbe rless ex amples th at might be add u c ed

let u s n o t
,

e s om e bits of tes timon y f rom y et mo re

‘
1

mode r n A me ri c an S pe akers .

H o n C u shm an K D avis l ate U nited S t ates sen ato r

. .
,

f rom M innesot a ! The method I employ in p rep ar ing

“

a spee c h is this
‘

R ese arc h m aste ry o f al l m ate ri al f ac ts , ,

an d a de al o f h ard think ing u pon the s u bj e c t I never .

write speeches al tho u gh I sometimes th u s p r ep are a

,

f orm al add ress .

Hon Willi am P F ry e U nited S t ates sen ator f rom

. .
,

M aine I h ave never r e ad a spee c h add ress or o ration , ,

but
,

h ave o c c asion ally e arly in m y c aree r w ritten c ar e , ,

f u ll y p ar ti all y c ommitted then th r own the m an u sc ript

, ,

aside .

D r D avid S t arr J o r d an P resident O f S t an f ord U ni

ve r sit y ! I l ay ou t
.
,

a line O f ar g u m ent o r mo r e u s u all y ,

o f exposi tio n an d t alk to it as str aight as st r ikingl y

, , ,

”
an d as con c isely as I c an .

Hon A W Te r rell ex U nited S t ates M iniste r to

. . .
,
-

T u rke y ! I seldom eve r r ed u c e to w r iting wh at I p ro

“

pose to s ay altho u gh I h ave done so a f ew ti m es i n

,

p rep aring f orm al add resses I n impo r t ant l aw c ases

f or ex ample I t
,
.

r
y to m aster in adv an c e al l the f ac ts
, ,

an d u s u all y t ru s t the i nspi ration of the moment to

s u ppl y the ar g u ment .

Hon B R Tillm an U nited S t ates Sen ato r f r om

. . .
,

S o u th C ar olin a ! I get c ho c k f u ll o f ide as an d f ac ts ,

an d then t u r n loose witho u t m u ch tho u ght o r p r ep ar a

tion I very O f ten think ove r wh at I am going to s ay

.
,

an d then when I get on m y f eet never think O f wh at I

, ,

1 F ro m a t
h i es s on t
M o d e rn M e h o d s o f T rai n i n g f o r P u b li c S p e ak
in g, by E T M o o r e , . . E s q , o f E l P as o , T e xas
. .
16 E X T E M P O R E S PE AK I N G
intended to s ay P rac tice h as en abled me to spe ak w ith
.

m o r e e ase an d w itho u t getting ex c ited b u t I do u bt i f ,

m y spee c hes are as e ff e c tive as when they ar e bel c hed

f orth like l av a f rom a vol c ano .

Hon Willi am J B r y an ! I fi r s t r e ad all I c an on the

. .

s u bj e c t to be dis c u ssed ex am ining the q u es tion f r om all

,

st and p oints then prep are an o u tline dividing the s u bj e c t

into he ads an d s u bhe ads ; t h en fill in the det ails I se l .
‘

dom w r ite a spee c h c omplete Whe re I h ave the s u bj e c t

.
.

tho r o u ghl y i n h and i t is e asie r to u s e the l ang u age whi c h

,

c o m es at the moment th an to r eme m be r set ph raseolo gy

Bu t
.

!
the st u dent m ay s ay ! M os t o f the f oregoing “

S pe akers we r e o r ar e,
disting u ished o rato rs ; wh at O f
,

the r ank an d file Yo u m ay c onsole y o u r sel f w ith the

f ac t th at the r e are a f ar g r e ate r n u mbe r O f p u bli c
spe ake r s th an o r ato r s ; th at w hile not eve ry one c an
be c ome an o rato r almost an y one c an by t raining an d
p rac ti c e be c o m e an e ff e c tive p u bli c S p eake r B u t
, ,

,
even .

S O c an the neophy te le ar n to spe ak exte m pore to t alk

, ,

ten t w ent y o r thi r t y min u tes imp r ovising h i s l ang u age

, , ,

Ye s ; i f he c an t alk in o r din ary conve r s ation in a c le ar

, ,

an d c onne c ted m anne r he c an le ar n t o c arr y on the u n

,

inte r ru pted an d st ronge r t alk of extempo re spe ak ing I t .

is an art th at c an be ac q u i red an d it is m ainl y d u e to ,

the non r e c o g nit i on o f this fac t th at s u c h raw an d c ru de

attempts ar e Often m ade at the b ar in the p u lpit o r on , ,

the pl atfo r m to do e ffe c tivel y w h at men h ave neve r been

,

inst ru c ted to do at al l P rac ti c e is the m ain thing an d

.
,

i f this be h ad d u r ing the t r aining pe riod o f s c hool o r c o l

lege all the bette r T O be s u r e the fi r s t atte m pts m ay
,
.
,

r es u lt in spee c hes th at are not m ar vels Of fl u en c y I .

h ave seen m an y a st u dent w h o in hi s fi rst e ff orts wo u ld , ,

 I NT RO D U CT I O N [ 7
t
f o rge the o u tline o f his intended spee c h hem an d h aw
at
,

f req u ent p au ses w hile ment ally s e arc hing f o r wo rd s ,

st u mble c onside ra bly an d o c c asion all y f all do w n ; an d

,

y et thi s s ame st u dent b y c ontin u ed p rac ti c e wo u ld

, ,

develop a c o ordinat i on o f b rain an d tong u e a r e ad iness

an d fl u en c y th at we r e at
,

,
on c e s u r p r ising an d g ratif y ing
M ilb u rn f o r so m e ti m e the blind b u t
.

”
,
“
eloq u ent c h ap
l ain o f the H o u s e O f R ep resent ati ves s ay s th at he de
,

voted f o u r y e ar s O f his li f e to ac q u i r ing the po w e r o f

S pe aking c o rr e c tly an d e asily w itho u t the p r evio u s u s e

O f the pen ,
an d th at he c onside r s the time well spent
“
M os t men c an be t rained to think u pon thei r feet ,

s ay s B ee c her b u t
,
“
b y d is u se m an y lose the powe r G o d
h as given the m Tho u gh a m an be bo r n to geni u s a
.
,

n at u ral o rator an d a n at u r al r e asone r these endo w ments

give him b u tthe o u tlines Of himsel f The filling u p
,

dem and s in c ess ant p ainst aking s te ad y wo r k

, , .
 CHA PTER I

WH AT I S E X TE M P O R E S P EA K I N G ?

A t the o u tset let u s g e t a c le ar ide a O f wh at ext e m i

-
-

po r e spe aking is as the te r m will be u sed in this book

,

The wo r d ext
.

e mp or e is u sed both as an adj e c ti ve an d

as an adve r b A s an adj e c tive its S i m ple r fo r m is u s u

.

all y p r e f e rable to the e q u iv alents ex ze m o m m ou s an d

p
ext
,

e mp or a ry an d as an adve r b it is like w ise p r e f e r able

,

to ext b I n its o r igin ex t e m or e is an adve r bi al

'

e m or a m a
p p
ph rase being d e r ived f r om the L atin p r eposition ex
,

me aning o u t
,

of or f r o m an d zfe mp om the abl ative o f

,

me aning ti m e o r moment ; hen c e o u t

,

t e mp u s ,
”
of ” “

” ”
the mo m ent o n the S p u r o f the mo m ent
,
“
o ffh and ,
“
,
”
an d th u s Opposed to p r ep ar ed “
p remedit ated ,
“
,

delibe r ate .

F o r m e r ly the wo r r efe rr ed to u np r emedit ated spe ak

d ,

ing both as to tho u ght an d l ang u age S h akespe are

,
.

s ati r izes s u c h spe aking in M ids u m m e r N ight s D re am ’

( A c t I S
,
c ene 2 ) H a ve y o u the lion s p ar t w r itten ?
‘ ’

P ray y o u i f i t be give it me f o r I am slow O f st u d y

, , ,
’

Yo u m ay do i t exte m po r e f o r it is nothing b u t ,
r o ar ing .

B u tlike m an y othe r wo rds in o u r l ang u age ex i g m

, ,

p or e h as c h anged its me aning altho u gh s u c h c h ange ,

h as not y et pe r h aps be c o m e fi rm l y fixed in pop u l ar

, ,

u s age zmp rom p m or the c olloq u i al

'

atp r esent
,

ofi ka n d signi fy wh at w as o r igin all y the

sole m e aning O f ext e m or e as applied to p u bli c speech
p ,
.

I 8
20 E XT E M P O R E S P E A K I N G
m ay be admitted th at the line O f c le avage is O f ten not
dis tin c t b u tto atte m pt to t rac e the dividing line in
,

given ins t an c es wo u ld be both u nne c ess ar y an d u n p ro fi t

able f o r o u r p r esent p u r pose We w ill devote o u r atten
.

tion in the s u bseq u ent c onside ration o f methods only

, ,

to those p u bli c add r esses whi c h are to be delive r ed

be f o r e a c e r t ain au dien c e on a p ar ti c u l ar d ay an d s u b
,

je c t
,
w ith a vie w to ac hieving a c e r t ain r es u lt an d wit h ,

ti m e f or p r ep ar ation The m ain point is exte m po r e

.
,

spe aking does not c onsi s t in spe aking w itho u t p r ep ar a

tion b u t
,
r athe r i n s u c h tho r o u gh p r ep aration th a t ide as ,

p r evio u sly tho u ght o u t an d ar ranged ru sh to the b r ain ,

in s u c h w ell m ar sh aled arr ay as to ove r co m e bond age

-

to an y set f o r m o f wo rds .

EXERC I SES
A n aly z e th e f o ll o w in g sp e e c h e s an d d ete rm ine w h i c h was
p ro bab l y m e m o riz ed w h ic h was i m p ro m p t u an d w h i c h e xt
,

,
em ,

p o re .

J
U S F A S F —D E FE N SE
/
I . T I I B L E E L

Ex tt
f
r ac r om l ze
p l e a of S ar
g en tS . P r en t
i i
ss n d ef en s e

G ent l e m en O f t he j a c as e o f n o o r d in ary c h ar

ac te r an d p o ss e ss e s n in te rest T h ree o f t h e m o st

/
.
,

re sp e c t ab l e c iti z en s of M i ss iss i pp i s tan d b efo r e yo u

in d i c te d f o r the c rim e t h e h igh e st O ffen s e kno wn t o

th e l aws o f t h e l an d I ask
. d efen d ant s n o s y m p ath y ,

n or d o t h ey w i sh it I as
. k j u s ti c e — su c h j u s tic e as
o u w ou ld d e m an d if y o u t h ei r s itu ati o n an d t h ey
y
y ou r s .

Th e g rou n d of t h ei r d e pl e T h ey ass e rt t h at
do t h e ac t
.

t h ey d id n o t v ol u ntari l y o r m al i c io u sl y ; t h at t h ey
‘
 WHA T IS E XT E M P O R E S P EA K I N G ?
c om m itte d it f ro m ste rn an d i m p e rati ve nec e ss ity b y v i rt u e of
t
,

h e b road an d u ni v e rs al l aw Of s e l f d efe n s e ; an d t h ey d eny -

t h at t h ey v io late d t h e re by t h e o d in an c e s of G o d o r m an
r

T h e p rin c i pl e s o f s e l f d efen s e d o no trequ i e t h at ac tion

.

-
r

s hou ld be wit hh e ld u nti l it c an b e o f n o avai l W h en t h e ratt l e

.

snake g iv e s warn in g O f h i s fatal p u rp o s e t h e wary t rav el e r wait s

n ot f o r t h e p oi s ono u s b l ow b u t
,

pl ant s u p on h i s h ead h i s arm e d

h ee l an d c ru sh e s ou t at
,

on c e h i s veno m an d h i s s t ren gt h W h en
t h e h u nte r h ear s t h e ru s t l in g in t h e j u n gl e an d b e h o lds t
.

he
l arge g reen eye s Of t h e sp otte d ti g e r gl arin g u p on him h e wait s
n ot fo r t h e d e adl y sp r in g b u t s en ds at on c e t h rou gh t
,

h e b rain
Of h i s c rou c h in g ene m y t
,

h e s w ift an d l e ad en d e at h If war was .

d ec l are d again s t ou r c ou nt y by an in s u l tin g f o e wou ld you

r ,

wait ti ll yo u r S l ee p in g C itie s we re awakene d by t h e te rri b l e

m u s i c of t h e b u rs tin g b o m b ti ll you r g reen fi e lds we r e t ram pl ed
b y t h e h oof s of t h e in v ad e r an d m ad e r e d w it h t
,
he b l oo d of
you r b ret h ren ? N O 1 Yo u wou ld s en d fo rt h fl e et s an d arm ie s
you wou ld u n l oo s e u p on t h e b ro ad o c ean yo u r keen fal c on s ;
an d t h e t h u nde r o f yo u r g u n s wo u ld ar o u s e s te rn e c hoe s al on g

t h e h o s til e c oas t Ye tt h i s wou ld b e n ation al d efen s e an d

au t h o r ize d by t
.
,

h e s am e p rin c i pl e O f p rotec tion w h i c h appl ie s

n o l e ss t o in d i v i d u als t h an t o n ation s

Bu t J u dg e Wi lkin s on h ad n o r i gh t t
.

o inte rfe re in d efen s e o f

'

h i s b rot h e r ! so s ay s th e c o m m on we al t h s atto rney G o g entl e ’

.
,

m e n an d ask yo u r m ot h e r s an d s i s te r s if t h at b e l aw I r efe r
yo u t o n o m u s ty to m e s b u t to t
, .

h e l i v in g v o l u m e s o f n at u re
Wh at ! a m an n o tp e rm itte d t
, .

o d efen d h i s b rot h e r ag ain s t

c on sp i rato r s ,ag ai n s t a ss a ss in s wh o ar e c ru sh in g o u t
, th e v e ry
l ife of t h ei r bru i s e d an d p o we rl e ss v i c tim Wh y h e who wou ld
g ov e rn hi s c on d u c t by s u c h a p rin c ipl e d oe s n o t d e s e rv e t
,

h ave a b rot h e r or a f rien d T o figh t for s el f is b u t t h e re s u l t

o f an h one s t i n s t in c t w h i c h we h av e w it h t
.

h e b ru te s T o d efen d
t h o s e who are d ear t o u s is t h e h igh e s t exe rc i s e of t
.

h e p r in c i pl e
o f s e l f d efen s e
-

. It nou ri sh e s all t h e no b l e s t s o c ial qu al itie s an d ,

c on s tit u te s t h e v e ry g e r m Of p at r ioti s m i t s e l f .

K entu c ky h as n o l aw wh ic h p re c l u d e s a m an f ro m d efen d
in g h i m s e l f h i s b roth e o r h is f rien d Bette r f o r J u dg e W i l kin
, r, .

so n h ad h e n e v e r l i v e d t h an t h at h e sh o u ld h av e f ai l e d i n h is
22 E X T E M P O RE S P EA K I N G
d u ty on s u c h an o c c as ion H ad h e ac te d othe rwi s e than he d i d
.
,

h e wou ld h av e b een ru ine d in h i s own e s ti m ation an d b l as te d

in t h e o p i n i on s of t h e wo rld .

FA R M J
E R SE Y
/ / /
11 . MY IN

Sp eee z o
f j ose p i f ej
r
er s on a t di
a n n er
g v en by
i tA t
ze k u or s
’
Cl u b,
N ew Yor k , F e br u a ry 28, 1 8 93

I nee d n ot say g ent l e m en h ow I t h ank y ou for thi s g ene r

, ,

o u s g reet in g I am v e ry gl ad t h at you r wo rt hy c h airm an has

d e fi ne d m y p o s ition I knew I was a g u e s t b u t I d id n o t
.

. know ,

I was an au t h o r Howe v e r I w i ll be g in m y r em ark s he re

b e c au s e I t h ink i t i s app ro p r iate at an A u t h o r s C l u b t
.
,

o q u ote
’

f rom so ab l e an d so l ov e ly a m an as C h arle s Lam b C h arl e s

'

Lam b h as s ai d t h at t h e wo r ld i s d i v i d e d into t
.

wo c l ass e s t h o s e
wh o are b o rn t o b o rr o w an d t h o s e w h o are b o rn t
,

o l en d an d

if you h app en t o b e Of t
,

h e l atte r c l ass why d o it c hee rfu ll y

N ow t h e w o ld s ee m s t
.

o b e d i v i d e d into t
,

r wo ot h er c l ass e s t h o s e
wh o ar e al way s anxiou s t
,

o m ake sp ee c h e s an d t h o s e w h o ar e

n o t If o f t h e l atte r on e y o u ar e r at h e r u n c e rt ain o f you r s e l f

as I am n ow an d if y ou h av e t
.
, ,

, o m ake a sp ee c h w hy m ake it ,

c h ee rf u ll y .

M akin g a sp ee c h c h ee rf u ll y an d m akin g a C heerfu l sp ee c h

ar e t wo v e ry d i ff e rent m atte r s Yo u know h ow d an g e ro u s it i s
f or an y m an t
.

o wan d e r away f ro m t h e l e g iti m ate p at hs o f hi s

p rofe ss ion I fear I hav e b een o v er im p ertinent I hav e even -

been ru d e eno u gh t o ex h i b it m y p i c t u r e s i m p e rtinent eno u gh t

.

,o

write a b ook I h av e b e c o m e an au t h o r of on e b ook an d the

au t h o r s h av e kin dl y ad m itte d m e an d in v ite d m e t
.
,

o t h ei r b o ard

TO m orrow ni gh t or afte r t o m o rr o w n i gh t I p r e s u m e t h at t
.

- -

he
o rator s will invite m e t
, ,

o t h ei r b o ard I am al m o s t ash am e d o f
m y p r e s u m p tion an d i t
.

wou ld s e r v e m e ve ry r i gh t if I f ai l ed
t
,

o m o r ow n i gh t
-
r Th at will teac h m e bette r an d I sh all exten d
.

t h e fi e ld of m y o p e rat ion n o f u rthe r I ass u re you

Bu t
.
,

it i s c u r io u s t h at t h er e i s on e p at h in wh ic h t h e ac tor
al way s wan d e r s h e al way s l i ke s t o b e a l an d o wne r Fo ll o w
in g an d e m u l at in g t
.

h e exam pl e o f m y i ll u s t r i ou s p re d ec e ss o r s
I b ou ght a farm in N ew Je rs ey I wen t ou t fi rs t t
,

. o ex am in e c
 WHAT IS E XT E M P O R E S PE A K I N G ? 23

the s oi l I to l d the h one s t farm er wh o was ab o u t t o s e ll m e

t h i s plac e th at I t h ou gh t t
.

h e s oi l l o oke d rat h e r t h in t h e r e w as
a good d eal o f g rav e l H e to ld m e t h at t h e g rav e l was t he
fi ne s t t h in g f or d rain ag e in t
.

he w o rld I to ld him I h ad heard

t h at bu t I h ad al way s p re su m e d that if t
.

h e g rave l was u n d e r
at
,

n e at h it wo u ld an s we r t h e p u rp o s e bette r H e s ai d Not .

al l thi s s oi l i s Of t h at C h arac te r t h at it wi ll d rain b ot h way s ”

c at
,

by wh at h e te rm e d I think e rp ill ary att rac tion I b ou gh t

th e farm an d se t m y s el f to wo rk t
, , .

o in c re as e t h e b r e ad t h of m
y
sh ou ld e rs t o h e lp m y app etite an d so fo rth abo u t wo rk Of a

farm I even went so far as t o e m u l ate t h e ex am pl e se t

, , ,

by
M r B u rrou g h s an d spl it the wood I d i d n o t s u c c ee d at
.

t h at
O f c ou r s e as M r B u rro u ghs w i s e l y re m ark s t
. . .
,

h e h e at c o m e s
at
.
, ,

both ends ; it c o m e s wh en you spl it t h e woo d an d again

when you bu rn it Bu t as I on l y l i v e d at m y farm d u rin g the
s u m m e r tim e it b ec am e qu ite u nnec e ssary in N ew Je rs ey t
.

in J u ly an d m y farm in g O p e ration s we re n o t
,

S pl it w oo d ,

s u c c e ss fu l .

We b ou gh t an i m m en s e qu antity of c h i c ken s an d t h ey al l
tu rne d ou tt o b e r oo s te rs ; b u t I re s o lv e d I p re su m e as
W ill i am N ye say s abou t t h e farm — t o c arry it o n ; I wo u ld

c arry o n t h at f arm as l on g a s m y w ife s m o n ey l as te d A gr eat ’

m i sh ap was w h en m y Ald e rney b u ll go t

.

into t h e g reen h ou s e
T h e re was not h in g t o s to p h im b u t t He to ss ed t
.

h e c ac tu s he
fl o w e rp o t
.

s ri gh t an d l eft Tal k ab o u t t h e fl o we rs t h at b l oo m
in t
.

. h e sp rin g — why I neve r saw s u c h a wre c k an d I am f u lly

, , ,

c on v in c e d t h at t h e r e i s nothin g t h at w i ll s to p a t h o rou g h l y

we ll b re d bu ll bu t
-

a f u ll b r e d S ou t h A m e r i c an c ac tu s
-

I went
d own t o l ook at t h e ru in s an d t
.

h e d e vas tation t h at thi s ani m al

h ad m ad e an d I fo u n d h im qu iet l y e atin g b l ac k H am b u rg
,

g rap e s I d on t know anyt h in g fi ne r t h an b l ac k H am bu rg

.
’

g rap e s f or Ald erney bu lls A f rien d of m ine wh o was c h affin g

I s ee you h ave go t
.
,

m e ab ou t m y f arm in g p ro c l i v itie s s ai d ! “

It l ook s t
,

in s o m e c onfu s i on he re o m e as t h o u gh y ou we r e

t ryin g t
.

”
o r ai s e e arl y b u lls u n d e r gl ass

We ll I w i ll n o t
.

, ti re you wit h t h e s e ex p erien c e s I c an o n ly .

c on g ratu l ate M r B u rro u ghs u p on hi s s u c c e ss an d I b e

.
g t h at ,

you wi ll s y m p at h i ze wit h m e u p on m y fail u re ; an d n o w t h en

24 E XT E M P O RE S P E A K I N G
all ow m e t o c on c l u d e m y c r u d e r e m ark s b y t h ankin g y ou f or

th e v e ry kin d m anne r in w h i c h y ou h av e l i s tene d t o m y r e m ar k s

an d m y ex p e rien c e s I assu re yo u t h ey ar e all of t h e m t ru e

.
, .

An d I t h ank you si r f o r you r kin d int ro d u c tion w h ic h I am

af rai d I d o n o t
, , ,

d e s e rv e An d so gentl e m en I w i sh you s u c c e ss
an d h app ine ss an d l on g l ife t
.
, ,

,o yo u r h ono rab l e c l u b .

D EC LA R A T I O N D EPE N D E N CE
/ / /
III . THE OF IN

A br a mm L i n c ol n i n I n d ep en d en c e H a ll , P b i l a ae lp zi a ,
’
Sp eee i o
f
1
F ebr u a ry 22 , 1 861

I am t h d ee p e m otion at
fill ed wi fi n d in g m y s e l f s tan d in g in
t h i s pl ac e w h e re we re c oll e c te d t h e wi sd o m t h e p at riotis m
t h e d e votion t o p r in c i pl e f r o m w h i c h sp ran g t
, , ,

h e in s titu tion s
u n d e r wh i c h w e l i v e You h av e kin dl y s u gg e s ted t o m e t h at in

m y h an ds i s t he task of re s to rin g p eac e t

.

o o u r d i s t rac te d c o u nt ry .

I c an say in r etu rn S i rs t h at all t h e p ol itic al s enti m ent s I ente r

t ain h av e b een d rawn S O far as I h av e b een ab l e t
, ,

o d raw t h e m

f ro m t h e s enti m ent s w h ic h o rig in ate d in an d w e re gi v en t o t

, ,

he
w o r ld f ro m t h i s h all I h av e ne ve r had a feel in g p o l itic ally
t h at d id n o t
.
, ,

sp rin g f ro m t h e s entim ent s e m b od ie d in t h e D ec l a

r ation O f In d e p en d en c e I h av e Often p on d ere d o ve r t
. he
d an g e rs w h ic h w e re in c u rre d by t h e m en wh o ass e m b l e d h e re '

an d f ram e d a n d ad o p te d t h at D e c l arati o n I h av e p on d e re d .

o v e r t h e toi ls t h at we re en d u red by t h e O ffi c e rs an d s o ld ie r s of
t h e arm y wh o ac h ie v e d t h at in d e p en d en c e I h av e O ften in .

qu ire d of m y s el f wh at g re at p r in c i pl e o r i d e a it was t h at ke p t
t h i s C onfe d e rac y so lon g toget h e r It w as n o t t h e m e re m atte r
o f s e p aration o f the c o l onie s f ro m t h e m ot h e r l an d b u t
.

t h at
s en t i m ent in t
,

h e D e c l arati on of In d e p en d en c e w h i c h g av e
l i b e rty n ot al one t o t h e p eo pl e o f t h i s c o u nt y b u t h op e t o all r

t
, ,

h e wo rld for al l f u t u re ti m e It was t h at wh i c h g av e p ro m i s e

t h at in d u e tim e t h e w ei gh t w ou ld b e l ifte d f o m t
, .

h e sh ou ld e r s
‘

O f all m en an d t h at all sh o u ld h av e an eq u al c h an c e Th i s i s
t h e s enti m ent e m b od ied in t
.

h e D e c l arat i on Of In d e p en d en c e .

N ow m y f rien ds c an t h i s c ou nt y b e s av e d o n t h at b as i s If
, ,
r
?

1 N ic o l a
y an d H ay Ab h am
ra Li n c o ln ! a Hi ty s or III,
'
2 99
A A
 WHA T Is E X T E M P O R E S P E AK I N G ? 2 5

it c an , I w i ll c on s ide r m y s e l f o n e of t he h app ie s t m e n in t he
wo rld if I c an h e lp t o s av e it If it c annot b e s av e d o n t h at
p rin c i pl e it wi ll b e tru ly awfu l Bu t
.

if t h i s c ou nt ry c annot b e
s ave d w it h o u t g iv in g u p t h at p rin c i pl e I was ab ou t t
.
,

o say I , _

wou ld rat h e r b e ass ass in ate d on t h i s sp ot t h an s u rren d e r it

N ow in m y v iew of t
.

,
h e p re s ent asp e c t of affai s the r e i s n o r ,

n ee d o f b l o o ds he d an d war T h e re i s n o ne c e ss ity f o r it I am
n ot
. .

in favo r of su c h a c ou r s e ; an d I m ay say in advan c e t h at

-

t he re wi ll b e n o b lo odsh e d u n l e ss it be fo rc e d u p on t h e g ov e rn
m ent T h e g o v e rn m ent wil l n o t
“ u se fo r c e u n l e ss fo rc e i s u s e d ,

ag ain s t it

M y f rien ds thi s i s who lly an u n p re p are d sp ee c h I d i d n o t

.

exp e c t t o be c all e d u p on t
.
,

o say a wo rd w h en I c am e h e r e I
s u pp o s e d it was m e re l y t
.

o d o s o m et h in g to ward rai s in g a fl ag
— I m ay the refo re h av e s ai d s o m et h in g in d i s c reet Bu tI
h ave s ai d n ot h in g b u t wh at I am wi ll in g t o l ive by an d if i t
.
, ,

, ,

b e the p l e asu re of Al m i gh ty G od d ie b y , .

IV .
J
U S TI V I N D I C T I V E N ES S
S p eeeb f
o P r es i d e n t
R tOy t B s er ay ,
N Y,
. .
j u ly 4 , 1 906

M r C h ai rm an
. f rien ds an d neigh b o rs yo u
an d ol d ,

am on g w h o m I was b p an d w it h w h om I h av e l iv e d
/
f or so m any year s it is r e al an d gl o r iou s pl e as u re t o h av e t
,

he
c h an c e o f b ein g w it h y o u to d ay t
,

o say a f e w w o rds o f g r eet

in g t o y ou an d in a s en s e t
,

o g i v e an ac c o u nt o f m
y s teward
sh i p I say in a s en s e f rien ds b ec au s e afte r all t
,
”
h e s teward
sh i p r e all y has t If a m an need s t
.
, , , ,

o g ive an ac c o u nt o f it s e l f o .

expl ain o v erm u c h wh at h e has d one it i s p retty s u re p roof that

h e ou ght t
,

o hav e d one it a l itt l e d i ffe rent l y an d so as r e gards

m o s t of what I h av e d one I m u s t l e t
,

it S p e ak f or it s e l f
Bu t t h e re are t wo o r t h ree t h in gs ab ou t w h i c h I want t
.

o t al k

t o y ou to d ay an d if in the p re s en c e Of the d o m inie s I m ay

v entu re t o sp e ak f r o m a text I sh all t ake as m y text t

, , ,

,
h e w o rds
Of Ab rah am Lin c ol n wh ic h h e sp oke in a rem arkab l e l ittl e ad
d re ss d e l ive re d t o a b and o f p eo pl e w h o w e r e s e ren ad in g hi m

at t h e W hite H o u s e j u s t afte r h i s r e el ec t ion t o t h e P re s i d e n c y .

H e s aid ( I qu ote f ro m m e m o ry on ly ) In an y g re at n at ion al “

26 E XT E M P O R E S P E A K I N G
tri al h e reafte r t h e m e n of t h at d ay as c o m p are d with tho s e of
'

thi s wi ll b e as weak an d as s t ron g as s i lly an d as w i s e as bad

Le t u s t h e r efo r e s t u d y t
, ,

an d as g oo d h e in c id ent s o f t h i s as
ph i l o s o ph y fro m wh i c h t o l e arn w i sd o m an d n ot as wr on g t
.
, ,

An d he add e d l ate r in t
,
”
b e av en g e d . h e sp ee c h a tou c hin g an d
c h arac te r i s ti c ex p re ss ion Of hi s s ayin g S O l on g as I h av e been
he re I h av e n ot
, ,

w i ll in gly pl ante d a t h o rn in an y m an s b re as t
” ’
.

It i s in j u s t that sp i r it that we as a n ation if we p o ss e ss t h e

p owe r of l earnin g arigh t the l e ss on s t
, ,

o be t au gh t u s by Lin c o l n s
’

l ife w i ll app roac h p rob l e m s o f t

, o d ay W e hav e n ot
-
.
got th e
s am e p rob l e m s n o r as great p r ob l em s as tho s e with wh i c h t h e
m e n of Lin c o l n s g ene ration w er e b ro u gh t fac e t o fac e an d ye t
’

ou r p r o b l e m s ar e re al an d g r e at an d u p on the way in w h i c h w e

s o lv e t h e m w i ll d e p end w h et h er o r n ot
,

ou r c hi l d ren h ave c au s e

t o fee l p r i d e o r s h am e as A m e r i c an c itiz en s If Lin c ol n an d t h e

.

m e n of hi s g eneration t h e m en wh o fo ll ow e d G rant in t h e fi e ld
, ,

wh o u ph e ld t h e s tate s m an sh i p o f Lin c o l n h i m s el f in t h e c ou n c i l
c h am b e r — if t h e s e m e n h ad n o t d one their fu ll d u ty n ot a ,

m an h e re wo u ld c arry h i s h e ad h igh as an A m e r i c an C itiz en

W e h av e he ard a gr e at d e al d u rin g t h e p as t year o r t
.

w o of
t h e f ri gh tf u l iniqu itie s in ou r p o l iti c s an d ou r b u s in e ss life t he ,

fri gh tfu l wron gd oin g in ou r so c i al l if e N ow t h e re i s p l enty of

.

iniqu ity in b u s ine ss in p o l itic s in o u r s o c i al l ife T h e re i s

, , ,
.

eve r y warrant f o r ou r ac knowl edg in g t h e s e g reat evi ls

Bu t
.

t h e re i s n o warrant f or g ro win g h y s te r ic al ab ou t the m

It i s a p oo r t ric k t o sp en d nine tent hs o f t h e t
.

im e in s ayin g
t h at t h e re ne v e r was su c h iniqu ity as i s shown in thi s n ation
an d t h e re m aini n g tenth in s ayin g t h at w e are the m o s t re m ar k

ab l e n ation t h at e v e r exi s te d W e want t

. o b e m o r e c arefu l in

b l am in g ou rs e lve s an d m o r e c arefu l in p rai s in g o u rs e lv e s O v er

e m p has i s in p rai s e as we ll as o v e re m ph as i s in b lam e i s apt t
.

o v e rreac h it s el f j u s t as the m an who p rom i s e s t

, ,

! oo m u c h

e sp e c iall y on t h e s tu m p i s ap t t o s t r ike t h e b al an ce by p e r
form in g t oo l itt l e It i s t ru e th at t h e re i s m u c h e v i l ; b u t in
sp eakin g ab ou t it d o n ot l et
.

u s l o s e o u r h e ads an d ab o v e al l

l et
, ,

u s av oi d t h e w i ld vin d i c tivene ss p re ac h e d b y c e rtain d e m a

g g
o u es — t h e vin d i c ti v ene ss as f a r a s t h e p o l e s as u nde r f ro m

t h e w i s e c h arity of A b rah am Lin c o l n .

28 E XT E M P O RE S P E AK I N G
W h en it be c om e s ne c e ss ary t
o c u rb a g re at c o rp o ration C urb

it I wi ll d o m y b e s t t o h e lp you b u t
,

I wi ll d o it in n o sp i rit
of an g e r o r h at r e d t
.
,

o t h e m en wh o o wn o r c ont ro l t h at c o r p o ra

tion an d if an y s eek in thei r tu rn t o d o wr on g t o th e m e n of

m e an s t o d o wron g t
,

, o the m en wh o own t h e s e c o rp o ration s ,

I wil l t u rn ar ou n d an d figh t for t h em in d e fen s e o f t h ei r r i gh t s ,

j u s t as h ard as I fight ag ain s t the m wh en I think t h ey ar e

doin g wr on g
D i s t ru s t as a d em ag o gu e the m an wh o t al k s on l y Of t
.

h e wron g
d on e b y t h e m e n of w e al th D i s t ru s t as a d e m ag ogu e t h e m an
M eas u r e iniqu ity by t
.

wh o m eas u re s iniqu ity by the p u r s e .he

h eart wh et h e r a m an s p u r s e b e full o r em p ty p artl y fu ll o r
,
’
,

p artly e m p ty If the m an i s a d e c ent m an w h et h e r well O ff or

n ot s tan d by h im ; if h e i s n ot
.
,

, a d e c ent m an s tan d again s t ,

h i m w h et h e r h e b e r i c h o r p oo r S tan d again s t hi m in n o
sp i rit of v en ge an c e b u t on ly wit h t h e re s o l u te p u rp o s e t
.
,

o m ake

h im ac t as d e c ent c iti z en s m u s t ac t if t h i s r e p u b l ic i s t
,

o be
“

an d t o b e c o m e wh at it sh ou ld .

V . THE W H I TE M AN S B ’
D EN

Ex tt
f r ac r om a n a dd r es s by W i l l iam j t
b Am
e er i c a n

t
.

S oc i e y , L on don , j u
ly
O u r En gl i sh frien ds u n d er wh o s e fl ag we m eet t
, o ni g ht r e
“

c all in g t h at t h i s i s t h e anni v e r s ary of o u r n ation s b i rth wo u ld

’
,

d ou b tl e ss p ard on u s if ou r rej oic in g c ontaine d s o m et h in g of

s e l f c on g ratu l ation fo r it i s at
-
s u c h tim e s as t h i s t h at we are
wont t
,

o re v ie w t h o s e n ation al ac hie v e m ent s wh i c h h ave g i v en

to t h e Unite d S tate s it s p r o m inen c e am on g t h e n ation s

Bu t I h o p e I sh all n ot
.

b e t h ou ght l ac kin g in p at rioti c sp i rit

if in s tead of d rawin g a p i c tu re of t h e p ast b ri gh t wit h h e roic
d ee ds an d u n p arall e l e d in p ro gre ss I s u m m on you r at h er t
, ,

,
o a

s e r io u s c on s i d e ration of t h e re sp on s ibi l ity re s tin g up on t h o s e

n ation s w h i c h asp i re t o p re m ie r sh i p T h i s l ine O f thou gh t is .

su gg e s te d by a s en s e of p ro p riety as well as by re c ent e xp e ri

e n c es — by a s en s e Of p ro p riety b e c au s e s u c h a s u bj e c t w i ll

in te r e s t t h e B riton as we ll as t h e A m e ric an an d by re c ent ex

p e ri e n c e s bec au s e t h ey h av e i m p r e ss e d m e n o t
,

l e ss wit h o ur '
 WHAT IS E X T E M P O R E S P E AK I N G ? 29

nation al d u ty than wit h t h e s u p e r io rity of W e s te rn o v e r Eas te rn

c ivi l i z ation

Askin g you r attention t o s u c h a t h e m e it i s n o t u n fit t

in g t o

ad o p t a ph ras e c oine d by a p oet t

,

o w h o m Am e ri c a as w e ll as

En gl an d c an l ay s o m e c l ai m an d t ake f o r m y text Th e Wh ite

,
”
M an s B u rd en
’
.

T ake th W h i tM sb d ’
up e e an ur en

I p t in t bida en c e o a e,

T v il t
o h t ft
h t e e re a o e r ro r

A d h k t
n h h w f p id
c ec e S o o r e .

By o p e n s p e e c h an d si m pl e ,

A n h u n d re d t i m e s m ad e pl ai n ,

T o s e e k a n o th e r s p r o fi t
’
,

A n d w o r k an o t h e r s g ai n ’
.

Thu s s in gs K i pl in g an d w ith t h e ex c e p tion o f the t h i rd l ine

of t e m e anin g of w h i c h I am n o t t
, ,

( h q u ite s u re
) h e s tan z a e m

b o d ie s t h e t h o u gh t w h i c h i s u pp e rm o s t in m y m in d t
,

o ni gh t -

N 0 on e c an t rav e l am on g t h e d ark s kinne d rac e s Of t

.

h e O r ient
-

w ithou t fee l in g that the w h ite m an o c c u p ie s an e sp e c iall y f a

v o r ed p o s ition am on g t h e C h i ld ren Of m e n an d t h e r e c o gnition

o f t h i s f ac t i s ac c o m p anie d b y t
,

h e c on v i c ti o n t h at t h e re i s a
d u ty in s ep arab l y c onne c ted wit h t h e ad vantag e s en j o ye d T h e re .

i s a wh ite m an s b u rd en a b u rd en wh i c h t h e white m an sh o u ld
’

n ot S h i rk e v en if h e c o u ld a b u rd en w h i c h h e c ou ld n o t
, S h i rk

ev en if he wo u ld T h at n o o n e l iv et h u nto hi m s e l f o r d iet h
.

u nt o h i m s e l f h as a n ation al as w e ll as an in d iv i d u al appl i c a
”

tion O u r d e s tinie s ar e so inte rwov en t h at e ac h exe rt s an in

.

fl u e n c e d i r e c t l y o r in d i re c t l y u p on all ot h e rs
A m on g t h e b l e ss in gs w h ic h t h e C h ri s ti an n ation s are at
.

th i s
ti m e ab l e — an d in d u ty bou n d — t o c arry t o t h e r e s t of t he
world I m ay m enti on fi v e
, ed u c ation kno wl edg e of t he ,

s c ien c e Of g ov e rn m ent arb itration as a s u b s titu te f or war

, ,

app re c i ation o f t h e d i g nity o f l abo r an d a hi g h c on c e p tion ,

of l if e .

In In d ia in t h e Phi l i pp ine s in E gy p t an d e v en in Tu rkey

, , ,

s tati s tic s sh ow a g rad u al exten s ion of e d u c at ion an d I t ru s t I

wi ll b e pard one d if I say t h at neithe r t h e arm ie s n or t
,

h e n av ie s ,
30 E X T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
n or ye tt
h om m e e f
e c rc o ou r n a tion s h av e g i v en u s so j u s t a
h g tit d e f t
tt
,

l im o e ra u o
c a h pe e o pl e o f As i a as hav e ou r s c hoo l

te ac h e rs s ent m any o f t h e m
, , , by p r i vate rat h e r t h an by p u b l ic
f u n ds
T h e C h ri s tian n ation s m u s t l e ad t
.

h e m o v e m ent for the p ro

m otion of p eac e n ot on l y b e c au s e they ar e en l i s ted u n d e r t h e
b anne r of t h e P rin c e o f P e ac e b u t a ls o be c au s e t h ey h av e at

t
,

ain e d s u c h a d e g r ee o f inte ll i g en c e t h at t h ey c an n o l on g e r

take p rid e in a p u re ly phy s ic al v ic tory

O u r c o u nt ry h as r eas on t o c on g rat u l ate it s e l f u p on t
.

h e su c
c e ss o f P r e s i d ent R oo s e v e l t i n h as tenin g p e ac e b et ween R u ss i a

an d J ap an T h rou gh him ou r n ation won a m oral vi c to ry m or e

.

gl o riou s than a vic to ry in war K in g E d ward has als o sh own

.

h im s e l f a p ro m ote r Of arb itration an d a l arg e nu m be r o f m e m

,

b e r s O f P arl iam ent ar e e n l i s te d i n t h e s am e w o rk It m e an s

m u c h th at t he t
.

wo g r eat E n gl i sh sp e akin g n ation s are thu s

-

arraye d o n t h e s i d e O f p eac e
S o c iety h as p ass ed t h rou gh a p e r i od Of agg ran d i z e m ent t
.

he
n at ion s takin g wh at t h ey h ad the s t ren g t h t
,

o t ake an d h o ld in g

w h at t h ey h ad t h e p ower t o h o ld Bu t w e ar e al re ad y ente r in g
a s e c on d e r a — an e ra i n w h i c h t h e n ation s d i s c u ss n o t
.

m e re l y
w h at t h ey c an d o b u t w h at t h ey sh ou ld d o c on s i d e r in g j u s ti c e
t
, ,

o b e m o r e i m p o r t ant t h an ph y s i c al p r o w e ss In tr ibu n als l ike

t h at of T h e H agu e t h e c h o s en r e p r e s entati v e s o f t
.

h e n ation s
w ei gh qu e s tion s o f r i gh t an d w ron g an d g i v e a s m al l n ation an
equ al h earin g wit h g reat an d a d e c ree ac c o rd in g t
,

o c on s c ien c e .

T h i s m ark s an i m m e as u rab l e advan c e

Bu t i s anot h e r s te p ye t t
.

o b e t aken ? J u sti c e afte r all i s c o ld

an d p u ls e l e ss a n e g ati v e v i r t u e
,
Th e w o rld needs s o m et h in g
.

w ar m e r m o r e g ene rou s H arm l e ssne ss i s b etter t h an h arm fu l

ne ss b u t p o s itiv e h e lp f u lne ss i s v as t l y su p er io r t
.
,

,
o h arm l e ssne ss ,

an d w e s ti ll h a v e b efo r e u s a l arg e r h i gh e r d e s tiny Of s e rv i c e

E v en n ow t h e r e ar e s i gn s o f t
.
,

h e app ro ac h of t h i s t h i rd e ra
n ot so m u c h in t h e ac tion s o f g o v e rn m e nt s as in t
,

h e g row in g
ten d en c y Of m en an d w om en in m an y l an ds t o c ont r ib u te t h e i r

m ean s i n s o m e c as e s t h ei r l iv e s t o t h e inte ll e c t u al m o ral

aw akeni n g o f t h o s e wh o si t
, , ,

in d arkne ss N owh e re ar e t h e s e .

s ign s m o re abun dant t han in o u r own be l ov ed lan d Before ‘

.
 WH AT IS E X T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G ? 31

t
h e sun s et s on on e of the s e n e w c enters of c iv i l ization it ari s e s
u p on anot h e r .

W h i l e in A m e ri c a an d in E u ro p e t h e re i s m u c h t o be c or

re c t e d an d abu n d ant roo m f o r i m pr ov e m ent the re h as ne v e r

b een so m u c h al tru i s m in t
,

h e w o rld as the re i s to d ay — ne v e r
so m any who ac knowl e dg e t h e in d i ss o l u b l e tie t h at b in ds e ac h

t o e v e ry ot h e r m e m be r o f t h e rac e I h av e fe l t m o re p r id e in
m y own c o u nt ry m en t h an e v e r b efo r e as I h av e v i s ite d t
.

h e c ir
c u it of s c h oo ls ho s pit als an d C h u rc h e s w h i c h A m e ri c an m o n ey
, ,

has b u i l t ar ou nd t h e w o rld T h e ex am pl e Of t h e C h r i s tian

n ation s t h ou g h bu t
.

,
feebly re fl ec tin g the l i gh t of t h e M as ter ,

i s grad u all y refo rm in g s o c iety

On t h e walls Of the te m pl e at
.

K arn ak an an c ient arti s t c arv e d

a p i c t u r e of an E gy p ti an kin g He i s r e p re s ente d as h o ld in g
.

a g rou p Of c ap ti v e s b y the h ai r o n e h an d r ai s in g a c l u b a s if

t o s t rike t h e m N O kin g wo u ld b e w i ll in g t o c onfe ss h i m s e l f

In s o m e Of t
.

so c ru e l to d ay . h e c ap it als Of E u ro p e t h e r e are
m on u m ent s bu i l t f ro m o r o rn am ente d wit h c annon t aken in
T h at form of b oas tin g i s s ti ll to l e rated b u t l et
, ,

war u s h op e

t h at it wi ll in ti m e g iv e way t
.
,

o s o m e e m b l e m o f v i c to ry whi c h

w i l l i m p l y h e l pf u l ne ss rather th an sl au gh te r .
 C H A P TE R I I

T H E D I FF ER ENT WAY S P R E PA R I N G
OF AN D
D ELI V ER I N G A N A D D R E SS

When a m an is c alled u pon to spe ak in p u blic ,

whethe r he f o r t u n atel y h as something to s ay o r u n fo r

t u n at
e l y h as to s ay something — the r e ar e fi ve w ay s o f
'
,

m aking a S p e e c h f o r him to sele c t f rom .

1 .H e m ay w rite o u this spee c h in f u ll an d re ad it

f rom the m an u s c ript .

3 2 H e m ay w r ite it in f u ll an d c ommit i t to memo ry

'

. .

H e m w r ite o u t the int r od u c to r y an d c losing

5 3 a
y
-

S enten c es an d s u c h othe r s alient p ass ages as he wishes

,

to m ake s u r e o f while extempo r izing the r est

,
.

4 H e m ay think o u t
. the m ain points of his speech ,

noting these eithe r in his mind o r o n p ape r an d wholl y ,

extempo ri ze the l ang u age f or the exp r ession O f his

tho u ghts .

1, 5 H e m ay spe ak witho u t an y previo u s p r ep ar ation

.
,

eithe r of tho u ght o r l ang u age .

L et u s note some of the adv ant ages an d dis adv ant ages
of thes e v ar io u s method s
R ea d i ng fr om m a n u s c r iptThis method m ay some
.

I . .

times be best f o r a given o c c asion o r individ u al F o r an .

add r ess O f some length u pon a f o r m al o c c asion especi all y ,

if the spe ake r h as not ac q u i r ed by p rac ti c e the powe r

O f exte m po r aneo u s exp r ession a le c t u r e o r se r m on for
, ,

ex ample m ay b est be given b y r e ading boldl y f r om a

,

32
 WA Y S OF DE LI VE RI NG AN ADD RESS
m an u sc r ipt F o r an inexpe r ien c ed o r ti m id spe aker
.

this method is p r ob abl y the m ost advis able as it is the ,

e asiest I t i s c e r t ainly bette r th an a ram blin g an d h alt

.

ing extempo raneo u s add r ess A g ain in those c ases .

,

whe re ex ac tnes s i s spe c i ally so u ght an d mis repo r ting ,

is to be g u arded ag ains t a w r i tten add r ess is desi rable

,

A nd t
.

,
o o i f the spe ake r in c o m posin g his add r ess h as
, , ,

kept the au d ien c e in mind c on c eiving the dis c o u r se as ,

a spee c h to be he ar d an d n o t as an ess ay to be r e ad an d ,

i f he m akes himsel f f amili ar with its c ontents so th at

i n r e ad i n g it he is n o t
,

too c losel y c onfined to the m an u

s c ript some O f the d is adv ant ages o f this m ethod m ay
,

be lessened B u t r e ading is not spe aking

. an d r e ading ,

f rom m an u sc ript even i f eve r so well done det rac ts

, ,

mo r e o r less f rom the inte res t O f the spee c h an d i m p ai r s ,

the s y mp atheti c rel ation bet w een the spe ake r an d his
au dien c e S u r el y no o n e w h o expe c ts to spe ak m u ch
.

o r well — i n p u bli c will r el y o n this method alone .

2
. Sp eak i ng m e m or i t er F o r att aining c o m bi n ed fi n
.

ish an d fl u enc y this i s the s afest method O f all an d m ay ,

l
w ell b e employ ed b y the spe ake r in his e arlie r e ff o r ts ,

an d b
y the st u dent in the e ar li er s t ages o f his t r aining .

A sl avish r eli an c e howeve r u pon a set fo r m O f wo r ds

, ,

f o r the exp r es sion o f tho u ght p r esents m any obvio u s

dis adv ant ages I n the fi r s t pl ac e i t is an eno rm o u s t
. ax ,

u pon the memory ; espe c i al l y so i f the me m o ry h as n o t ,

been e arl y t rained in thi s method A gain it r eq u i r es .

,

m u c h skill an d p rac ti c e to att ain the powe r to lend e ase

an d lightness t o wh at is r e all y c u t an d d r ied Witho u t .

s u c h powe r the s y m p atheti c r el ation ag ain between the

, , ,

au dience an d the spe ake r is d est r oy ed ; f o r the r es u lt

is eith e r wholl y dis astro u s o r atb e s t onl y a p ar ti al

,

,
34 EX T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
s u c c ess when the au dien c e s u spe c ts th at the spe aker is
,

r el y ing on his memo r y an d th at his i m p assioned appe als

h ave been p r ep ar ed atleis u r e B u tan ac c o m plished .

c r af ts m an who c an w r ite as he wo u ld like to spe ak an d

, ,

who c an delive r the me m o r ized wo rds as tho u gh the y

w e r e the spont aneo u s gene ration o f the moment c an ,

often att ain b y this method a fl u en c y an d polish whi c h

he c o u l d not att ain in a p u r el y extempo r ized spee c h .

This m ethod h as been ado pted b y m any noted spe ake r s ,

b y m any mo re indeed th an we so m etimes s u spe c t

, , .

Ho weve r the p rac ti c e w as do u btless mo r e gene ral in

f o r me r times t h an atp r esent P l u t arc h r el ates th at
, ,

.
,

when the f r iends o f C atiline we r e on t r i al C ae s ar ,

“
,

then r ising u p to spe ak m ade an o r ation ( p enned an d

,

p remedit ated be f o r e ) in f avo r o f lenit y Webste r w rote .

an d c ommitted to memo ry his o r ations at P ly mo u th an d

B u nke r H ill an d the e u logy o n A d ams an d J e ffe r son
,
.

E ve r ett w r ote his o r ations an d as he s aid imp r essed , ,

the m sim u lt aneo u sl y on the p ape r an d on his memo ry .

C olonel Tho m as Went w o r th Higginson in his H ints o n ,

W riting an d S pee c h M aking r e c o r d s th at af te r he ar ing

,

the P hi B et a K app a o r ation o f Wendell P hillips in ,

“

whi c h he h ad s o c ar r ied aw ay a c onse r v ative an d c r it

i c al au dien c e th at t h e y f o u nd themselves appl au ding
ty ranni c ide be f o r e the y knew it I s aid to him This , ,
‘

c o u ld not h ave been w r itten o u t beforeh and an d he ’

s aid I tis in t y pe i n the A d ve r t

,
‘
i s e r O ffi c e ! A nd ’

H en r y W G rad y s f amo u s B oston spee c h w as c are f u ll y

.
’

w ritten ou t an d m emo rized in adv an c e .

S u c c ess f u l spe ake r s o f to rar el y depend

solel y on the m e m o r ite r method neithe r did Webste r
, ,

or P hilli s G d — an d the u s u all y

g row aw a
p o r r
,
a
y , y y
36 EX T E M P O RE S PEA K I N G
the attention o f the au dien c e is c alled t o the point o f

j u n c tion H en c e the in c ong ru o u s e ffe c t p rod u c ed b y a

.

spe aker who delivers the fi r s t p ar t o f his speech s ay in , ,

a colloq u i al di c tion an d o f fh and m anne r an d then so ar s ,

s u dde nl y to a pe ro ration s ti ff with loft y rheto r i c .

This method however has been s u c c ess f u lly employ ed

, ,

b y spe ake rs o f the fi rst r ank Q u intili an testifies th at .

it w as the gene ral p r ac ti c e am ong ple ade r s to w r ite “

onl y the mos t essenti al p arts an d especi all y the c o m ,

m en c em en t s o f their spee c hes

,
to fi x the other p b r t i on s
in thei r memo ry b y medit ation ; an d to meet an y u n
f o r eseen att ack s with extempo raneo u s replies C i c e ro .

adopted this method as is evident f r o m his own memo

-

r and a . J ohn B r ight u sed to w rite o u t c e r t ain p ar ts O f

his mo r e i m po r t ant spee c hes an d so b u t less f r eq u ently

, , ,

did M r G l adstone This w as also o c c asion ally the p rac

. .

tice o f th at m an y sided m an H en r y War d B eeche r

-

,
.

A kin to the m ethod now u nder c onside ration i s the

p rac tice o f so m e spe ake r s who fi r st w r ite an add ress ,

wholl y o r in p ar t then c as t the m an u s c r ipt aside an d

, ,

depend u pon delive r ing a spee c h s u bst anti ally in the f o r m

in whi c h it w as w ritten The s u ccess o f this method
.

depend s again u pon the individ u al By p rac ti c e the

, ,
.

memo ry in this r eg ar d is s u s c eptible o f a high deg ree

O f c u ltiv ation M an y p re ac he r s h abit u ally adop this
. t
method w ith g r e at s u c cess The w r iting in adv an c e .

p r omotes o r de r l y ar rangement O f ide as an d arg u ments ,

an d se c u r es c ond ens ation ac c u r ac y O f exp r ession c hoi c e ,

o f l angu age an d fi nish o f st y le A nd the ac t

,

,
o f w r iting
.

tend s to we ar a g r oove in the b rain f r om whi c h one d oes

Bu t
,

n ot
,

r e adily dep ar t when he c omes to S pe ak while .

this pl an is a step i n advan c e o f memorizing b y rote y et ,

 WA Y S OF DELIVERI NG AN ADD RESS
it l ac k s the f reedom an d spont anei t y o f extempo riz ation .

The d ange r in this m ethod as Q u intili an r e m arks is , ,

th at o u r tho u ghts fix u s to the st u died po r tions o f ou r

“

spee c h an d do not allow u s to t

,
r
y the f o r t u ne o f the

moment Th u s the mind h angs i n s u spense an d pe rplex

.

it y between the two h aving lost sight o f wh at w as ,

w ri tten an d y et not being able to i m agine an y thing n e w

,
.

A f te r all the mixed memo r ite r an d extempo re method

is as w as s aid atthe o u tset a co m p r o m ise I tm ay
,

well be emplo y ed at
.
, ,

times no do u bt b y one who c annot

f u ll y t r u st himsel f b u t
, ,

he who contin u e s to p racti c e i t

,

c an neve r know the c o u r age an d pe r f e c t f r eedo m o f the

t
spe aker who b u r ns all the b r idges behind him The .
“

highest gif t of exte m po r iz a ion is u s u ally like a spi rited

steed which c annot be d r iven do u ble o r like a j e alo u s
, ,

m aiden who will not b r ook divided attentions

4 E xt
.
,

. emp or e sp ea ki n
g S in c e the adv ant ages o f this .

method is the s u bj e c t o f the next c h apte r attention is ,

he r e c alled onl y to its possible dis adv ant ages D r . .

Ly man A bbott in an open lette r in Tke O u t,

l ook answe r ,

ing a co rr espondent who asked f or c o u nsel on spee c h

m aking s ay s ,

“
The p u rel y extempo r aneo u s method seems to me
the best an d the wo r st I t is like L ong f ello w s little .
’

gi rl ,
When it is good it is ve ry ve r y good ; an d
‘
.
, ,

when it is b ad it is ho r r id The extempo raneo u s speech ’

is ap t
,
.

to be ill prep ared ill digested impe rf e c tly tho u ght

- -

ou t
, ,

r epetitio u s an d someti mes to m ake u p in so u nd ‘

, ,

an d f u ry signi fy ing nothing wh at it l ac ks in r e al an d ’

, ,

tempe red f eeling The bes t m an u s c r ipt add r ess is

.

mo r e admi r ed the best extempo raneo u s add res s is

most e ffe c tive .
38 E X T E M P O RE S PEA K I N G
Bu tthe ill p rep ared spee c h S ho u ld be avoided
“ -
.

A mple p r ep arati on is a d u t y the spe ake r owes both to

himsel f an d to his au dien c e ; an d am ple p r ep aration f or
exte m po re spe aking as we sh all see r eq u i r es q u ite as
, ,

m u ch time an d l abor as an y o f the other p receding

methods .

5 I mp r omp t
. u sp e aki n
g T his method might atthe
.

o u tset be dismissed b y s ay ing th at the r e is no p u r el y

imp r ompt u spe aking whi c h is w o rthy o f the attention
o f an y au dien c e B u tthe ph rases . spe aking o n t he ,
“

sp u r o f the moment o r f r om the inspi r ation o f the

,
“

o c c asion are O f ten so all u r ing to the st u dent th at some

,

f u r the r disc u ssion o f this m ethod o r l ac k o f method

m ay be help f u l .

“
s
As e ve r y spe ake r owes it to himsel f

an d to his au dien c e to m ake the best possible p r ep ar ation

f or an address N o S pe ake r h as the mo ral r ight to

.

infli c t u no rg anized an d dil u ted tho u ght u pon an y au di

ence O f c o u r se the r e ar e f r e q u ent o c c asions s u c h as
.

the exigencies o f deb ate atthe b ar or in delibe rative

,

bod ies when p remedit ation is impossible b u tu nde r

, ,

s u c h c i rc u m st an c es the s u bj e c t be it a c ase in co u r t ,

o r a pending bill o r motion is one which the spe ake r

,

h as o r din ar il y m as te r ed b y p r evio u s st u d y an d tho u ght ,

an d he h as S impl y to de c ide q u ickl y u pon his line o f

ar g u ment S u c h a spee c h is r e all y extempo r e r ather

.

th an imp r ompt u A g ain u pon mo re f orm al o c c asions a

.
,

m an m ay sometimes be c alled u pon to S pe ak witho u t

notice ; b u t i f he s ay s an y thing worth listening to he ,

m u st o r din ar il y be a m an ac c u sto m ed to m u c h spe aking ,

an d his add r ess m u st be on a s u bj e c t m as te r ed b y p r e

v i o u s medit ation he h aving onl y to determine q u i c kly

,
 W AYS OF DE LI VER I NG AN A D D RE S S 39

u pon the method of t re atment B u tdelive r u s f rom .

the dr iveling delive r y o f the m e r ely vol u ble spe ake r H e

is the spe ake r f rom Whom the he ar e r s mind sh rinks ’

when the bod y c annot well es c ape H e h as wh at B is .

m ar ck u sed to c all the f at al gi f t of eloq u en c e

“
wh at
B au t ain c alls th at f at al f ac i li t
1 “
y a tho u s and times ,
'

wo r se th an hesit ation o r th an s ilen c e whi c h d rowns ,

tho u ght in a flood o f wo r ds o r in a to rr ent o f c opio u s

ness sweeping aw ay good e ar th an d le aving behind
,

s and an d s tones alone H e aven keep u s f r om those

.

intermin able t alke r s s u ch as are o f ten to be f o u nd in

,

so u thern c o u nt ries who del u ge y o u r el ativel y to an y

, ,

thing an d to nothing with a showe r O f disse r t ation an d

,

downpo u ring O f thei r eloq u en c e D u r ing nine tenths o f

the time the r e is not one ration al tho u ght in the whole
o f this tw addle c ar ry i ng along in its co u r se eve r y kind
,

o f r u bbish an d pl atit u d e .

N O spe ak e r then u nless compelled b y c i r c u mst an c es

, , ,

sho u ld depend u pon the imp r ompt u method S pe aking .

”
f rom the inspi ration o f the moment m ay so u nd well
“

in theory b u ts u ppose the moment f ails to inspi re ?

,

To p r ovide against this c ontingenc y one sho u ld f o r ti fy

himsel f b y a tho r o u gh p r ep aration in adv an c e S u c h .

p rep aration sho u ld not — an d need not — p r event a q u ick

an d f o r t u n ate u se O f u n f oreseen in c idents O f the r em ar k s ,

o f others an d o f ide as th at sp r ing u nbidden to the lips

, ,

ide as th at will come betimes when a spe ake r be c omes ,

re all y inspi r ed b y the o c c asion M o r eove r the more .

,

the r e h as been o f ment al p r ep aration f or the o c c asion ,

the mo r e an y occ asion will y ield in the w ay o f inspi ra

t ion an d s u ggestion ; an d excepting the vete ran spe aker
,

1 “
Ar tf E x tm p
o e o re i
S p e ak n g , ”
68 .
4o E XT E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
or an ext rao r din ary o c c asion a spee c h th at h as n o t been
tho u ght o u t
,

in adv an c e b y the spe ake r is not likely t o

be tho u ght of afte r war ds by the he are r A nd even with .

vete ran spe ak e r s the i m p r ompt u method is m u ch r ar er

,

th an we so m eti m es think The best i m p rovis ations ar e

.

imp r ovised be f o r eh and The best imp rompt u speeches

.

ar e c o m m itted to m e m o ry I n c onfi r m ation o f this H on

.
,

o rab l e J ohn D . L ong in an ar ti c le i n m e Wr i t

, er s ay s ,

“
F e w men m ak e spee c hes w itho u t c ar e f u ll y p r ep ar
ing them be f o r eh and I t is rathe r am u sing th at so m any
.

spe ake r s t r
y to p r od u c e the i m p r ession th at the y spe ak

witho u t h aving m ade r e ady S o m etimes i t is b y begin

.

ning with the c onvention al st ate m ent th at the c all u pon

the m is u nexpe c ted o r th at they h ave been abso rbed
,

w ith othe r de m ands u pon thei r time S ometimes in the

.

openin g o r c lose whi c h h as been S O c are f u ll y fi xed in the

,

memo r y th at the spe ake r is se c u r e o f it he inj e c ts a wo rd ,

o r r e f e r en c e c au ght f r om the pending o c c asion th u s giv ,

ing the imp r ession th at the whole thing is a p resent i n

spi ration Then too not t
.
, ,
o pu t too fi ne a point on the
m atte r the r e are so me w h o o n this s u bj e c t do with the
, , , ,

most u n c ons c ion able ab andonment ve ri fy the S c ript u re

,

th at all men are li ar s I remembe r a mos t dis ting u ished

.

m an telling me th at a long spee c h o f his at a p u bli c meet

ing w as extempo r aneo u s when I re ad it the evening b e

,

f o r e set u p in c old t y pe f o r the f o r th c oming mo r ning

p ape r S ome o f the best st u m p spe ak e r s ve ry wisel y
.

r epe at the s ame speech as the y go f r om pl ac e to pl ac e ,

as o u w ill le ar n w hen o u go w ith th e m S om e O f these

y y
f rankly ac knowledge this method othe r s will s o e m p h at
.

~
~

i c al l y ass u r e y ou th at the y neve r S pe ak t w i c e alike th at

”
o u ar e bo u nd to c r edi t the m w ith an honest del u sion
y .
 WA Y S OF D E L I VE R I N G AN AD D R E S S 4 1

P eter H arve y in his R e m inis c en c es o f D aniel Web

,

ste r s ay s th at Webste r s aid to h i m th at no m an w h o w as

,

not inspi red co u ld m ake a good spee c h witho u t p r ep ara

tion ; th at i f the r e we re an y o f th at so r t Of people he h ad
never met the m H e add ed th at his repl y t
. o H ay ne t he ,

most f amo u s O f his spee c hes w as b ased u pon f u ll notes ,

th at he h ad m ade f o r anothe r speech u pon the s ame gen

e ral s u bj e c t I f he h ad t r ied to m ak e a S pee c h to fi t
.
“

m y notes he co u ld n o t
,
h ave hi t i t bette r N O m an is i n .

spi r ed b y the o c c asion ; I neve r w as A gain he s aid .

,

“
The m ate ri als f o r th at spee c h h ad been l y ing in m y
m ind f or eighteen months tho u gh I h ad neve r c o m ,

m it t e d m y tho u ghts to p ape r o r ar ranged them in ,

m y memo r y When q u estioned b y a y o u ng c le rgym an

.

abo u t spe aking o n th e S p u r O f the mo m ent Webster ,

opened his l arge e y es with app ar ent s u rp r ise an d re ,

plied Y o u ng m an the re is no s u c h thing as e xt

,
“
, em po
”
r an e o u s ac q u isition .
0

We m ay the r efo r e c on c l u de th at the imp r ompt u

m ethod is neve r to be r elied u pon u nless ne c essit y

c ompels ; th at it is rar el y e mploy ed b y expe r ien c ed an d

s u c c essf u l spe ake r s an d th at the s u c c e s sf u l f e w who

, ,

”
r e all y spe ak abl y the wing of o c c asion h ave
“
on ,

le ar ned to do S O th r o u gh the dis c ipline of p rep ared

add r ess .

F r om the f o regoing d is c u ssion O f the v ar io u s m etho d s

o f spee c h m ak i ng i t is app ar ent th at di s r egar d ing the
(
l ast mentioned ) the re are adv ant ages an d dis adv ant ages
in al l ; th at t h e me thod to be adopted f o r a p ar ti c u l ar
add r ess m u s t depend fi r st u pon the o c c asi , ,
an d s e c

ondl u pon the te m pe ram ent an d expe r ien c e o f the ind i

y ,

vid u al spe ake r The r e c an be no do u bt ho w eve r th at

.
, ,
42 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
the extempo r e pl an when well c arried ou tnot onl y , ,

r ep r esents the highes t f o r m o f p u bli c spe aking bu t it ,

is the best in gene ral e ff e c tiveness I t is the r e f o r e t

he .

go al whi c h the s t
-

u d en t of spe aki ng who is p assing ,

thro u gh the period o f t rain i ng sho u ld ai m to r e ac h ,

.

EXE RC I S E S
I te h st d ent p e s ent to p i
Le ac whi h he wo ld
u r a c on c u

n d e t ke tp e pa e sh o t dd e ss em pl oyin g eit h e t
.

u r a o r r h a r a r r e

t t
,

m e m o ite h m ixe d m e m o ite r

r r, d exte m p o e
e h p ely r an r or e ur

exte m p o e m etho d ( f t h p p o s e f t h i s exe i s e t

,

r h ot h eor e ur o rc e r

dd e ss e s tb d l iv e ed t
,

m et h ods b ein g a r o e e r o

t h e l ss t c ath next m eetin g a d t h e m e m b e s td ete m ine

e an r o r

t
,

h m et h o d p ob b l y e m pl oye d in e h
e r se a ac ca

L t t l ss n l y e t
.

2 h eh sp ee h e s t h t foll ow
e c a d d ete
a a z e c a an r

f t
.
,

m ine w h i h h fi ve m et h ods t e te d Of in t h i s h p te
c on e o e r a c a r

was p robab l y em pl oye d .

I . LI B E R TY U N DE R TH E LA W

S p eec k o
f G eorg e W i l liam t tt b Cu r i s a c an n u al ba n qu e tf t
h o e

t b Ci t
y f t
7
N ew E ng l a n d S oc i e y f N o c o ew Yor k, D ec em ber 22

t t
,

18 6 Tb e c on c l u s i on o f fi ns sp e ec k c on a i n s on e o f b c c ar l i

t gg t f t tl l t f t
.

es su i h es i
on s b
o Ti l d H ye ev en u a so u on o c eu a es

/
-

p r es i d t
i l l t
i
en t y I t
a -
b
e ec pi i on f E dw d
c on r o v e rs n c o n on o ar

tH l C t
t tti t p k t
.

E v er e i im h w d w ki k w “

it
a e, ur s a z s e s o e e or c as

m os t ddt t n ee h t
i e
f m t i bl l
o sa v em y e na on ro er r e ca a .
”

'

M r P r es iden td an G e n l e m en t f
o t
b N c ew E ng l an d S oc i e t
y
t
. .

It was I zaak W al ton in h i s A n gl e r wh o s aid th at D r Bo e l ie r

was ac c u s to m e d t
.

o r e m ark t h at d ou b t l e ss G od m i gh t h ave “

m ad e a b ett e r b e ry t h an t h e s t rawb e rry b u tr d o u b tl e ss H e

An d I su pp o s e I sp e ak t
,

n ev e r d i d h e s e c ret fee l in g o f t h i s
”
.

fe sti v e c om p any wh en I say t h at d ou b tl e ss t h ere m i gh t h ave

b e en a b ette r pl ac e t o b e b o rn in t h an N e w En gl an d b u t d ou bt ,

l e ss n o s u c h pl ac e ex i s t s An d if an y s ke p ti c sh ou ld re pl y t h at
o u r v e ry p re se n c e he r e wo u ld s ee m t
.

o in d i c ate t h at d o u b t l e ss ,
3
44 E X T E M P O RE S PE A K I N G
an d , si r , in h i gh u p on t h e Alps on t
S wit ze rl an d , h e v e ry e dg e
Of t h e gl ac ie r t
,

h e h i gh e s t fl o we r t h at g ro ws in E u ro p e i s t h e
,

rar e e del w ei s It i s in E u ro p e we are in A m e ric a An d he re

. .

in A m e r ic a h i gh e r t h an sh am ro c k o r t h i s t le h igh e r t h an ro s e
, , ,

l il y o r d ai sy h i gh e r t h an t h e h i gh e s t b l oo m s t h e p e rennial m ay
, , ,

fl o we r Fo r s i r an d gent l e m en it i s t h e E n gl i sh sp eakin g r ac e -

t h at has m o ld e d t
.
, ,

h e d e s tiny Of t h i s c ontinent an d t h e P u r it an
in fl u en c e i s t h e s t ron g e s t in fl u en c e t h at h as ac te d u p on it
I am s u re ly n o t h e re t
.

o ass e rt t h at t h e m en wh o h av e r e p re

s ente d t h at in fl u en c e h av e al way s b een m e n w h o s e sp i rit was

b len d e d of s weetne ss an d l i gh t I c onfe ss t ru ly t h eir h ard ne ss
.
,

t h ei r p rej u d ic e t h eir n arrowne ss All t h i s I know ! C h arl e s

, .

S t u art c o u ld b ow m o re b l an dl y c ou ld d an c e m o re grac efu ll y

t h an Jo h n M i l ton an d t h e c aval ie r kin g c o u ld l ook ou t
,

f ro m
t h e c an v as Of V an d yke W it h a m o re rom anti c b eau ty o f fl owin g
l o ve l oc k s t h an h u n g u p on t h e b row s of Ed ward W in sl ow t he
'

on ly P i lg ri m f ath e r w h o s e p ortrait c om e s d own t Bu t

,

o us S ir

we e s ti m ate t h e c au s e beyon d t N ot e v en i s t
.
, ,

h e m an h e gra

y it
.

c io u s sp i rit o f C h r i s ti anity i t s e l f m e as u r e d b s c onfe ss o r s If

we wo u ld s ee t h e ac t u al fo rc e t
.

h e c reati v e p ow e r O f t h e P i lg ri m
p rin c i pl e we are n o t to l ook at t
,

h e c o m p an y w h o c am e O v e r
in t h e c ab in Of t h e M ayfl ow e r ; w e are t
,

o l ook u p on t h e fo rty m i l

l ion s w h o fill t h i s c ontinent f ro m s ea t o se a T h e M ayfl ow er

s i r b ro u g h t s ee d an d n o t In a c entu ry an d a h al f t
.
,

, a h arve s t . he
r e l i g io u s r e s t r i c tion s o f t h e P u r it an s h ad g ro wn i nto ab s o l u t e

re l i g io u s l i b e r ty an d in t wo c en t u rie s it h ad b u r s t b eyon d t h e
l i m it s O f N e w En gl an d an d John C arv e r of t
,

,
h e M ayfl ow e r had , ,

r i p ene d into A b rah am Lin c o l n o f t h e I ll inoi s p rai rie .

Why gentl e m en if y ou w o u ld s ee t h e m o s t c on c l u s i v e p roof

Of t h e p o we r o f t h i s p r in c i pl e y ou h av e b u t to O b s e rve t h at t
, ,

,
he
l o c al d i s tin c tiv e tit l e o f N ew En gl and e r s has n ow b e c o m e t h at
of e v e ry m an in t h e c o u nt ry E v e ry m an wh o h ear s m e f ro m
wh ate v e r s tate in t h e Union i s t o E u ro p e a Y an kee an d t
.
,

d ay t h e Un ite d S tate s ar e b u t t
, , , ,

h e U n i v e r s al Y ankee N ation
”
.

D O y ou ask m e t h en w h at i s t h i s P u r itan p r in c i pl e ? D O y ou
ask m e w h et h e r it i s as g o o d f o r t
, ,

o d ay as f o r ye s te rd ay
-
w h et h e r
it i s goo d fo r e v e ry n ation al e m e rg en c y wh et h e r it is g o od for
t h e s it u ation Of t h i s h o u r ? I t h in k w e n ee d neit h e r d ou b t n or
 WAY S OF D ELIVERI NG AN AD DRES S 45

fear Th e P u ritan p rin c i pl e in it s e ss en c e i s S im ply in d i v id u al

.

f reed o m Fro m t h at sp rin gs re l i g iou s l ib e rty an d p o l iti c al

eq u al ity Th e f ree s tate t h e f ree c h u rc h t
.

h e f ree s c h o o l
t h e s e are t
.
, ,

h e t ri pl e ar m o r of Am e ri c an n ation al ity o f A m e r
i c an s ec u r ity Bu t t
,

h e P i lg ri m s w h i l e t h ey h ave s too d ab o v e
al l m en f o r t h ei r i d e a o f l ib e rt
.
,

y h av e al way s ass e rte d l ib e rty ,

u n d e r l aw an d h ave ne v e r s e p arate d it f o m l aw Jo hn Ro b in r .

s on i n t h e l ette r th at h e w rote the P i lg ri m s w h en t h ey s ail e d

, ,

s aid t h e s e w ords t h at we ll s ir m i gh t b e wr itten in g o ld arou nd

t h e c o rnic e Of t h at f u tu re banqu etin g hall t
, , ,

o w h i c h y o u h av e

all u d e d Yo u kno w t h at t h e i m ag e o f t h e Lo rd s d i gnity an d

’

au t h o r ity w h i c h t h e m agist ry b e ar et h i s h ono rab l e in h o w m e an

p e rs on s oe v e r T h i s i s t h e P u ritan p rin c i pl e Th o s e m e n
s too d f or l ibe rty u n d e r t
. .

h e l aw T h ey had to ss e d l on g u p on .

a w int ry se a ; t h e i r m in ds we re f u ll of i m ag e s d e r i v e d f ro m

t h ei r v oy age ; t h ey knew t h at t h e w i ll of t h e p eo pl e al one i s

bu t a gal e s m itin g a r u dd e r l e ss an d s ai ll e ss sh i p an d h u r l i n g

Bu t t h e w ill O f t
,

it a m ass of r u i n s u p on t h e ro c k s h e p eo pl e
'

s u bj e c t to l aw i s t h e s am e g al e fill in g t
.
,

,
h e t ri m c an v as o f a sh i p
t hat m in ds t h e h e l m b earin g it o ve r y awnin g an d awfu l aby sse s
O f o c e an s afe l y t
,

o p o rt

N ow g ent l e m en in t h i s c o unt ry t
.

h e P u ritan p rin c i pl e in it s
d ev el o p m ent h as advan c e d t
, ,

o t h i s p oint t h at it p ro v i d e s u s a ,

l awfu l re m ed y for e ve ry e m e rgen c y t h at m ay ari s e I s tan d he re .

as a so n o f N e w E n gl an d In eve ry fi b e r o f m y bein g am I a
.

c hi ld Of t h e P i lg ri m s Th e m o s t kn igh t l y o f al l t h e g ent l e m en
at E l i zabet h s c o u rt s ai d t
.

o the you n g p oet when h e w ou ld

’
,

w rite an im m o rt al s on g Lo ok into yo u r o wn heart an d w rite

An d I sir an d b roth e rs if l ookin g into m y own heart at
.
,

th i s
m o m ent I m i gh t d are t
, , ,

, o t h ink th at w h at I fi n d w ritten the re

i s written als o u p on t h e heart of m y m ot h er c l ad in h er snows

at
,

h om e h e r v oic e in t h i s h ou r wo u ld b e a m e ssage sp oken from

t h e l an d Of the P ilg rim s t o t
,

h e c ap ital o f t h i s n ation — a m es
sag e l ike t h at w h i c h P at ri c k Hen ry s ent f ro m V i r g ini a t o M ass a

c h u se t ts w h en h e h e ard o f C on c o r d an d Lexi n g ton ! I am

n ot a V i rg ini an I am an A m e r i c an An d so gent l e m en at
thi s h ou r we are n ot R e p u b l ic an s w e are n ot
.
, , ,

, D e m o c rat s w e , ,

are A m e ri c an s .
46 E X T E M P O RE S P EA K I N G
The voi c e of N ew En gl an d I b e l i eve g oin g t , o t h e c ap ital ,

wo u ld b e t h i s t h at neit h e r i s t h e R e p u b l ic an S en ate t
,

, o in s i s t

u p on it s ex c l u s i v e p arti s an way n o r i s t h e D e m o c rati c Hou s e

t o in s i s t u p on it s ex c l u s i v e p ar ti s an way b u t
,

S en ate an d Hou se
r e p r e s enti n g t
, ,

h e A m e ri c an p eo pl e an d t h e A m e r ic an p eo pl e
on ly in t h e l i gh t of t h e C on s tit u tion an d by t h e au t h o rity o f
t h e law are t
,

o p r o v i d e a way o v e r whi c h a P re s i d ent b e h e

R e p u b l ic an o r b e h e D e m oc rat sh all p ass u n c h all en ge d t

, ,

o h is

T h ink n otM r P re s id en t t h at I am fo rgettin g t

,

c h ai r h e oc c a
s ion o r it s am enitie s I am r e m e m be rin g t
.
.
, ,

h e P u ritan s ; I am
re m e m b e r in g Pl y m o u t h R o c k an d t
.

h e V i rtu e s t h at m ad e it i ll u s
t rion s Bu t w e g ent l e m en are t
,

o i m it ate t h o s e V i rt u e s as o u r
'

toas t say s on ly by b ein g g reate r t han t

.
, , ,

h e m en wh o s too d u p on
t h at ro c k As t h i s gay an d l u xu riou s banqu et t
,

o thei r s c ant

an d s e v e r e f ar e so m u st o u r vi r t u e s t
.

, o b e wo rt h y o f the m
, be ,

g re ate r an d r ic h e r t h an thei rs An d as we are t h ree c entu rie s

.

O ld e r S O sh ou ld w e b e t h ree c entu rie s wi s e r t h an they

S on s Of t h e P i lg r i m s y o u are n o t t
, .

o l ev e l fo re s t s y ou are

n ot t o war w it h s avag e m e n an d s av ag e b e as t s y ou ar e n o t t
, ,

o ,

tam e a c ontinent n o r e v en fou n d a s tate O u r task i s noble r

'

i s d i v ine r O u r task sir i s t It i s t

.
, ,

o r e c on c i l e a n ation o c u rb

t It i s t
.
.
, ,

he f u ry Of p arty sp i rit o int ro d u c e a l oftie r an d m an l ie r

tone e ve rywh e re into ou r p o l iti c al l ife It i s t

.

o e d u c ate e v e ry

b o y an d e v e ry g i rl an d t h en l eav e t h e m p e rfec t ly f ree t

.

o go

from an y s c h oolh ou s e t A bove all sir it i s t

,

o an y c h u r c h o

p rotec t ab s o l u tel y t h e eq u al ri gh t s of t
.
, ,

h e p oo r e s t an d t h e ri c h !
e st of t h e m o s t igno rant an d t h e m o s t inte ll ig ent c iti z en an d
it i s t
, ,

o s t and fo rt h b r et h ren as a t ri pl e wall o f b rass arou n d

ou r n ati v e l an d ag ain s t t h e m ad b l o ws of V io l en c e o r t
, , ,

h e fatal
d ry rot A n d at t h i s m o m ent sir t
,

o f f rau d h e g rav e an d au g u s t
S h ad e s o f t
.
, ,

h e fo ref at h e r s wh o m w e in v oke b en d o v e r u s in
b ene d i c tion as t h ey c all u s t o t h i s s u b l i m e t as k Thi s broth e rs
o i m it ate t
.
,

an d f r ien ds t h i s i s t h e V i rtu e s o f o u r fo refathe rs ;

thi s is t
,

o m ake ou r d ay as gl o rio u s as t h ei rs .
 WA Y S OF D E L I VE R I N G
I
AN A D D RE S S 4 7
/
FF I CE
/
II . THE O O F T H E LA W

t tp t
.

S p eec k f
o F ran c i s M F ine on a s s u m i ng ze r es i d en c
y f
o h e

tt
.

ttB t
7
N ew Yor k S a e ar A ss oc i a i on , a k i e r a n n u al di n n er ,
A l ba ny , N K , j a n u a ry 1 , 1 900

t
Gen l e m e n I re gard it as a V e ry g reat h onor t
! o be c all e d

u p on tpo re s i d e o v e r t h e wo rk of t h i s Ass o c iation fo r t he

c o m in g ye ar . I do n ot know of an y ot h e r te m p tation t h at
wo u ld h av e d rawn m e away f ro m t h e qu iet o f m y o rd in ary l ife
into an arena so p u b l i c an d so O p en t o c r iti c al o b s e rv ati on .

It i s entire ly n atu ral t h at o n e wh o h as c ro ss e d t h e l ine o f t h ree

s c ore an d t e n S ho u ld c o v et a l ife o f r e s t o r at l e as t s o m e re s t ,

f u l wo rk w h i c h m ake s n o h e avy de m an d u p on b rain an d ne rv e s

bu t
,

I have rec eiv e d f ro m t h e Bar of t h e s tate o f N e w Yo rk so

m uc h kin d ne ss an d c o u rte s y s o m u c h o f t h at en c ou rag e m ent
,

an d g ene ro u s app ro v al wh i c h m ake s t h e h ard e s t wo r k a pl e as u r e

an d h app ine ss t h at it s ee m ed t o m e al m o s t u n g ratef u l an d u n

g rac iou s t o r efu s e the d u ty w h ic h was s o u ght t

,

o be i m p o s e d

u p on m e an d S O I h av e s u rren d e r e d w ith s u c h g rac e as I m a

y
an d w i ll en d e av o r t o t h e be s t o f m y abi l ity t
, , ,

,
o p u sh fo rward ,

t h e wo rk Of t h i s Ass oc i ation
I wi sh e d t o c on fi ne w h at I h ad t o say t o n igh t s i m pl y t
.

o th e s e -

w ords o f ac know l edg m ent b u t th e t h o u gh t c o m e s t

, o m e an d ,

I t h ink I m u s t g iv e it ex p re ss ion t h at t h e re neve r was a year

in t h e h i s to ry of thi s n ation wh en t h e wo rk o f t
,

h e inte ll i g ent
o f the ab l e an d o f t
,

h e s c h ol arl y l awye r was m o r e i m p e rati v e l y

d em an d e d in t
,

h e inte re s t o f t h e n ati on an d of t h e rac e t h an

t h i s year whi c h n ow o p en s before u s I h av e l on g b een o f t
,

he
c on v i c tion t h at t h e l aw ne v e r l eads c i v i l i zati on b u t
.

al way s

fo ll ows in it s wake ; t h at i t s p u r p o s e an d i t s Obj e c t i s t

,

o re g u

l ate an d c ontro l t h e re l ation s o f m en w it h eac h o th er an d t h eir

r e l atio n s t bu t
,

o t h e s t ate t h o s e re l ation s m u s t fi r s t c o m e m u s t
fi rs t b e e s tab l i sh ed b efo re th e re i s anyt h in g for th e l aw t
,

o r e gu

l ate P rog re ss goe s o n ; n ew in v ention s ar e m ad e ; n e w r el a

.

ti on s between m en o c c u r an d it is t h e O ffi c e an d t h e p u rp o s e
of t he l aw t t
,

o m ar c h b eh in d t h e m o re gu l ate an d o rd e r an d

sy s tem atiz e t h em an d p rod u c e if n ee d b e j u s ti c e ou tof

,

, , ,

in j u s ti c e an d tod ay beyon d t h e qu e s ti on s of taxati on whic h

, ,
48 E X T E M P O RE S P E A K I N G
ar e a l m ost in s olu b l e p rob l e m w e have al read y t h e be g in
an

min gs in t h e m et ro p o l i s o f t
,

h e s tate of an u n d e rg ro u n d rai l
way l i ke ly t
, o O p en an d int ro d u c e q u e s tion s as d i ffi c u l t an d

as r e m ark ab l e as t h o s e w h i c h atten d e d t h e e l e vate d rai l way s .

W e h av e a m ass o f c o l o ss al tru s t s as th ey are c all e d — c o m b i

, ,

n ation s of c ap ital in an extraor d inary d e g ree wit h w h ic h s o m e

, ,

Of you h av e al read y b e en wre s t l in g an d ot h e rs o f you wi ll b e

c all e d u p on t
,

o c o n f ront o r d efen d Beyon d t h at t h e stu d ent

o f inte rn ation al l aw i s ab o u t t o be ob l i g e d t
.

o l ook away f ro m

h o m e an d re c on s id e r h i s fou n d ation s t o re fl e c t anew u p on t he

c on c l u s ion s to wh ic h he h as c o m e i n t h e appl i c ation Of t
,

he
qu e s tion s Of w h at 13 c ont rab an d an d wh at 15 n ot in t h e l i gh t of
an exten d in g c o m m e rc e An d beyon d t h at s ti ll t h e n ation
it s el f s tan ds tod ay at th e p artin g of t
.
, ,

h e way s ; s t an ds tod ay
u p on t h e v e rg e of a n e w an d m o s t u nex p e c te d an d re m ark ab l e
d e s tiny an d I r e p eat t h at t h e re n e v e r was I t h ink t h e re
, , , , ,

nev e r w i ll b e g entl e m en anot h e r year in w h i c h the labor an d

t h e s tu d y an d t h e t h o u gh t o f t
, ,

h e s c h o l arl y an d inte ll ig ent an d

l earne d l awye r c ou ld be m o re nee d e d o r m o re in de m an d .

M I SS I O N C U LT U R E
/
III . TH E OF

t
t t
t tf t
S p eec l i f
o

E ng l a n d S oc i e
E d w a r d E v er e
t
H l

y i t Ci t /
y f N w Y
n ze
a e a

o e
i e an n u al

or k ,
ba n qu e
D ec e m ber
b N o

22, 1
e

7
8 6
ew

M r P r es i den
. t and s eem tt o h av e a v e ry
Gen le m e n You
f rank way of t al kin g ab ou t e ac h ot h e r am on g you r s e lv e s h e re
I O b s e rv e t h at I am t h e fi rs t s t ran g e r w h o has c ro ss ed t
.

he riv er
w h i c h I r e c o ll e c t E d ward W in sl o w s ay s d i v i d e s t h e c ontinent
Of N e w En glan d f ro m t
, ,

h e c ontinent Of A m e ri c a an d as a
s tran g e r it i s m y pl eas u re an d d u ty at on c e t o ex p re ss t
, ,

he
t h ank s an d c o n g ratu l ation s o f t
,

h e in v ite d g u e s t he re f o r t h e
d i s tin gu i sh e d c are w h ic h has b een taken o n t h i s o c c as ion o u t
d oor s t o m ake u s fee l enti re l y at h om e As I c am e d own in
t h e snows t orm I c ou ld n o t
.

h e lp fee l in g t h at E ld er B re ws te r
an d W in sl o w C o u ld n o t
, ,

an d W i ll i am B rad fo r d an d C ar v e r

h av e d one b ette r t h an t h i s in Pl y m ou t h an d in d eed as I at

, ,

m y p o rk an d b ean s j u s t n o w I fe l t th at t
,

h e g o sp e l of N e w
E n gl an d i s exten d in g b eyond t he Conne c ti c u t t
,

o o the r n ation s ,
 WA Y S OF D E LIVER I NG AN AD DRESS 49

an d that wh at i s goo d t o e at an d d r ink in Bo s ton i s g o o d t o

e at an d d rink e v en h e re on t h i s b en igh te d p o int at D e l m oni c o s

’

Wh en y o u tal k t
.

o u s ab o u t c u l t u re t h at is rat h e r a d an g e r
”

I am al way s a l itt l e af raid of t

,

o u s wo rd c u l t u re
”
h e wo rd “

I rec o ll ec tt h e v ery b righ te s t s q u ib t h at I read in t

. .

h e l ate
e l ec tion c am p ai g n — an d as t h e P re s i d ent say s gent l em en I
am g o in g t o r e sp e c t t h e p o p rietie s o f t
, , ,

h e o c c as ion
r It was
s ent t
.

o o n e o f t h e j o u rn als f ro m t h e W e s te rn R e s e rv e ; an d

th e writer was d e s c antin g o n t h e C h inook v o c ab u l ary in w h i c h

a C h inook c alls an En gl i sh m an a C h in c h o g t
,

o th is da
y in ,

m e m o ry Of K in g G e o r g e A nd thi s write r s ay s t h at wh en t h ey
.

h ave a you n g c h ief wh o s e war p aint i s ve ry p er fe c t wh o s e ,

b l anket i s t h o ro u ghl y e m b roi d e r e d w h o s e l e gg i n gs are tie d wit h

,

exac tl y the righ t c o l o s an d who has t h e r igh t kin d of s tar

r

bu t
,

u p on hi s fo r e h e ad an d c h eek s w h o ne v e r t o ok a s c alp
n e v e r fi red an arrow an d n e v e r s m e ll e d p o wd e r b u t
, ,

was al way s
fou n d at h o m e in t
, ,

h e l o dg e s w h ene v e r t h e re w as anyt h in g t h at
s c ented of war — h e s ay s t h e C h inook s c all t h at m an by t he
n am e of Bo ston C u l tu s W e ll n ow g entl e m en wh at are
“

you l au gh in g at
.
, , ,

? S o m e of yo u had Bo s ton f at h e r s an d m o re ,

of
y o u had Bo s ton m ot h e r s W hy d o y ou l au gh ? Ah ! Yo u
.

h av e s een t h e s e p eo pl e as I h av e s een t h e m as e v e ry b od y has

s een t h e m — p eo pl e w h o sat
, ,

in Parke r s an d d i s c u sse d ev e ry ’

m o v e m en t Of t h e c am p aign i n t h e l ate w ar an d to ld u s t h at i t
was all w ron g t h at we we re g oin g t o t h e b ad b u t
,

,
w h o ne v e r ,

sh ou ld e re d a m u sket T h ey are p eo pl e wh o te ll u s t h at t h e
em i g ration t h at t h e Po p e Of R o m e o r t
.

h e G e rm an e l e m e n t
o r t h e I r i sh e l e m e nt i s g oin g t o pl ay t
, , ,

h e d o gs w i t h o u r s o c ial
sy s tem an d ye t t h ey nev e r m e t an e m i g ran t o n t
,

h e wh arf o r
h ad a wo rd Of c o m fo rt t o say t
,

o a f o r ei g ne r W e h av e t h o s e
p eo pl e in Bo s ton Yo u m ay n o t
.

h av e t h e m in N e w Yo rk an d
I am v e ry gl ad if you h av e n o tb u t
.
,

if y o u a re S O f ort u n ate it
is t h e o n l y pl ac e o n G o d s e art h w h e re I h av e n o t
,
’
fou n d s u c h
p eopl e Bu t t h er e i s an o t h e r kin d of c u l tu re w h i c h b e gan ev en
b efo re the r e was an y B o s t on — f o r t h e re w as s u c h a d ay as
.

t h at T h e r e we re t e n ye a s in t h e h i s t o ry Of t h i s w o rld t
r en

o o b efo e B o s t o n ex i s te d an d t h o s e ar e t
,

l on g year s t
.

r h e year s
b etween Ply m o u t h R o c k an d t
, , ,

h e d ay w h en s o m e u nfo rtu n ate

50 EX T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
m en , no tb l e tg t
a tPly m o o t h R oc k s to pp e d an d fou n d ed
e o u

t h at c ity T h i s e arl ie r c u l tu re i s a c u ltu re n o t

,

o f t h e s c hoo l

h ou s e O r of t h e t rac t b u t a c ult
.

u re as w e ll of t h e c h u rc h of
‘

h i s to ry of t
, ,

h e to wn m eetin g as Jo h n Ad am s s ay s t h at n ob l er
c u l t ur e t o w h i c h m y f rien d o n t
, ,

h e r i gh t h as all u d e d wh en h e
s ay s t h at it i s b orn of t h e sp ir it of G od — t h e c u l tu re whic h
h as m ad e N e w En gl and whi c h i s b o rn of G od an d wh i c h it
o c arry o v e r t
,

i s o u r m i ss ion t
,

h e wo rld .

T h ey tell m e t h e re are m o re m en Of N ew En gl an d d e s c ent

in S an Fran c i s c o t h an in Bo s ton to d ay All tho s e c arried with .

t h em t h ei r m oth e r s l e sson s an d t h ey m ean t h eir m oth e r s l e s

’ ’

s on s S h all b ear f ru it away ou t

,

in O re gon in C al ifornia in S ou t h
C aro l in a in Lo u i s ian a T h ey h av e t h o s e m ot h e r s l e ss on s t
, ,
’
o

teac h th e m t o d o s o m et h in g Of wh at w e are t ryin g t o d o at

.
,

h om e in t h i s m atte r We hav e b een SO fo rtu n ate th at we are

ab l e t o c on s e c rate t h e ol d S o u t h M eet in gh o u s e in Bo s ton t
.

th e c au s e of fo s te rin g the P ilg ri m p rin c i pl e t h at it m ay b e

fro m t h i s ti m e forward a m onu m ent n o t
,

Of on e bran c h of t h e
C h r i s ti an r e l i g ion b u t
,

o f t h at u ni v e r s al r e l i g ion t h at u ni v e r s al
, ,

p at rioti s m wh i c h has m ad e A m e ri c a an d whic h S hall m ain

, ,

tain A m e ric a
Le t
.

m e say in on e wo rd wh at p u r p o s e s it i s p ro p o s ed thi s
, ,

g reat m on u m ent sh all s e rv e f or I t h ink th ey are entire l y in

l ine w it h what w e are t o c on s i d e r t W e p ro p o s e t
,

o ni gh t o -

e s t ab l i sh h e re w h at I m igh t fai rl y c all a u niv e rs ity f or t

.

he
s t u d y Of t h e t ru e h i s tory of t h i s c ou ntry An d we p ro p o s e
in t h e fi rs t pl ac e t o m ake t h at m on u m ent of t
.
;

h e p as t a gr eat
S anta C ro c e c ontainin g t h e s tat u e s an d p o r t rait s o f t
,

h e m en
T h en we p rop os e t
,

wh o h av e m ad e t h i s c o u nt ry w h at it i s o

e s tab l i sh an in s titu te f or t
.

he p e o pl e of A m e r i c a fro m M ain e
t o S an F ran c i s c o — t h e p eo pl e Of e v e ry n ation al i t y an d e v e ry
For w e b e l ie v e t h at t
,

n am e . h e g re at nec e ss ity of t h i s
h ou r i s th at h i gh e r e d u c ation in w h i c h t h i s p eo pl e shall know
G od s w o rk wit h m an W e m ean by t
’
h e sp oken voi c e an d t h e
m o s t p o p u l ar p r inte d wo rd c i rc u l ate d e v e ry wh e r e t
.

,
o in s ti ll ,

in to t h i s lan d t h at old l e sson Of N ew En gl an d c u l tu re We .

stan d by t h e s i d e o f t h o s e of you who b e l ie v e in c om p u ls ory

e d u c ation W e d e s ire in lookin g t
. o t h e f u tu r e
, that t he ,
52 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G

F LAG U N I O N FO REVE R
/ t//
IV . THE OF THE

S p e ec t
//
f
ot Fi z i u

f
o
g
P
i L ee
i i l a d e lp
a a d i n n e r g i v en by
t
zi a , S ep e m be r 1 77
t
k H ib

,
e

1 88
er n i an S oc i e t
y

Mr C k a i r n za n an d G e n l e m ent f
o t
b H ib
c er n i a n S oc i e y t
I am v e ry gl ad in d ee d t o h av e t
.

h e h ono r o f b ein g p re s ent i n

t h i s S o c iety on c e m ore as i t
, ,

was m y g oo d fo r tu ne t o enj oy a

m o s t pl eas ant v i s i t h e re an d an ac qu ain tan c e w it h t

,

h e m e m b e rs
o f yo u r S o c ie t y l as t year M y en gag e m ent s we re s u c h t o da
y
ge t
-

t h at I c o u ld n o t
. .

h e re e arl ie r ; an d j u s t as I was c o m in g in
G o v erno r Beav e r was m akin g h i s ex c u s e s b e c au s e as h e s ai d
h e h ad t o go t o p i c k u p a v i s ito r w h o m h e w as t o e s c o rt t o t
, ,

he
e nte rtain m ent t o b e g i v en t h i s ev enin g at t h e A c ad e m y of
M u s i c I am t h e v i s ito r w h o m G ov e rno r Be ave r i s l oo kin g for
H e c ou ld n o t c ap t u r e m e d u r in g t h e w ar b u t
. .

h e h as c ap tu re d
I am a V i rg inian an d u s ed t
,

m e n ow o r i d e a p r etty f as t h ors e

an d h e c o u ld n o t ge t c l o s e eno u gh t
.
,

o m e

By t
.

h e w ay y o u h av e all h e ar d of
, G eorg e Wash in gton an d
”
h i s l ittl e h at c h et T h e ot h e r d ay I h e ard a s to ry t h at w as a
l ittl e vari ation u p on t h e o r i g i n al an d I am g oin g t
.

o t ake u p

y ou r t im e f o r a m in u te b y re p e atin g it t
,

o yo u It was t o th i s

e ffec t O l d M r W ash in g ton an d M rs W ash in g ton t

.

! . h e p arent s .
,

o f G eo r g e fou n d on on e o c c as ion t h at t h e ir s u ppl y o f s o ap f or

t h e u se of t h e fam il y at
,

W e s t m o rel an d h ad been ex h au s te d
an d so t h ey d e c i d e d t
,

o m ake s o m e fam i l y s o ap T h ey m ad e
h e n e c e ss ary arran g e m ent s an d g av e t
.

t h e r eq u i s ite in s t ru c tion s
t o t h e fam il y s e rv ant A fte r an hou r o r so t h e s e rv ant retu rne d
an d r e p o rte d t o t h e m t h at h e c o u ld n o t
.

m ake t h at s oap W hy “

n o th e was as ke d
.

”
h av e n t you al l t h e m ater i als ? ”
Ye s
’ ” “

bu t
, ,
”
h e re pl ie d ; t h e re i s s o m et h in g w ron g T h e O ld fol k s
“

p ro c eed ed t
.

o in v e s ti g ate an d t h ey f o u n d t h ey h ad ac tu ally

go t t h e ash e s o f t h e l itt l e c h e rry t ree t h at G eo rg e h ad c u t

,

d own w it h h i s h atc h et an d t h e r e was n o ly e in it

in wh at I say t
.
,
”
N o w I ass u re y ou t h e re i s n o li e o y ou
“

t h i s afte rnoon an d t hat i s t h at I t h ank G o d f o r t

, ,

h e su n o f t h e
Union w h i c h on c e o b s c u re d i s n ow again in t h e fu ll s t
, ,

ag e of

it
, ,

s gl o ry an d t h at it s l i gh t i s sh i n in g o v e r V i r g ini a as w e ll as

ov e r t h e r e s t of thi s c o u nt ry W e h ave h ad o u r d i fferen c e s I. .

 W AY S OF D E L I VE R I N G AN A D DRE SS 53

do no t
s ee , p on re ad in g h i s to ry h o w t h ey c ou ld w e ll h av e
u ,

b een av oi d e d b e c au s e t h ey re s u l te d f ro m d i ffe rent c o n s t

.

ru c

tion s of t h e C on s titu tion w h ic h was t h e h el m o f t

,

,
h e S h ip o f
th e Re p u b l ic V i rg inia c o n s t ru ed it on e w ay P enn sy lv an ia
c on s t ru e d i t in anot h e r an d t h ey c o u ld n o t
. .

s ettl e t h ei r d iffe r ~

e n c es ; s o t h ey w ent t
,

o w ar an d P enn s y lv ani a I thin k p ro b

ab ly go t a l itt l e th e be s t
, , ,

Of it
The s wo rd at a n y rate s ett l e d t Bu t
.

,
h e c ont ro v e r s y
, t h at i s .

b e h in d u s we h av e n ow a g re at an d gl o rio u s f u t u r e in f ron t
o f u s an d it i s V i rg ini a s d u ty t o d o al l t h at s h e c an t
.

o p ro m ote
’

t h e h ono r an d gl o ry o f t h i s c ou nt ry W e fou gh t t o t
,

h e be st of
ou r ab i l ity f o r fo u r ye ar s ; an d it wo u ld b e a g re at m i s t ake t
.

ass u m e t h at y o u c o u ld b r in g m e n f ro m t h ei r c abi n s f ro m t h e i r

pl ows fro m thei r h o u s e s an d f ro m t h ei r fam i l ie s t

,

o m ake

t h e m figh t as t h ey fo u gh t in t h at c onte s t u n l e ss t h ey w e re fi gh t
, ,

in g fo r a b e l ief T h o s e m en b e l iev e d t h at t h ey had t h e r igh t

c on s t ru c tion o f t
.

h e C o n s tit u tion an d t h at a s t ate t h at v ol u n

t
,

ar il y ente r e d t h e Uni o n c o u ld vo l u nt ar i l y w it hd raw f ro m i t

T h ey d id n o tfigh t f o r C onfe d e rate m oney It was n o t

.

wo r t h
t T h ey d id n o t
.

e n c ent s a y ar d figh t f or C on fed e rate ration s

u w o u ld h av e h ad t o c u rt ai l t h e d e m an ds of you r app etite t
.

o o
y
m ake i t c o rr e sp on d w it h t h e s iz e an d q u al ity of t h o s e r ation s .

They fou gh t f o r wh at t h ey t h ou gh t w as a p ro p e r c on s t ru c tion

Of t h e C on s t it u tion T h ey w e re d efeate d T h ey ac kno wl edg ed
t h ei r d efeat T h ey c am e b ac k t
. .

o t h ei r fat h e r s h o u s e an d t h e re
’

t h ey are go m g t Bu t if we are t
.
,

o s t ay o c ontin u e p ro sp e ro u s

if t h i s c o u nt ry s t ret c h in g f ro m t he G u lf t o t
.
,

h e Lake s an d f ro m
o c ean t o o c e an i s t o b e m in d f u l o f i t
,

s o wn be s t inte re s t s i n

t h e f u t u re we wi ll h av e t
, ,

o m ake c on c e ss ion s an d c o m pl i an c e s

w e wi ll h av e t
,

o b e ar w i t h e ac h ot h e r an d re sp e c t e ac h ot h e r s
’

O p inio n s T h en we will fi n d t h at t h at h arm ony w ill b e s e c u re d

wh i c h i s as ne c e ss ary f o r t h e w e l far e o f s tate s as i t
.

i s fo r t h e
w e l fare of in d i v i d u als
I h av e b ec om e ac qu ainte d wit h Go v e rno r Beav e r — I m e t
.

h im i n R i c h m on d Yo u c o u ld n o t m ake m e figh t h im n o w If
I h ad known him b efo re t h e war p e rh aps we wou ld n ot
. .

h av e
got at i t If al l t
,

h e g o v e rno r s h ad kno wn e ac h ot h e r an d i f
all t h e p e o pl e h ad b een known t
.
,

o e ac h ot h e r o r h ad b een ,
54 E X TE M P O R E S P EA K I N G
t h row n togethe r in bu s ine ss or s o c i al c o m m u ni c ation t h e fac t
w o u ld h av e b een r e c o gn i z e d at t h e ou t s et as it i s t
,

o d ay t h at ,
-

t h ere are j u s t as goo d m en in M aine as t h ere are in Texas ,

an d j u s t as g oo d m en in Tex as as t h e r e ar e in M aine H u m an
n atu re i s e ve ry wh e r e t
.

h e s am e ; an d w h en inte s tine s t rife s

o c c u r we wi ll d ou b tl e ss al way s be ab l e by a c on s e rvativ e
p ac i fi c c ou rs e t
,

o p a ss s m ooth l y o v e r t h e ru gg e d r oc ky e dg e s

an d t
, ,

h e o l d S h i p of S tate wi ll b e b rou gh t int o a s afe c o m m o

d ion s C on s titu tion al harb o r wit h t
,

,
h e fl ag of t h e Union fl yin g
o v e r h er an d t h ere it sh all rem ain
, .

V RO YAL CO R N
/ /
. TH E

S p eec Ri c ka r d Og l es by a
i
f
o b c ba n q u e of Me F el l ow s zip Cl u b, tt t
t t
Ck i c ag o, S ep em be r 9 , 1 8 94 , on b c oc c as i on of b c H a r v es t t
t
H om e F es i v a l tt
Tb e oas a ss ig n ed c a c k sp ea ker w a s , t
W ha
w Ab t p t by V l y LV F t
/
.

”
1 k no F mi g I M
ou ar n n e re or o ne os e r ,

f t l b it d d ttt
/
. .

m mb e b er o i c c ub g l w ly
s r ec or e za c ov er n or r os e s o

t t t t t
, ,

af b i er
g l l d p e n b y ca e d w m
u i l
on
gy ze oa s n za s e r , a n a s s ee n

w it i g f
a ni pi t i or H l k d d l ib
an ns tly p t k
ra on e oo e e e ra e u on e

t t
/
f t m d t t
/
.

k d
a r v es i b m
ec or a dfi l ly l i y
on s o c r oo an na z s e es s ee e o r es

t
p
k
t m g ifi ttl k f
on

l w ly
ti b ttt
r
en s o

b
d i mp
u e
ie

i
o
a

an
ttd d t
n

c c or n
cen

.
k w ll
ly p i d tf l l w i g i m p mp t
”
Hs a

r es s v e
s o

/ c or n

a
za

i e o
a

o
or n e

n
e

ro
a s .

u
e

Mr .
'
Clza i r m a n o rn t h e c orn the
and G en l em e nt ! Th e c , ,

c o rn t h at in it s fi rs t beg innin g an d it s g rowt h h as fu rni sh e d

ap te s t i ll u s t ration o f t
,

h e trag i c anno u n c e m ent Of t h e c h iefe s t

h o p e o f m an If h e d i e h e s h all s u re ly l i v e again Pl anted in
t h e f r ien dl y b u t
. .
,

s om b e r b o s o m of t h e m ot h e r eart h it d ie s .

Ye a it d ie s t h e s e c on d d eat h s u rr en d e rin g u p e ac h trac e o f

, ,

fo rm an d e art hly sh ap e u nti l t h e o u tward tid e i s s to pp e d by

t h e r eac t in g V ital ge rm wh ic h b reak in g all t h e bon ds an d c e re ,

m ent s o f it s sad d e c l ine c o m e s b o u n d in g l au gh in g into l ife

t h e fi tte s t of al l t
, ,

an d l i gh t h e s y m b o ls t h at m ake c e rt ain
p ro m i s e o f t A n d so it d ied an d t h en i t
,

h e f ate of m an l i v ed .

again An d so m y p eo pl e d ied By s om e u nkn own u n c e rtain

. .
, ,

an d u nfr ien dl y f ate I f o u n d m y s e l f t akin g m y fi r s t j o u rney into

l ife f ro m c on d ition s as l owl y as t h o s e s u rrou n d in g t h at awaken

i n g d yin g l i v in g in fant g e rm
, ,
It was in t h o s e d ay s wh en I
, .
,
 WA Y S OF D EL I V E R I N G AN AD DRESS 55

a S i m p le b oy had wan d e red f ro m In d ian a t o S p r i n gfi e ld t h at

I t h ere m ett
, ,

h e f at h e r of t h i s g o od m an [J o s e ph Je ffe r s on !
wh o s e kin d an d g ent l e wo rds t o m e w e r e as wate r t o a t h i r s ty

s ou l as the sh ad ow of a ro c k t
,
o we ary m an I l ov e d h i s fat h e r .

t h en I lo v e t h e son n ow Two f u ll g eneration s h av e b een

,
.

tau gh t by hi s g ent l ene ss an d s m i l e s an d tears h av e qu i c kl y

an swe re d t o t
,

h e c o m m an d o f h i s arti s ti c min d Lo n g m ay h e
l ive t
.

o m ake u s l au gh an d c ry an d c ry an d l au gh b y t u rn s as

h e m ay c h oo s e t
, ,

o m ove u s

Bu t n ow again m y m in d t u rn s t o t
.

h e gl o rio u s c o rn S e e it .

Lo ok on it s ri p enin g wav in g fi e ld , S e e h ow it w e ar s a c ro wn ,

p rou d e r than m on arc h e v e r w o re s om eti m e s j au nt ily ; an d

s om etim e s after t h e s to rm t h e d i gni fi e d s u r v iv o r s o f t he t
,

em

p e s t s ee m t o V ie w a fi e ld o f sl au gh te r an d t o p ity a f all en f o e

An d se e t h e p en d ant c a s ket s of t h e c o rn fi eld fi ll e d w it h t

.

he
w ine of l ife an d s ee t h e s i l ken f r i n g e s t h at se t a fo r m f o r

fash ion an d f o r artA n d n ow t

,

h e e v e n in g c o m e s an d s om e
t h in g o f a tim e t
.
,

o r e s t an d l i s ten Th e s c u dd in g c l o u ds c on
c e al t h e h al f an d t h en re v e al t h e w h o l e of t
.

h e m oon l it be au ty
of the n i gh t an d t h en t
, h e g ent l e w in d s m ake h eav en l y h ar
m onie s on a t h o u s an d t h ou s an d h arps t h at h an g u p on t h e
-

bord e rs an d t h e e dg e s an d t h e m id d l e of t h e fi e ld of ri p enin g
c o rn u nti l m ve ry he ar t s ee m s t o b e at r e sp on s i v e to th e r is
y
in g an d t h e fall in g of t
,

h e l on g m e l od io u s ref rain T h e m e l an .

c h o l y c l ou ds s o m eti m e s m ake sh ad o w s on t h e fi e ld an d h i d e

it s au reate weal th an d n ow they m ov e an d S l owly into s igh t

c om e s t
, ,

h e go ld en gl ow of p ro m i s e f or an i n d u s t rio u s l an d
h e s i s te r s o f t
.

Gl or iou s c o rn that m o re t h an al l t h e fi e ld we ar s
tro p ic garm ent s ! N or o n t
,

h e sh o r e of N il u s o r of In d d oe s
n at u r e d r e ss h e r fo rm s m o r e spl en d i dl y M y G od t o l iv e

ag ain t h at ti m e w h en f o r m e h al f t h e wo rld was g o o d an d t

.
,

he
o t her h al f u nknown ! An d n ow ag ain t h e c o rn t h at in it s
ke rne l h o lds t h e s t r en g t h t h at sh all ( in t h e bo d y of t
, ,

h e m an
r ef re sh e d s ub d u e t fo r e s t an d c o m p e l r e sp on s e f ro m e v e ry
) h e

s tubb o rn fi e ld or sh in in g in t
, ,
h e e y e o f b e au ty m ake b l o ss o m s ,

o f h e r c h eek s an d j e we ls o f h e r l i ps an d t h u s m ake fo r m an

t h e g reate s t in sp i ration t o we lld oin g t

,

h e h o p e Of c o m p anion
,

sh ip o f that s ac red warm an d well e m b od ied s ou l a wom an !

, ,
-

,
56 EX T E M P O RE S PE A K I N G
Ay e , t h e c o rn t h e roy al c o rn w it h in w h o s e ye ll ow h e art
t h e re i s of h eal t h an d s t ren g t h f o r al l t
, ,

h e n ati on s ! Th e c o n r

t riu m ph ant t h at wit h t h e ai d of m an h ath m ad e vi c t o ri ou s

p ro c e ss ion ac ro ss t h e t u fte d pl ain an d l ai d fo u n d ation f o r t
,

he
s o c i al exc e llen c e t h at i s an d i s t o b e ! T h i s gl o r io u s pl ant

t ran s m u te d by t h e al c h e m y of G o d s u s tain s t
,

h e warr i o r in
b att l e t h e p oet in s on g an d s t ren g t h en s ev e ry wh e r e t
,

h e th ou
s an d arm s t h at wo rk t h e p u r p o s e s O f l ife O h th at I had t
, ,

he
v oic e of s on g o r s ki ll t o t ran sl at e into tone s t
.

,
h e h arm onie s ,

t h e sy m ph onie s an d orat orio s t h at ro ll ac ro ss m y s ou l when

, ,

s t an d in g s o m eti m e s by d ay an d s o m eti m e s b y n igh t u p on t h e

b o rd e r s of t h i s v e rd ant se a I not e a wo rld of p ro m i s e an d t h en
b efo r e o n e h al f t
, ,

h e year i s g one I V iew it s f u ll fru ition an d s e e

it s h e ap e d g o ld awai t t h e n ee d o f m an ! M aj e s ti c f ru itfu l wo n
te s t am o n g t h e m an ife station s o f t
, ,

d ou s pl ant ! T h ou g re a
r he
wi sd o m an d l o v e o f G od t h at m ay b e s een in al l t h e fi elds o r
u p o n t h e h i lls i d e s o r i n t
,

h e v all ey s

VI . IN TEMPE R A N CE AN D P O V E R TY
Ex tt
f r ac r om a s
p ee c k
by Tl i eod or e L Cuy l er o t a n a u di en c e o
f
t t
.

1
w or k i ng n zen , a Gl asg ow , S c o l a n d

You r b rawny arm s m ake Gl asgow fl ou ri sh Yond e r s weat “

.

d ri v e s t h e l oo m s o f P ai sl ey an d D u n d ee I se e in o u r h arbo r
o f N e w Yo rk t
.

h e s pl en d i d s te am e r y ou l au n c h e d o n t h e C l y d e ;

Ye t th e g reat m ass o f you h av e a h ard p u ll t o l i v e an d b u t v e ry ,

f e w e v e r g o w r ic h A n d t h e s i m pl e c au s e o f m o s t of t h i s p o v e rty
r

i s t h at t
.

h e b ott l e b u n s a h o l e i n you r p o c ket s

r You c annot .

s u pp ort you r o wn fam il ie s an d a l iqu o r s e ll e r be s id e s S c otl an d .

i s t h e b i rt hplac e O f sav in gs b ank s H ow m u c h d id you d e p o s it

in t h e m d u r in g t
.

h e ye ar j u s t c l o s e d ? You r c itie s an d V i ll ag e s
are f u ll o f b ank s f o r l o s in gs i n w h i c h e v e ry d e p o s i to r g ai n s a

l o ss N ot h in g i s p ai d ou t
. bu t d i s eas e an d d ru nkenne ss an d
d i sg rac e an d d e at h Th e b e s t s av in gs b ank f or you r m oney is
.

a t o t al ab s tinen c e pl e dg e T h e b e s t s av in gs b ank f o r yo u r -

affe c tion s i s a p u e w o m an s h e art Th e b e s t s av in gs b ank f o r

’
r

7
.

1Th gh tf
ou th O s i or P t i t
e i d S l
c c as o n 5 5 a r o c an e c u ar , .
 WA Y S OF D E L I VE R I N G AN A D D RE S S 5 7
you r s ou l i s a t ru s t in th e Lo rd Je s u s C h ri s t I wi sh t h at ev e ry
y ou n g wom an in S c ot l an d wo u ld re s olve nev e r t
.

o o ffe r a gl ass

of s t ron g d r ink t o a f r ien d an d ne v e r to m a rry an y y o u n g m an

who i s n o t
,

a teetot al e r .

W E LC O ME ME !
/
VI I . HO

Ex tt
f
r ac r om a s p eec iby H en ry W a e r s on
‘

t t
t tl a ze o
pen i ng ex e r

c i s es o
f Ol d H om e W eek, L exi ng on , K e n t tky j uc , u n e, 1
906

On c e a K entu c kian al way s a K entu c ki an Fro m t h e c radl e

t o t h e g rav e t h e arm s Of t
, .

h e m ot h e r l an d s t ret c h e d fo rt h i n
t h e b o s o m of t
, ,

m ot h e r l o v e h e m ot h e r l an d i m m o rtal as t h e
ag e s ye t m o r tal in m ate rn al affec tion war m e d by t
,

,
h e r i c h re d , ,

b l o o d of V i rg inia — t h e v oi c e of t h e m ot h e r l an d r eac h in g t h e ,

farthe s t c o rne rs Of t h e eart h in tone s of h eav en l y m u s ic sum

m on t h e e rrant t o t h e rooft r ee s sh ad e an d b id t h e wan d e re r
’

h o m e W hat wan d ere r yet was e v e r l oath t

. o c om e ? W h et h e r
u p on t h e h ei gh t s of fo rt u ne an d f am e o r d o wn am i d t h e sh ado w s ,

o f t h e vall ey o f d e at h an d d e sp ai r t h e t ru e K ent u c ki an s eein g , ,

t h e shin in g eye s an d h ear in g t h e m ot h e r c all s en ds bac k t h e ,

an s we r in g ref rain

W h e re ’
er I r o am , w h at
ev e r l m s I see
re a

tv
,

My h e art , u n ra l
e ed , fo n d l y t
u rn s t
o th e e .

Hom e The re m ay b e wo rds as sweet wo rds as ten d e r words

m o re r e s on ant an d h i gh b u t
, ,

w it h in o u r l an gu ag e ro u n d i s t h e re
, , ,

on e wo rd so all e m b rac in g as t h at s i m pl e wo r d k om e ? Ho m e
-

t
,
”
b e it n e v e r so h u m b l e t h e re s n o pl ac e l ike h o m e h e O ld
’
,

K entu c ky Hom e ; t h e h om e of you r fath e rs an d of m ine ; of ,

in noc ent c h i ld hoo d of h app y b oy hoo d of b u dd in g m an h oo d

wh en all t
, ,

h e wo rld s ee m e d b ri gh t an d fai r an d h eart s w e re full ,

an d s t ron g ; wh en l ife was a f ai ry t al e an d the win d as it

!

, ,

breath e d u p on t h e honey s u c k l e ab ou t t h e d oo r whi sp ere d

n au ght b u t
,

o f lo v e an d f am e an d gl o ry s t ro d e the s u nbe am s

an d the re was n o s u c h m u s i c as t h e l ow Of c att l e t he w h i r of

t h e sp innin g wh ee l t h e c all o f t
,

, h e d inne r ho rn an d t h e c re ak ,

in g of the b arny ard gate Hom e .

 E XT E M P O R E SPEAKI NG
T ake h b i gh t
t sh ll e r e

F m i th mro th l s o e on e e a,

A d wh
n v it g s e re er oe

It w i ll si g f t h n o e se a .

S t O k t h f
a e d h t e on e ar

F m i th m b y t
ro h h st
h o e e e ar ,

T w ill i g f t h l v d s
’
S n o e o e on e

T t h o ds f t h t
e en h o e e ar .

For it s H om e Hom e Ho m e s i ghs t

’
h e exi l e on t h ebeac h
it s Ho m e Ho m e Hom e c rie s t
, , ,
”
an d h e h u nte r f ro m the hi lls
’
, , ,

an d t h e he ro from t h e wars
H am e tm yo ai n c ou n re e , t
a l way s ho m e whet h er it be tears o r troph ie s we brin g ; whether
,

w e c o m e wit h l au re l s c rowne d o r b ent wit h an g u i sh an d s o rrow

an d f ai l u r e h avin g none ot h e r sh e l te r in t
,

h e w id e wi d e wo r ld
b e s id e t h e p ro d igal al on g wit h t
, ,

h e vi c to r often in hi s d ream s
ye t
, ,

al way s in h i s h o p e tu rn s him ho m e
You t oo frien ds an d b rot h er s — K entu c kian s eac h an d
e v ery o n e you t
, ,

o o h o m e ag ain t h i s you r c as tl e K ent u c ky s ’

fl ag n ot
, , ,

who ll y h i d b ene at h t h e fo ld s of t h e n ation s ab o v e

’

it
,

; t h i s yo u r c ottag e K ent u c ky l ike the l atc hs tr in g u p on t h e

-

o u te r s i d e ; bu twhet h e r c as t l e or c ottage an al tar an d a

, ,

, ,

sh r ine fo r fait hf u l h eart s an d hall owe d m em o rie s Be su r e .

from yon d er s kie s t h ey look d own u p on u s t h i s day ; t h e

i m m ortal one s who b u i l t t h i s c om m on weal t h an d l eft it c on
s ec rate a r i c h inhe rit an c e an d hi gh r e sp on s ibi l ity t
,
o y ou an d

m e ; wh o l ike the f at h e r of D anie l W eb s te r s h rank f ro m n o ,

d an g e r n o toil n o s ac r i fi c e t
,

o s e rve t h ei r c o u nt ry an d r ai s e

t h ei r c hi ld ren t
, , ,

o a c on d ition b ette r t h an t h ei r own In G o d s ’

.

n am e an d in K entu c ky s n am e I b id you s o m et h in g m ore t h an

,
’
,

we l c o m e I bi d you know an d fee l an d c arry you rs e lv e s as

.
, ,

if you knew an d fe l t that you are n o l on g er d re am in g ; t h at

t h i s i s ac tu ally G o d s c ou nt ry yo u r n ativ e s oi l ; t h at s tan d in g
’
, ,

knee d ee p in b l u e grass you s tan d fu ll l en g th in al l o ur hom e s

-

an d all ou r hearts
60 EX T E M P O R E S PE A K I N G
l atte r o r Fitzge rald was a rein c arn ation of O m ar It i s n ot to

t h e d i sadv antage o f t
.
,

h e l ate r p oet t h at h e fo ll o we d so c l o s e l y
in t h e foot s te p s o f t h e earl ie r A m an o f extrao rd in ary g eniu s
h ad app eare d in t
.

h e wo r ld h ad s u n g a s on g of in c o m p arab l e
beau ty an d p owe r in an en v i ron m ent n o l on g er wo rthy of h im ,

in a l an gu ag e of n arrow ran g e f or m any g ene ration s the s on g

was v i rtu all y l o s t then by a m i rac l e of c reation a p oet a t win
b rothe r in t h e sp i rit t
, ,

o the fi r s t was b o rn wh o took u

, p t h e for
,

gotten p oe m an d su n g it anew with all it s or i g in al m e l o d y an d

fo rc e an d al l t h e ac c u m u l ate d re fi n em ent Of ag e s of ar t
It s ee m s t o m e i dl e t
.
,

o ask whi c h was t h e g re ate r m as te r ;

eac h see m s greate r t h an h i s wo rk T h e s on g i s l ike an in st

. ru

m ent of p rec iou s wo rk m an sh i p an d m arv e l o u s t one wh i c h is

wo rth l e ss in c o m m on h an ds b u t w h en it f alls at
,

, lon g in tervals
, ,

in to t h e h an ds of t h e s u p r e m e m as te r it yie l d s a m e l o d y of
t ran s c en d ent en c h ant m ent t o all th at h av e e ar s t
,

o he ar If we
l ook at th e sp he re o f in fl u en c e of the t
.

wo p oet s the re i s n o
l on ge r an y c om p ari s on O m ar s an g t
,

o a h alf b arb arou s p ro v -

in c e ; Fit zge rald t

.

o the w o r ld W h e re ve r t h e E n gl i s h sp ee c h
.

i s S p oken or read t h e Ru b aiyat hav e taken t h ei r pl ac e as a

T h e re i s n o ta h i ll p o s t in In d ia n or a vi ll ag e in
,

c l ass i c

In d ia whe re t h e r e i s n ot a c ote r ie t
.
,

, o w h o m O m ar K h ayy am

i s a fam i l iar fr ien d an d a bo n d O f u nion In A m e ric a he h as .

an eq u al fo ll o w in g i n m any r e g ion s an d C on d ition s

, .

C e rt ain l y ou r p oet c an ne v e r b e n u m b e r e d am on g t h e g re at
p o p u l ar w riter s of all ti m e s H e has to ld n o s to ry h e h as ne v er
.

u n p ac ke d hi s h e ar t in p u b l i c h e has n e v e r th rown his rein on

t h e n e c k o f t h e w i n g e d h o r s e an d l e t h i s i m ag in ation c arry him
T h e m any c annot bu t
,

w h e re it l i s te d r e s ent t h at ai r of l ofty

inte ll ig en c e t h at p al e an d s u b t l e s m il e Bu t
.

, h e w i ll ho ld a pl ac e
.

fo re v e r am on g t h at l i m ite d n u m b e r w ho l ike Lu c ret iu s an d E pi

,

e u ru s — w it h o u t r ag e o r d e fi an c e
, e v en with ou t u nbe c o m in g
m i rt h — l ook d ee p int o t
,

h e t an gl e d m y s te rie s o f t h in gs ref u s e
c r e d en c e t h e ab s u rd an d al l e g i an c e t o t
,

o t h e arro gant au t h o r ity

s u ffi c ientl y c on s c io u s o f fall i b i l ity t
, ,

o b e t o l e rant of al l o p in ion s

w it h a fait h t o o w id e f o r d o c t ri n e an d a b ene v o l en c e u n t ram

m e l e d by c reed t oo wise t o b e w h o ll y poet s an d yet t oo su rely

’

p oet s t
,

o b e i m pl ac ab l y w i s e .
 CHA PTE R I I I

A D VAN T A G E S O F E X TE M P O RE SP EA K I N G

A mong the adv ant ages of the exte m po re method we

m ay s ay th at ( I ) it meets the needs an d dem ands o f the
times ( 2 ) it c u ltivates those m ent al f ac u lties whi c h are
,

ne c ess ary f o r e ffe c tive spe aking ( 3) it p r omotes a s y m

,

p atheti c r el ation between the S pe ake r an d his he ar e r s ,

( 4 ) it allows the spe aker to ad apt his add r ess to the

o c c asio n an d ( 5 ) i t pe rmits a pe r son al g rapple with
,

the au die n c e .

.I E xte m po r e spe aking meets t h e need s o f the times

in whi c h we ar e living be c au se as c omp ar ed with f o r me r
, ,

times o c c asions now ad ay s ar e f ar less n u m e r o u s when

,

a long f o r m al set spee c h is r e q u i r ed an d ar e f ar mo r e

'

, , ,

n u me r o u s when a sho r t b u siness like st raight f rom the

,
-

,
- -

sho u lde r spee c h is r eq u i r ed We be w ail the l ack of the

.

c u ltiv ation of o rato ry am ong o u r p u bli c m e n as c om

p ar ed wi th t
,

h e d ay s o f D e m osthenes an d C i c e r o an d ,

pe rh aps p rope r l y so B u ti t sho u ld be bo rne in mind

.

th at the o rato r o f c l assi c al ti m es w as poet ess ay i st h i s , ,

to r i an novelist an d ne w sp ape r r epo rte r in one With

, ,
.

the invention o f the p rinting p r ess m an y of these f u nc

tions dis appe ar ed E ven in Webste r s ti m e the mode rn
‘

.
’

m ag azine an d d aily newsp ape r we r e p rac ti c all y u nk n own .

S o th a t people ar e n o w slo w to flo c k t o he ar an add r es s

the o r igin al o r eq u iv alent o f whi c h they c an r e ad in a

book o r m agazine ; the y ar e not so c on c e r ned abo u t
OI
62 E X T E M P O RE S PEA K I N G
missing a long dis c o u r se which the y c an re ad at their
leis u re in the next mo r ning s p ape r N ot th at o c c a ’
.

sions are l ac king f or the el abo rate f o rm al add r ess or

will be l acking in the f u t u re b u t
, ,

s u c h occ asions are less

f re q u ent th an f o r me r l y O n the other h and the e xt
,

. em ,

po r e spee c h is i n mo r e c onst ant dem and I n delibe rative .

assemblies f o r ex ample whe r e as in the times o f B u r ke

, , ,

P i tt an d F o x in Parli ament o r o f Webster C l ay an d

, , , ,

C alho u n in C ong r ess q u estions o f st ate were th r eshed

,

out in long deb ates be f o re the bod y as a whole this wo r k ,

in mode r n legisl at u r es is l argel y done in the c ommitt ee

rooms whe re pointed extempo re spee c hes are req u ired
, ,
.

S o o f v ario u s other o c c asions w he r e the p u bli c spe aker

is in dem and The arg u ment in s u ppo r t o f an appli c a
.

tion f or a f ran c h ise o r o the r p rivilege be f o re a c it y c o u n c il ,

the p r esent ation o f an enginee ring or fi n an c i al s c heme to

a bo ar d o f di r e c to r s the exposition o f pl ans an d method s
,

be f o r e an y one O f the v ar io u s mode rn asso c i ations — o n ,

all s u c h o c c asions the dem and is f or id e as r athe r th an

f o r m c on c iseness rathe r th an el abo rateness A S pe ake r

,
.

o n s u ch oc c asions wo u ld c u t a so rr y fig u r e i f he we r e

u n able to de f end an d r e en f o rc e his spee c h b y ans w e r ing ,

exte m po r e an y obj e c tion r ej oinde r o r dis c u ssion o f an y

kind th at might be inte rposed I t
, ,

is Obvio u s th at the.

l aw y e r an d te ac he r m u st c onst an tly p rac ti c e extempo re

spee c h ; likewise the p r e ac he r aside f rom the method
he m ay adopt f or the weekl y se r mons B u t
,

o u tside o f .

the p r o f essions s u c h are the c onditions o f A me ri c an

!

citizenship th at an y one m u st hold hi m sel f in r e adiness

”
t o i m p r ove the o c c asion an d he who h as th e abilit y
“
,

to spe ak extempo re h as a most e ffe c tive inst ru ment an d

an indispens able p r e r e qu isite f or le ade r ship .
 A D V A N T AG E S OF EX T E M P O RE S PE A K I N G 63

E xtempo r e spe aking i s not only needed u nde r m ode r n

co nditions b u t ,
the mode rn au dien c e de m ands it The r e .

is a general p rej u di c e agains t the c u t an d d r ied o ration - -

H en c e the p u bli c spe ake r o f t

.

o da as M r L ong points
y
-

.
,

ou t in the ext rac t p revio u sl y q u ote d u s u ally atte m pts ,

to hide his p rep aration e s p e c i ally if his spee c h be memo

'

It
,

ri z e d. is gene rall y f el t to be essenti al to imp ressive

ness th at the f ac t o f ve r b al p r emedit ation sho u ld be
kept o u t o f sight an d even when s u c h p rep a ation is
, ,
r

notorio u s it is conside red mo r e c o u r teo u s on the p ar t

, ,

o f the he ar e r s to igno r e it The r e is the h abit u al p re “

.
,

s u mption th at the spee c h is extempo rar y s ays P r ofesso r ,

J ebb in his A tti c O rato r s dis c u ssing the di ff e rences

“
,
”

between an c ient an d mode r n o rato r y The r e asons f or .

this p res u mption he s ay s are th at while S pee c h in an c ient

, ,

times w as r eq u i r ed to be ar tisti c in mode r n times i t ,

m u s t be c onvincing ; th at the an c ient wo r ld c o m p ar ed

the orato r w ith the poet the mode r n wo r ld co m p ares
,

him with the p r ophet ; hen c e it be c omes a p re p o s se s “

sion th at the t ru e ad vise r the t ru e w ar ne r in al l the

, ,

g raves t sit u ations on all the most mo m ento u s s u bj e c ts

, ,

is o n e to who m it will in th at ho u r be given wh at he

sh all spe ak ,
an d a c ontempt is gene r ated f or those

who deign to l abo r be f o r eh and on wo rds th at S ho u ld come

st raight f r om the he ar t an d f u r the r th at deb ate in ,
“
,

o u r sense ,
is a mode r n instit u tion i ts u n f o r eseen ex ,

i g e n c i e s cl aiming a l arge m argin in the most c ar e f u l p re

m edit ation an d hen c e in the p r i n c ip al fi eld o f o rato ry
an ins u r mo u nt able b arr ie r is at
, , ,

on c e pl ac ed to an y r e al
assi m il ation between the an c ient an d the mode r n modes .

2 E xtempo r e spe akin g c alls into pl ay those ment al

fac u lti es t hat ar e c ondu c iv e t
.

o eff ectiveness i n pu bl ic
64 E XT E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
spee c h F i r st as c omp ared with the memoriter method
.
, ,

the r e is c u ltivated a memo ry f o r i de as rather th an f or

wo rds R e f e r en c e h as p r evio u sl y been m ade to the
.

eno r mo u s b u r den pl ac ed u pon the memo ry in memo r i

t er delive ry M emo ry I n this r egar d is noto r io u sly
.

t r e ac he r o u s an d b ridging ove r the g aps is a t ry ing an d

,

d ange ro u s p r o c ess I f a c onne c ting wo r d o r senten c e

.

be los t all m ay be lost N o words c an desc ribe the ex

,
.

c ru c i ating sense of loss when the spe ake r s ailing be f o r e ,

a f avo r able b r eeze s u ddenl y fi nds th at his mind is a

per
fec t
,

bl ank The t r o u ble is O f c o u r se th at the mind i s

.
, ,

being t axed to r e c all w o r ds me r el y r athe r th an the ide as

whi c h t
,

h e wo rds ar e intended to conve y I n good me .

m o ri t e r de li very th e ide as sho u ld be ment all y r e c r e ated -

along with thei r exp r ession b u t the d anger is th at this

,

will n o t be done A nd this le ad s t

. o a c o m mon f au lt in

delive r y “
spe aking b y r ote The r e is ap t to be a .

m e r e p ar r otl ike phonog r aphi c r e c i t ation T he m ind

,
.

bei n g eng aged solel y i n r e c alling the f o r m the tho u ght ,

content of his wo rds are not re c r e ated b y the spe ake r -

an d hen c e no V it al r el ation of tho u ght to l ang u age is c on

v e e d to his he ar e r s ; an d th i s f au lt in t u r n Often gives

y , ,

r ise to anothe r — a s tilted o rato ri c al delive ry

,
.

With the memo r y le f t f ree in exte m po r e speech f or , ,

r e c alling ide as only othe r ment al f ac u lties ar e allowed

,

f ree r pl ay In c r e ased ment al ac tivit y an d ale r tnes s are

.

engende r ed The r e is in c r e ased V it alit y of tho u ght I t

. .

is tho u ght gene rating tho u ght f or the mind g r ows ,

by w h at it feed s o n The self r eli an c e ale r tness an d

.
-

, ,

tho u ght vit alit y th at c o m es f r o m p rac ti c e in exte m po r e

spe aking are in time developed an d st r en g thened into
fi xed h abits I t is do u b t fu l indeed i f the r e is within
.
, , ,
 A D VA N T AG E S OF EX T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G 65

the s ame pe r iod o f time a highe r f o r m of ment al e xe r

,

c ise th an th at o f f acin g an au dien c e an d att aining

sel f exp ression in extempo r e spee c h I t is the most
-
.

c on c ent rated an d telling o f all f o r m s o f ment al ac tion ,

the most stim u l ating to those w h o he ar it an d by reflex , ,

ac tion to the spe ake r himself

,
N o w rite r h as an y e c ho
.

so intoxi c ating as the appl au se of a visible au dien c e no

w r iter c an eli c it f rom himsel f sp ark s S O b rilli ant as those
whi c h seem to be s t ru c k o u t between y o u r eyes an d the
answe r ing e y es o f y o u r he ar e r s .

3 The. extempo r e method p r o m otes a s ymp atheti c r e

l ation between spe ake r an d he ar e r s They are b r o u ght .

ne ar e r together C onfiden c e begets c onfiden c e an d sel f

.
,

r eli an c e begets s y mp athy When it is seen th at the

.

spe ake r is not depending f o r his wo r ds o n m an u s c ript

o r memo r y the au dien c e instin c tivel y w ant to help him
,

along H is spee c h be c omes a he ar t to he ar t t alk The

.
- -

c ho r d st ru c k b y the spe ake r is r ee c hoed by the he ar e r s ,

S O th at the r e r es u l ts an inte r pl ay o f s y mp ath y an d i n

'

spi r ation S ay s B ee c he r in his Y ale L e c t u res o n

.
,
“

P r e ac hing ( I 2 1 4 )
”
,

O ne s mess age t o his he ar e r s sho u ld be S O delive r ed

’

as to b r ing his pe r son alit y to be ar u pon the m H e sho u ld .

be in f r ee c o m m u nion with his au dien c e an d r e c eive ,

f rom them as well as give to them The r e are c e r

t ain st ates o f mind of t r ans c endent i m po r t an c e in p r e ac h
ing whi c h neve r c o m e to a p re ac he r ex c ep t w hen he
s tand s at
,

the f o c al point of his au dien c e an d f eels thei r -

c on c ent r ated s y m p athy N O m an w h o is tied to w r itten

.

lines c an in an y e m e r gen c y t h ro w the whole po w e r of

, ,

his m anhood u pon an au dien c e The r e is a f r eedom a .

,

swi f tness a ve r s atilit y an d a spi rit u al r u sh whi c h c omes

, ,
66 EX T E M P O RE S P EA K I N G
to no m an b u t him whose tho u ghts are f ree f rom tram
mels an d who like the e agle f ar above thi c ket an d
, , ,

f o rest an d in the f u ll s u nlight h as the whole wide ai r

, ,

i n whi c h to m ake his flight A w ritten se rm on is

ap t to r e ac h ou t to people like a gloved h and ; an u n
w r itten se r mon r e ac hes o u t the w ar m an d glowing p alm ,

b ar ed to the to u c h .

4 F ac ilit y in the ad apt ation o f a speech to an o c c a

.

s ion o r au dien c e is one of the g r e atest adv ant ages o f

the extempo r e method A lmost eve ry one h as e xp e r i
.

e n c e d the in c ong r u it y o f a f o r m all y p r ep ar ed add r ess

whi c h w as u n fi t t
e d to the o c c asion o r to the au dien c e .

I f a S pe aker u nde r s u c h c i r c u m st an c es h as the abilit y

, ,

to r e c ast the l ang u age O f his add ress while r et aining , i t

,

m ay be hi s p r ep ar ed line o f tho u ght he c an m aste r the

, ,

s it u ation The gen u ine exte m po r ize r indeed is rarel y

.
,
.

the s ame o n t w o o c c asions H e m ay f r eq u entl y d is c u ss

the s ame s u bj e c t b u tseldom r epe ats ve r b atim H e
.

.
,

t akes adv ant age o f o c c u r r en c es o f the m oment H is .

l ang u age too is instin c tivel y ad apted to the p arti c u l ar

, ,

au dien c e he is add r essing I f he is S pe aking to a c u l

t
.

u r e d au dien c e his di c tion b y a r eflex infl u en c e will be

, , ,

”
elev ated to thei r height ; i f to a m ixed o r pop u l ar “

au dien c e he m a witho u t c ons c io u s e ff o r t so spe ak th at

,y
the y will he ar hi m gl adly be c au se the y will u nde rst and
hi m . The exte m po re spe ake r is the r e f o r e p rep ar ed gen
e r ally f o r an y oc c asion .

When a m an u s c r ipt o r memo r ized add r ess h as been

p r ep ar ed m aste r s o f the ar t
,
o f S pee c h someti m es fi nd
th at in o rde r to r e ac h th at p ar ti c u l ar au dien c e the f o r m ,

o f the p r ep ar ed add r ess m u st be c ast aside F o rt u n ate

t h at S pe ak e r w ho is abl e t It
.

o do this i s r el at ed of
.
68 E XT E M P O RE S PEA K I N G
al l his previo u s s t ru c t u r e o f p rep aration s u pe r fl u o u s ; as
the S hip in l au n c hing glides f rom the w ay s an d s c atte r s ,

c radle timbe r s an d wedges o n the wate r s th at are hen c e

”
f o r th to be h e r home .

5 L astl y an d most impo r t ant o f all the extempo r e

.
, , .

method pe r mits a pe r son al g rapple with the au dien c e .

N othing inte r venes bet w een th at d i r e c t pe r sonal c on ,

t ac t with the he ar e r s which is so ne c ess ary f or t h e mos t

e ff e c ti ve p u bli c spe aking I n r e ading a dis c o u r se the
.

m an u sc rip t i nte r venes I n spe aking f rom memory the

.

ment al attit u de i s ap t to be s ubj e c tive rathe r th an O bje c

tive an d this hinde r s di r e c tness i n delive ry the spe aker
,

is looking within f o r his wo r ds rather th an w itho u t to

see the e ff e c t of his wo r ds ; he is u nwinding r ather th an
we aving C omplete sy mp athy with an au dience is at
.

t ai n e d onl y b y the extempo r e spe aker H is mind is

.

w holl y f r ee f o r s pont aneo u s ac tion in exp r ession He .

keeps in p resent pe rson al to u c h with his au dien c e H e .

is not onl y spe aking to them b u t c onve r sing with them

,
.

H e i s not o c c u pied in thinking O f so m ething to s ay ; he

h as p r evio u sl y f am iliar ized hi m self with his s u bj e c t b y
m u c h med it ation an d h as in m ind the pl an o f his spee c h
, .

H e is not o c c u pied in r e c alling the wo rds f o r the ex

p ression o f his ide as ; f or th at he depends u pon the in
spi ration o f the moment H e is occ u pied onl y w ith t he
p r oblem how to get his tho u ght into t
.

,
h e tho u ght of his
he ar e r s h ow to c onvin c e them of his c onvi c tions to p e r
s u ade them o f his belie f s to i m pel them to ac t
,

,
as he

wo u ld h ave them He is c onst antly st u dy ing his au di

.

ence H e gets a r esponse f r om t

. h e he ar e r s ey es notes
’

thei r ag r ee m ent o r dis ag r eem ent an d p r oceed s aoc o rd

,

i n gly Th u s is his tho u ght c ast in the mold O ff e r e d

.
 A D VA N T AG E S OF EX T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G 69

thimo b y the mind of his he ar e r s Tho u gh he h as a .

definite line of tho u ght to develop he c an give d u e ,

el asti c it y to its development he d rops those ide as whi c h

he sees his he ar e r s h ave ac c epted an d el abo rate s those ,

which he sees the y h ave n o t ac c epted H e gets di r e c tl y .

at his au dience an d w restles with them A nd the S pe ake r s ’

.

powe r in this pe r son al g rapple will b e th e m e as u r e o f his

s u ccess .

Willi am P itt when ac c u sed of u nd u l y ex c iting the

,

people r eplied ! E loq u en c e is not in the m an ; it is in

t
,

the assembl y A f riend on c e s aid to S ar gen S P r en

. .

tiss You alway s mesme r ize m e when y o u spe ak

,
“
.

“
Then it is an aff ai r o f r e c ip r oci ty s aid P r entiss f or , ,
“

a m u ltit u de alw ay s e l e c t
”
rifi e s me .

EX E R C I S E S
IA ss i gn to p i c s requ i rin g m e m b e r s of t h e c l ass t o sp e ak

exte m p o re t
.

o a sp e c i fi e d au d ien c e S u gg e s te d to p i c s ! ( a )
I m ag ine you rs e l f a c o m m ittee of on e app ointe d t
.

o re c o m m en d

a g rad u ation g ift t o b e l eft by t h e c l ass t o t h i s c o ll e g e

( or

s c h oo l) Wh at w ill you re c o m m en d why an d wh at m e an s will

you e m pl oy t o s ec u re t
.
, ,

h e ac c e p tan c e Of yo u r re c o m m en d ation ?
Ass u m in g t h at t c l ass c on s titu te s a c o m m ittee f o r r e c o m
( )
b h e

m en d in g footb all r efo rm s in t h i s in s titu tion p re s ent a re s o l u

tion f o r ad o p tion by the c l ass whic h y ou are read y t
,

o ar gu e

u pp o s e t
,

an d d efen d l ss is t u d ent s C o u n c i l e m
( )
’
c S h e c a a S
p o we r e d t o m ake re c o m m en d ation s t o t h e au tho ritie s Le t
.

fou r .

o r s ix m e m be r s of t h e c l ass b e p re p ar e d t o d eb ate affi rm ati v e l y ,

an d n e g ati v e l y as re sp e c ti v e l y ass i ne d o r c h o s en s o m e s uc h
g
p ro p o s ition as T h e f rate rnitie s ( or s oro ritie s ) at
, ,

,
t h i s s c hool
S ho u ld be ab ol i s he d

Le t eac h o n e of a g iv en n u m b e r o f the c l ass b e ass i gn e d t

.

2 o

sp e ak at
.

t h e n ext m eetin g on s o m e to p ic wh ic h in t h e S p eak ,

”
e r s o p inion p o ss e ss e s t h e p o ss ibil ity of pers on al g rap p l e
’ “
,
70 E XT E M P O RE S P EA K I N G
w ith the C l as s as the au d ien c e S u gg e ste d top ic s R espon sib il
.

ity for E l e c tin g S tu d ie s M id week P artie s C he atin g in E xam i

n ation s T h e E v i ls of C o ll eg e ( or s c h oo l) P o l iti c s ; C u ttin g
“ ”

C l ass e s S hou ld t h e C u rri c u lu m o f t h i s S c h oo l be C h an g e d an d

,

Why ? Way s of E n g en d e r in g m o re C oll eg e S p i rit in t h i s In s ti

tut i on ; Way s of D eve l o p in g m o r e r eal F e ll owsh i p am on g ou r
S tu dent s ; A G r eat N eed of t h i s In s titu tion whic h t h e C l ass
c o u ld h e lp in S e c u ri n g

c h e s f ro m t h o s e app en d e d t
.

3 S e l e c t sp ee o C h ap te r s I II

V an d V I an d ass ign t o m e m be rs o f th e c l ass f or e xt

.
, ,

, ,
e m p o ra

n e o u s re p ro d uc tion.
 CHA PTE R IV

G E N E RAL P R E P ARA T I O N

E ve ry speech is a c omposite of tho u ght an d l angu age .

The extempo r e spe ake r req u i res ( I ) a f u nd of f ac ts an d

ide as ( 2 ) a f u nd of l ang u age f o r the exp r ession of his
,

tho u ghts an d ( 3) the p ower to u s e this l ang u age ac c u

,

r atel an d re adil y S o while S pe c i al p r ep ar ation f o r a

y .

given occ asion is i m po r t ant it is y et mo r e impo r t ant

,

th at the r e be a gene ral p rep aration f or eve ry oc c asion .

A n al y zing still f u r ther the f o r egoing r eq u isites f or

extempo r e speech we m ay s ay th at gene ral p r ep aration
,

sho u ld in c l u de ( I ) a good general ed u c ation ( 2 ) f o r ming ,

the h abit o f gathe r ing spee c h m ate ri al ( 3 ) r e ading the ,

best au tho r s an d o rato r s (4 ) p rac ti c e in w riting ( 5 ) the

t
, ,

ac q u irement o f a voc ab u l ar y an d pr ctice in

( )
6,
a e x e m
po r e spe aking .

I. A g e n e r a l e d uc a t i on T O those who h ave been

.

s w ay ed b y the r u de eloq u ence of an u ned u c ated o rator ,

it m ay appe ar th at an ed u c ation i s not a p ri m e essenti al

f or t h e p u bli c spe ake r Bu t
.he re again we m u st distin
g u ish between the o r ato r an d the p u bli c spe aker We .

ar e c on c e r ned p r i m ar il y with the l atter the m an who ,

when a c all comes goes o u tin all so r t s of we ather

,

.
,

F u r the r mo r e th e occ asion al an d t r ansient s u c c ess of

,

the o r ato r ic al geni u s who tho u gh u ned u c ated knows

, ,

his p ar ti c u l ar s u bj e c t f o r a p ar ti c u l ar o c c asion an d is ,

cons u med b y e ar nestnes s in presenting it is one of the

7
,

1
72 EX T E M P O RE S P E A K I N G
c ases where the ex c eption p r oves the ru le The r e are .

in these d ay s too m any f ail u r es b y the wo u ld b e o r ato r -

whose f u nd o f tho u ght is in inve r se p r opo r tion to his

”
flow o f wo r ds H en c e o rato ry has in pop u l ar tho u ght
.
“
, ,

a c e r t ain dis r ep u te .

The need then Of a good gene ral ed u c ation f or the

, ,

s u c c ess f u l extempo r e spe ake r is s t ressed at the o u tset

be c au se i f he i s to be r e all y s u c c ess f u l he m u st be
, ,

something mo r e th an a vol u ble au tom aton A s c ivili '

z at
.

i o n adv an c es m atte r is st r essed mo r e th an m anne r

, .

T he ave rage au dience o f to d ay w ants to be f ed and -

the r e m u st be tho u ght p r ep ar ation to m ake a spee c h

p al at able The spe ak er m ay not know eve ry thing b u t
.
,

the one thing spoken o f in a given speech he m u s t know

at le as t a little bette r th an the ave rage o f his au dien c e .

H e m u st be g ro u nded in atle ast the f u nd ament als o f

the v ar io u s b ran c hes o f knowledge f o r all knowledge ,

is o f u s e to the S pe ake r whethe r it be emplo y ed in a ,

p arti c u l ar S pee c h o r n o t ; it tends to give c ert aint y ,

c atholicit y an d s c ope to his V iews The ed u c ation .

r e q u i r ed need n o t
,

o f c o u r se be gotten in the schools

bu t
, , ,

better so if possible sin c e the t raining o f school

, ,

an d c ollege is ap t to be mo r e e c onomi c al i n point of

time mo r e s y ste m ati c an d mo r e tho ro u gh B u t
, ,
how .

eve r se c u r ed this m u ch a good g e n e r a l ed u c ation is

t
,

essenti al f or the highes t s u c c ess in p u bli c S pe aking j u s ,

as it is essenti al f o r the highes t s u c c ess in an o f the

y
p r o f essions .

The extempore S pe ake r need s to k now atle ast in ,

b r o ad o u tline the n at u ral s c ien c es not onl y f or the

f ac ts b u t
, ,

,
also f o r t r aining in the s c ientifi c method o f

re asoning ; he needs to know history an d of this not ,

 GE N E R A L P R E PA RA T I O N 7
3

the f acts alone b u talso the biog raphy o f those men

,

w hose ide as h ave l argel y m ade histo ry ; he sho u ld be

f amili ar wi th the m ain o u tlines of an c ient an d m ode r n
philosophy ; he sho u ld be a logi c i an p rac ti c al r athe r
th an theo r eti c al b u table to m ake u s e o f the l aws o f
,

t h o u ght ; he S ho u ld be tho r o u ghl y t rained in the u s e of “

the E nglish l ang u age an d as an ac cesso ry to this in

, , ,

othe r l ang u ages also the mo r e the bette r ; above all

, ,

he S ho u ld k now the instit u tions o f his o w n c o u nt ry an d

.
,

to this end sho u ld s t u d y ele m ent ary law politi c al s c ien c e , ,

an d so c iolog y . A nd s o we migh t go o n en u m e rating all ,

the b ran c hes of knowledge .

A side f rom the ment al d is c ipline de rived a gene ral ,

ed u c ation f u r nishes the spe ake r fi r st with f acts an d , , ,

secondl y with ex amples an alogies an d the like f o r u s e

, , , ,

in spee c h c onst ru c tion — whe r ein he b r ings his ment al

,

powe r s to be ar u pon his ac q u i r ed knowledge M ethods .

f or aiding the memo r y in r e c alling the r es u lts Of his

st u d y an d r efle c tion are s u ggested u nde r the next
he ading
2.
.

Ga t /
ze r i n
g sp eec lc m a t
er i a l The intending p u bli c
.

S pe ake r sho u ld e ar l y f o r m the h abit O f m ak ing hi s m ind

a sto r eho u se o f f ac ts an d ide as f o r s u bse q u ent u s e as

spee c h m ate r ial A spe ake r m u st of c o u rse be a thinke r

.
,

bu t mo re ! he m u st le arn to think as a spe ake r — to ,

h ave an au dien c e c ons t antly in mind H e m u st D i c kens .

,

like h ave an e y e f o r seeing eve r y thing an d a kn ac k

, ,

f or t u r ning eve r y thing to ac co u nt H e m u st c u ltivate a

.

keen sense f or m ate ri al as the ho u nd h as f or game To

,
.

this end he sho u ld be an ale r t Obse rve r an d assi m il ate ,

his i m p ressions b y c onst ant r efle c tion This h as ever .

been a c h aracte r isti c h abit o f s u ccessf u l p u bli c spe ak e rs .

74 E XT E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
D an i el Webste r f or ex ample h ad sto r ed his c ap ac io u s
, ,

me m o r y with arg u ments an d ill u st rations th at might be

the r e f o r y e ar s re ad y f or his u s e H e told a f riend th at
.

the f amo u s fi g u r e o f the B ritish d ru mbe at f ollowing “

the Su n an d keeping c omp an y with the ho u r s whi c h ,

w as u tilized so e ffe c tivel y in his spee c h On J ackson s

’

P r otest h ad c ome to hi m one s u mme r evening at

, Q u ebec
as the s u nset g u n w aS fi r e d on the cit adel an d th at he

t
'

it o n p ape r at
,

h ad p u t on c e si ting on a c annon
,
.

I n his Y ale L e c t u r es on P r e ac hing ( I

“
H en ry
War d B eeche r s ay s th at he h ad f o u nd it i m p rac t
,

c able to dete r mine the themes o f his week l y se r mons .

long be f o reh and ; th at he p r ep ar ed them mostl y on “

S u nd ay mo rning an d S u nd ay af te r noon Bu t then .

,

he adds y o u m u st r e c ollect th at this w as ac c omp anied

,
“

b y anothe r h abit — th at of r eg u l ar st u d y an d c ontin u al

,

Obse rv ation I do not believe th at I eve r met a m an o n

.

the st r eet th at I did not get f rom hi m some element f o r

a se r m on I neve r see an y thing in n at u r e w hi c h does
n ot
.

wo r k tow ar d th at f o r whi c h I give the st r ength o f

m y life The m ate ri al f or m y se r mons is all the time
.

f ollowing me an d s w arming u p aro u nd me I am t racing

ou t
.
,

an alogies whi c h I af te r w ar d t ake p ains to veri fy to

, ,

see whethe r m y views o f ce r t ain t ru ths we r e c o rre c t I

t
.
.

f ollow them ou in m y st u d y an d see h o w s u c h things

,

ar e t au ght b y othe r s These things I do not alway s

.

at the ti m e f o r m u l ate f or u se ; b u t i t is a p r o c ess o f

ac c u m u l ation .

C ontempo r ar ies o f Wendell P hillips testi fy th at in ,

the p r ep ar ation O f his spee c hes b e relied al m ost solely

o n his gene r al p r ep ar ation ; th at f o r y e ar s b e c u ltiv ated

the h abit o f thinking on the pl at f o r m an d O ff ; th at h e

76 E X T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
do it I f the me m o ry c annot — an d pe r h aps sho u ld not
.

be m ade a gene ral i n dex r e r um some s y stem of note ,

t
t aking S ho u ld e arl y be adopted The speech m ate ri al .

m u s t be registe r ed eithe r in h e m ind or whe re the mind

c an get at it when needed f or next t o knowing a thing ,

is to know whe r e to fi nd it when y ou w ant it .

H ow then c an the memo ry be aided ? A n y o n e o f

, ,

s eve r al methods might be u sed s o the r e be s om e method , .

O n e o f the bes t an d the one st rongl y r ecommended is

, ,

the u s e of a c ard c at alog u e now so gene ral l y adopted b y ,

w r ite r s spe ake r s an d b u siness men B l ank an d index

, .

with a fi ling c abinet c an be bo u ght at

,

c ar d s ,
a sm all ,

expense o r y ou c an h ave the bl ank c ar ds an d indices

c ut
,

to o rder ( three b y five in c hes is the u s u al size ) an d

m ake y o u r own r e c ept ac le f o r filing The arrangement .

o f the index will of c o u r se v ary with individ u al lines of

, ,

st u d y an d tho u ght G ene ral he adings f or a st u dent might

.

be ! A thleti c s B iograph y C u r r ent E vents an d Topi c s

E d u c ation Law P hilosoph y P oliti c s S ociolog y e t
, , ,

, , c , , ,
.

U nde r the gene ral he ading of S pee c h M ate ri al might

c om e the s u btitles o f A n alogies A necdotes F ac ts , , ,

I de as Ill u st rations an d so o n N ew he adings c an o f

, ,
.

c o u r se be added f r om time to ti m e f o r o n e g r e at ad v an ,

t age o f this so r t o f an i n d ex re r u m is th at it allows f ree

exp ansion A nothe r adv ant age is th at o n e c an alw ay s
.
,

c ar ry with him so m e o f the bl ank c ar ds f o r note t akin g .

When an y thing is f o u n d o r tho u ght of th at is w anted ,

j ot it d own on on e of these c ar d s an d file f o r f u t u re ,

r e f e r en c e I f the m atte r w anted is too long to c op y in

.

f u ll note the book o r m ag azine w ith vol u m e an d p age

, , ,

whe r e it m ay be f o u nd F ollowing s u c h a pl an you will

‘

.
,

be s u rp rised to find h ow in c o u r se o f time r e f e r en c es

, , ,
 G E N E RA L P RE PA RA T I O N 7
7
ne wsp aper c lippings epig rams q u ot ations ide as e t
, ,
c , ,
.
,

will f u r nish an ac c u m u l ated s to r e of spee c h m ate ri al th at

c an be d rawn u pon f o r v ar io u s s u bj e c ts an d oc c asions .

H e who spe ks m u c h — o r little m u st

'

3
. R e a d i.ng a -

be a di ligent r e ade r f o r r eading is the p rincip al so u rc e

,

both O f in f o r m ation an d ide as T hen too the S pe aker

.
, ,

will be kno w n b y the c omp an y he keeps L et the intend .

ing S pe ake r seek o u t good spe ake r s an d w rit ers L et .

him live in thei r societ y an d f eel thei r ex c ellen c e Th u s .

will his diction an d his powe r of exp r ession be i m p roved

b y an infl u en c e mo r e o r less u ncons c io u s b u t none the ,

less help f u l
,
f o r the mind g rows b y wh at it f eeds u pon .

“
O n e who r e ad s the g r e at au tho r s with c ar e an d j u dg
ment app r op r i ates u n c onscio u sl y thei r p u re r l ang u age ,

thei r deeper tho u ght thei r nobler exp r ession an d thei r

, ,
”
anim ating spi ri t .

Wide re ading incl u ding the p rac t

,
i c e of r e ading alo u d ,

or r epe ating f r om memo r y sele c tions f r om lite rary o r

,

o ratori c al models h as been f r eq u entl y r eso r ted to b y

,

g re at spe ake r s J ohn B right u sed r eg u l arl y d u ring the

session of P arli ament to r e ad alo u d the l as t thing at
.
,

night f r om o n e o f the st and ar d poets u s u all y M ilton , ,

whose m aj estic lines he f r eq u entl y q u oted .

L o r d B ro u gh am advo c ating the s t u d y o f good liter

,

ar
y models in a lette r to the f athe r of M ac au l ay s ay s
, ,

I do e ar nes tl y ent re at y o u r s o n to set d ail y an d nightl y

be f ore him the G r eek models F i r st o f al l he m ay look
.

to the best m ode r n speeches H is t aste will i m

.

p r ove every time he r e ads an d r epe ats to himsel f (for

he sho u ld h ave the fine r p ass ages b y he ar t ) an d he will ,

le arn how m u ch m ay be done by a skill f u l u s e of a f ew

words an d a rigo r o u s r ej e c tion o f al l s u p e rfl u i t
, ie s .
7 8 EX T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
The re ading sho u l d o f c o u rse be j u di c io u s s y stem ati c , ,

an d tho r o u gh ! j u di c io u s so t h at time be n o t
,
wasted or ,

wo r se th an w as ted ; sys tem ati c so th at econom y an d ,

ac c omplish m ent be ins u r ed ; an d tho r o u gh so th at it ,

beco m es p ar t of the r e ade r s ment al eq u ipment With ’

ou t ente r ing u pon a disse r t ation on r e ading one o r t

.

wo ,

f u r ther s u ggestions are o ff ered to the intending p u bli c

spe ake r whi c h ar e o r din ar il y not c o nt ained in t re atises
,

on r heto r i c an d lite rat u r e .

F i r st the r e sho u ld be some time reg u l ar ly devoted

,

to re ading alo u d p re f erabl y d ail y an d to so m e he ar er o r

, ,

he ar e r s O n e g r e at advant age O f this method ove r S ilent

.

r e ading is th at w hile in silent r e ading the mind is fi xed

,

almost solel y o n the ide as in o ral r e ading the wo r ds an d

,

modes of exp ression ob t r u de themselves u pon the atten

tion A nd too m u ch o f the bes t lite rat u r e c annot find
.
, ,

ade q u ate exp r ession o r be d u l y app r eci ated

,
witho u t ,

o ral inte rp ret ation E spe c i all y is this t ru e o f o rato r i c al

.

lite rat u re whi c h fi r s t add r essed to he ar e r s m u st o b v i

, , ,

o u sl
y be he ar d to be f u ll y app r e c i ated O nl y b y r e ading
.

alo u d c an the r hy thm an d b al an c e o f an o r ato r i c al sen

ten c e be c o m p rehended Th u s both vo c ab u l ary an d

.

style are aided.

.

A long with p rac ti c e of r e ading alo u d f o r m the h abit ,

o f m e m o r izing fine p ass ages in the poet r y an d o rato r y

whi c h y ou r e ad T his p r ac ti c e i f pe r sisted in will not,

only c u ltiv ate y o u r vo c ab u l ary an d style b u ti t will

.
,

a ff o r d a r i c h sto r e o f S pee c h m ate r i al th at c an be d rawn

u pon contin u all y ; it will f u r nish a sto c k o f f ac ts an d a

sto c k o f wo rds .

M u ch o f the r e ading f o r the spe ak e r as d istin gu ished

f rom t h e w rite r sho u ld be o rat
,

,
oric al lite rat u r e Th e .
 GE N ERA L P RE PA RA T I O N 7
9

prod u ctions o f gre at o ra o r s c ons tit u te a lite rat u re wo r th y t

o f al l the st u dy an d p raise whi c h h as been given t o the

p r od u c tions of g r e at au tho r s I n E nglish an d A me ri c an .

o rato ry the o rations O f B u rke Webste r an d C u r tis

!

, , , ,

f o r ex ample not onl y moved thei r i m m ed i ate au dien c es

bu t
, ,

the y are as C u r tis s aid o f B u r ke s o r ations splen

,
’

d id possessions o f lite rat u re I n l egal lite rat u re f o r .

,

ex ample the l aw y e r sho u ld r e ad s u c h books as S n y

,

de r s G re at S pee c hes b y G r e at Law y e r s o r Ve e d e r s

’
“ “ ’

L egal M aste r pi ec es the p re ac he r s u c h a vol u m e as ,

F iske s P u lp itE l o qu e n c e of the N ineteenth C ent u r y

’ '

an d s u c h l ar ge r w o r ks as B r e w e r s The Wo rld s B est ’ “ ’

”
O rations R eed s M odern E loq u ence
,
’
or B ry an s ,
’

The Wo rld s F amo u s O rations a st u dent o f spe ak

’

ing sho u ld i f possible h ave in his lib rar y

, ,

4 . Wr i t
i ng The best extempo r e S pe aking c an rar el y
.

be att ained u nless i t h as been p re c eded by long an d

c are fu l p rac ti c e in r ed u c ing one s tho u ghts to w riting ’
.

W r iting c ond u c es to o r de rliness C le ar ness ac c u rac y , , ,

te rseness an d fi nish I t is s t r ongl y r e c ommended b y

,
.

C i c e r o an d the te ac hing an d expe r ien c e o f eminent

,

spe ake r s r e c ommend s u c h p rac ti c e The spe ake r need

n ot
.

— an d u s u ally sho u ld not — w r ite o u t a spee c h th at

is to be spoken extempo r e b u t he sho u ld w r ite some ,

thing else an d w rite with c are with c are f u l weighing

, ,

an d st u d y o f w o r ds with c ar ef u l r e w r iting of senten c es

,

to improve thei r f o r m C le ar ness c omp ac tness r h y t hm , , , ,

an d c adence This p rac ti c e in w ri ting sho u ld go along

.

with the r e ading o f o rato ric al models f o r on e m u st ,

w rite a g re at de al in i mit ation O f those who know how ,

an d u nde r thei r g u id an c e It is a s c hool p r o c ess b u t .

,

the b asis f or o r al composition sho u ld be l aid in a tho ro u gh

80 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
t raining in written c omposition I t will tend to g u ard .

ag ainst the d ange r s — the looseness an d p r olixit y — of

extempo re spee c h I t f u r nishes the ve ry best so r t of

.

dis c ipline in the an al y sis o f a s u bj e c t an d the u n f oldin g

t
o f a heme .Yo u sh ou ld begin b y le ar ning to w r ite
“
,

s ay s B au t ain in o rde r to giv e y ou rs e lf a r ight ac c o u nt

'

“
,

o f y o u r o w n tho u ghts befo r e y o u vent u r e yo u rsel f to

,

S pe ak . The y who h ave n o t le arned this fi r st spe ak in ,

”
gene ral b adl y an d with di ffi c u l t y .

5 A c qu i r i ng a v oc a bu l a ry
. I de as an d wo rd s are the
.

m ate r i als with whi c h the spe ake r h as to wo r k S in c e .

wo r ds are the medi u m o f exp ression m ani f estl y a l ar ge , ,

ac c u r ate an d r e ad y vo c ab u l ar y is a p rime ne c essit y f o r

,

the extempo r e spe ak e r I n the s t u d y o f the E nglish

.

l ang u age m u ch attention sho u ld be p aid to its r eso u rc es

in wo r ds f or o u r l ang u age be y ond anothe r is an o rgan
, , ,

with m an y pipes an d s tops of exp r ession an d h armon y ,

an d it r eq u i r es s t u d y an d p r ac ti c e to m aste r it .

The S pe ake r S ho u ld m ake a s y stem ati c e ff o r t to

in c r e ase his voc ab u l ary p ar ti c u l arl y b y ac q u i r ing the
,

sy non y ms o f the wo rds he al re ad y u ses M ilton it is .

,

s aid e m plo y ed eight tho u s and wo r ds w hile S h akespe ar e

, ,

le ads b y a long w ay the list o f E nglish au tho r s with a

vo c ab u l ary o f fi f teen tho u s and wo r ds M an y c u ltiv ated .

people an d even m an y spe ake rs h ave a s u rp risingl y

, ,
’

limited vo c ab u l ary D e an T r en c h tho u ght th at the

.

vo c ab u l ary o f an E nglish l abo r er did not exceed three

h u nd r ed w o r ds an d it h as been c l ai med th at the vo c ab
,

u l ary o f most people who r e all y possess some degree

O f ed u c ation an d c u lt u r e does not ex c eed two tho u s and

wo r ds The p u bli c S pe aker needs a l arge vocab u l ary

.

not f or p u rposes o f displ ay b u t

,

o f u s e M ost men are

,
.
 GE N E RA L PR E PA RA T I O N 8 I

u n able when spe aking to c omm and s u ffi c ient wo rd s to

, ,

exp ress thei r tho u g hts c le arl y an d e ffe c tively A l arge .

vo c ab u l ary is need ed to en able the spe ake r to exp ress -

sh ades o f m e aning an d to ins u re v ariety in exp r ession .

Wh y , then do we hesit ate to swell o u r wo r ds to meet

,

o u r needs ? It is a nonsense q u estion The r e is no .

r e ason . We are simply l az y too l azy to m ake o u rselves

c om f o r t able We let o u r vo c ab u l ar ies be limited an d
.
,

get along raw l y witho u t the r efi nement s o f h u m an inter

c o u r se,
t
witho u refi ne m ents in O Li r own tho u ghts ; f o r ‘

tho u ghts are almost as dependent o n wo r ds as wo rds

on tho u ghts F o r ex ample al l ex aspe rations we l u mp
.
,

together as agg rav ating not c onside r ing whethe r the y

‘
,
’

m ay n ot rathe r be disple asing anno y ing O ffensive dis , , ,

g u sting i rr it ating o r even m addening ; an d witho u t

, ,

Obse r ving too th at in o u r reckless u s age we h ave b u rned

, ,

u p a wo r d which might be convenient when we sho u ld

need to m ar k some sh ading o f the word inc r e ase L ike ‘

.
’

the b ad c ook we seize the f ry ing p an wheneve r we

,

need to f ry b roil r o ast o r ste w an d then we wonde r

’
, , , ,

wh y all o u r di shes t aste alike while in the next ho u se

the f ood is appetizing I t is al l u nne c ess ary E nl ar ge
. .

the voc ab u l ary L et an y one who w ants to see himsel f

.

g r ow r esolve to adopt t
, w o new wo r ds e ac h week It .

will not be long befo re the endless an d en c h anting

var iet y o f the wo rld will begin to r efle c t itsel f in his
spee c h an d in his mind as well I know th at when we
,
.

u s e a wo r d f or the fi r st time w e are st ar tled as i f a fi re ,

c r ac ke r went o ff in o u r neighbo r hood We look abo u t .

h astily to see i f an y o n e h as noticed Bu t

,
fi nding th at .

no one h as we m ay be emboldened A wo rd u s ed th r ee
,
.

times slips o ff the tong u e with entire n at u ralness The n .

82 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
it is o u rs f o r eve r an d with i t some ph ase of li f e whi c h
,

h ad been l ac king hithe r to F o r e ac h wo r d p r esents its

.

own point o f V iew dis c loses a spe c i al aspe c t O f things

, ,

r epo r ts some little impo r t an c e not othe r wise c onve y ed

,

an d so c ont r ib u tes its sm all em ancip ation to o u r tied u

p
-

minds an d tong u es 1
.

Bu t i t is not so m u c h a q u estion of a l arge voc ab u l ary ,

desi rable as th at is as the m aste ry o f the vo c ab u l ary

,

th at we h ave — or think we h ave I t h as been c l aimed .

,

an d pe r h aps u pon re ason able g ro u nd s th at th r ee f o u rths ,

who spe ak E nglish h ave no distinct ide a o f th ree f o u r ths

o f the words emplo y ed The ave rage c ollege g rad u ate
.

appe ar s to better adv ant age in almost eve ry othe r

dep ar tment th an in E nglish spee c h L et the st u dent .

as k himsel f how m an y w o r ds he h as r e ad o r he ar d an d ,

pe r h aps u ses f r eq u entl y o f whi c h he does not af te r al l

, , ,

k now the ex ac t me aning S u c h wo r ds are not st r i c tl y

.
,

spe aking in one s vo c ab u l ary A n he r oi c e ffo r t S ho u ld

,
’
.

be m ade to t u r n this de ad l u m be r into wo rking m ate r i al

f or a vo c ab u l ary sho u ld above all be a live o n e — i t
,

sho u ld be u s a bl e .

The r e ading an d w r iting p r evio u sl y r e c ommended will

o f c o u r se h elp in ac q u i r ing a vo c ab u l ary When a new .

w o r d is f o u nd in r e ading look it u p an d m ake a n ote o f

,

it I n y o u r c ar d c at alogu e a spe c i al division of the

.

index m ay well be given to Wo rds an d the notes the r e ,

u nde r sho u ld be f r eq u ently r eviewed u ntil these wo r d s

are in c o r por ated in y o u r vo c ab u l ar y Then test y o u r sel f .

on these wo r ds b y aiming to m ake app rop r i ate u se of

them in w r iting an d S peaking ; f o r af te r on e h as t aken
t h e tro uble to u s e a wo r d it is so m u c h mo r e a r e al
1 P lm
a S lf C l t
e r, iv t
e i i E gli h 8—9
-
u a on n n s ,
”
1 1 .
84 EX T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
st u d y a text book F o r this p u r pose an ab r idged edition
-
.

o f a st and ar d di c tion ary is pe r h aps the best A c e r t ain .

po r tion s ay a p age o r a h alf p ag e sho u ld be re ad e ach

,
‘

d ay . C he c k an d c ar e f u lly s t u d y u n f amili ar word s an d

review the m u ntil pe r f e c tl y m aste r ed Two or mo r e s t
,

u .

dents wo rking togethe r c an o f c o u r se m u t u all y ai d e ach

othe r Thi s p rac ti c e f ar f r om being tedio u s will p rove
.
,

exceedingl y inte r esting as well as help f u l I f b u t

,

, on e .

new wo r d a d ay we r e to be added to y o u r vo c ab u l ary ,

think o f wh at this me ans in te r ms o f y e ar s D aniel .

Webster when asked wh at books he intended to st u d y

,

d u ring the r e c ess o f C ong r ess r eplied The D i c tion , ,

“

”
ar
y. T he sto ry is told th at C hief J u sti c e S h aw when ,

in f ormed th at a new di c t i on ary w as p u blished cont ain

ing ten tho u s and addition al wo r ds c ried o u t K eep it , ,
“

f r om C ho ate f o r i f he gets it all the res t o f u s m u st

, ,

h ave it .

6 P r ac t
. i c e F in all y as a gene ral prep ar ation s y s
.
,

t
,

e m at i c p rac tice sho u ld be h ad in spe aking extempore .

To q u ote t h e well known apho r is m o f B ac on

-
R e ading ,
“

m aketh a f u ll m an w r iting an ex ac t m an an d con f e r ence

, ,

[ spe aking
! a r e ady m an T he r e adiness which comes
.

f r om spe aking is developed an d imp roved th r o u gh p rac

ti c e I t i s t ru e that p u bli c spe aking espe c i all y am ate u r
.
,

p u bli c spe aking m ay become a p u blic n u is ance an d y et

, ,

th at f ac ility an d c onfiden c e whi c h is ne c ess ary f or fl u

enc y in spee c h — th at c o ordin ation o f the tong u e an d
the b rain whi c h c h arac te r izes the r e ad y m an é m u s t
come f r om p r acti c e in on e w ay o r another I t m ay be .

b y conve r s ation b y telling to y o u rsel f o r to a f r iend in

, ,

mo re s u st ained d is c o u r se so m ething yo u h ave read b y , ,

p rac ti c e in a deb ating or lite rary so c iety o r b y spe aking ,

 G E N E RA L P RE P ARA T I O N 85

on assigned topi c s in c l ass exe r cises I n an y event .

,

E dw ard E ve r ett H ale s two f ollowing r u les f or

’
.

spe aking m ay well be heeded ! F i rs t spe ak w heneve r “

,

an o n e ask s o u ; an d se c ondl y no one will ever m ake

y y , .

a s p e ak er u ntil he is r e ad y to m ak e a f ool o f hi m sel f f or

'

the s ak e o f his s u bj e c t .

L o r d B ro u gh am in the l etter p r evio u sl y q u oted f rom

,

p s ay s f u r the r T he beginning o f the ar t is to

(
“
.

ac q u i r e a h abit o f e as y spe aking an d in wh ateve r w ay ,

this c an be don e it m u st be h ad
,
I s ay let him .
,

ac au l ay fi r s t o f all le ar n to S pe ak e asil y an d fl u entl y

[ M ! ,

as well an d as sensibl y as he c an no do u bt b u t
, ,

at an, y ,

rate let him le ar n to spe ak I t is the r eq u isite f ou n da

.

tion an d on it you m u s t b u ild

,
to ac q u i r e which
”
eve ry thing else m u st f o r the p r esent be s ac r ifi c ed
, ,
.

I t w as a c ardinal p ri n Ci pl e with F o x th at to r e ach an d

m aint ain pe rf ection it w as necess ary to spe ak const antl y ;
an d r e f e rr ing to this he s aid D u r ing fi v e whole sessions
,

I spoke eve ry night b u t one an d I r eg ret th at I did not

,

spe ak th at night t oo !
”

H en r y C l ay h andi c apped in h i s y o u th b y an impe rf e c t

,

ed u c ation att rib u ted his s u c ces s in life to the h abit o f

,

d ail y r e ading an d spe aking the c ontents o f some h i s t or

i c al or s c ientifi c book It is to this e arl y p rac ti c e o f

“

the art
.

o f all ar ts he u sed to s ay th at I am indebted

, ,

f or the p r im a ry an d le adin g i m p u lses th at s tim u l ated m y

p rog ress an d h ave sh aped an d m olded m y enti r e destin y .

S ar gent S P r entiss testifi es th at he owed mo r e to e arl y

.

p racti c e in a deb ating so c iet y th an to an y othe r f o r m of

dis c ipline I n a lette r to his b r othe r he w r ote
. L et m e
p ar ti c u l arl y r e c o m mend y o u to c u ltiv ate the f ac u l t y o f
exp ressing yo u r o w n id e as in the bes t an d mos t e ffe c tive
86 E X T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
m anner The r e are h u nd r ed s an d pe rh aps tho u
s ands of men in t h e U nited S t ates who exceed H en ry
C l ay in info r m ation on all s u bj e c ts ; b u t his s u pe r io rit y
consis ts in the powe r an d ad r oitness with whi c h he brings
his in f o rm ation to be ar I wo uld again p raise b e f ore any
.

othe r ac q u isition th at o f exp ressing f o rc ibl y an d with e ase

an
y ide a whi c h the mind m a
y c ont ain This f ac u l t y is .

att ained with d i ffi c u lt y in afte r li f e bu t with e ase at -

c ollege an d nowhe r e so well as in th e d eb ating so c ie

,

ties O f s u ch instit u tions .

O the r elements c ont r ib u te to one s gene r al p r ep ara

’
!

tion fo r exte m po re spe aking b u t at le ast those th at h ave

,

been d isc u ssed are essenti al — a good gene ral ed u c a

tion an ac q u i red h abi t o f gathe r ing speech m ate r i al
, ,

wide an d c ar e f u l r e ading d rill in E nglish composition

, ,

the ac q u ire m ent o f a u s able voc ab u l ary an d p relimin ary ,

p ractice in exp r essing tho u ght in in f o r m al e xt e m p o ra ,

meo u s spee c h Th u s eq u ipped o n e i s prep ar ed gene rally

.
,

f or the v ar io u s o c c asions when he is c alled u pon to

spe ak The q u estion o f spe c i al p r ep aration f o r a given
.

o c c asion will b e c onsid ered in t h e next ch apte r .

EX E R C I S E S
I Le h s tu d ent ou tl ine t
t
e ac o th e c l ass wh at g ene ral kno wl
edg e an d e d u c ation wou ld b e ne c e ss ary f or t
.

h e c o m pl ete t re at
m ent of s o m e p ro p o s ition w it h w h i c h h e i s fam i l i ar an d w h i c h
i s in t h e l ine o f h i s m aj o r s tu d y
R eq u i re e ac h s tu d ent t o m ake at
.

2 . l eas t on e c o m pl ete
b i b l io g raph y of an ass i gne d to p ic Exe rc i s e s XX I V—XX I X
in c l u s iv e in t
.
,

h e App en d ix c o u ld b e u s e d f o r t h i s p u rp o s e
t
.
, ,

3 L e e ac h s t u d ent f u rni sh o n e o r m o re val u ab l e qu ota

tion s an d S h o w h ow t h ey m i gh t b e u s e d t
.

,
o adv antag e in d i s

c u ss i n g a g i v en p ro p o s ition .
 W A R AT I O N 8 7
j X For vo exe rc i s e
c ab u l ary b u i ld in g exac tne ss c hoi c e
an in
an d t as te in t
. , ,

h e u se of wo rds m ay b e te s te d by d i s c u ss in g wit h
t h e c l ass s o m e s u c h l i s t of s ynony m s as i s g iv en b e l o w Ass i gn
1

h e fo ll o win g l i s t to e ac h m e m b e r o f t
.

a c e r t ain p o r tion o f t he
c l ass an d at ,
the next exe rc i s e l et eac h be p re p are d t o give t he
d i s t in c t i on in th e m e anin g o f t h e ass i gne d wo rds w it h exam pl e s ,

i llu s tratin g thei r c o rre c t u se

o b e note d t h at t
.

It i s t h e w o rds of e ac h s e rie s fo ll o win g in

on e t
,

wo t h ree o rd e r are re sp ec ti v e l y of S axon R om ani c an d

, , , , ,

Latin d e r iv ation ; an d t h at for the m o s t p art t h e wo rd s of ,

eac h se rie s are n o t

,

exac t equ ival ent s .

An g er fu ry in d i gn ation ; ask inqu i re in te rro gate bait al

, , , , ,

l u re m ent tem p tation ; b e g in c o m m en c e initiate ; bewai l

, , , ,

l am ent d epl ore ; bewit c h en c h ant fas c in ate ; b id offe r p ro

, , , , ,

p o s e ; bi rt h nobility ari s toc rac y ; b l e ss in g beni s on bened i c

, , , ,

tion b l oo d y m u rde ro u s s an gu inary b l u e azu r e c e ru l ean

, , , ,

b od y c o m p any c o rp o ration ; b o ld brav e re s o l u te ; b o ld ne ss

, , , , ,

c ou rag e fo rtitu d e ; b o ld ne ss i m p u den c e au d ac ity ; bou gh

, , , ,

b ran c h ram i fi c ation ; b ow obei s an c e s al u tation

, b ree d e n , , ,

g en d e r p ro p agate ; b righ t l u m in ou s in c an d e s c ent ; b ri gh t

, , , ,

b ri ll iant effu lg ent ; b ri gh t c h ee rfu l ani m ated ; b r ink v e rg e

, , , , ,

m arg in b u l k s iz e m agnit u d e b u rd en s o m e o pp r e ss i v e one r

, , , ,

o u s ; b u s y en g ag e d o c c u p ie d ; c ar e anxiety s o l i c it u d e ; c h oi c e
, , , , ,

p refe ren c e p re d i l ec tion ; c o ld in d i ffe rent ap athetic ; c raft

, , , ,

s u btl ety arti fi c e dear p rec iou s val u ab l e d ee m s u rm i s e ap

p re h en d ; d ownfall d e s t ru c tion d em o l ition ; d raw all u re at
, , , , ,

, , , ,

trac t ; d read d i s m ay c on s te rn ation ; d u ll s tu p id ob tu s e ;

, , , ,

d we ll re s i d e inhab it ; earnin gs wage s r e m u ne ration e m p ty

, , , , ,

void vac ant ; en d c l o s e te rm in ation ; e n ou gh j su ffic e su ffi

, , , ,

c ient ; fall d e c line d e c ad en c e ; fathe rl y p ate rn al p arental ;

, , , ,

fearfu l te rrib l e form i d abl e fe ll ow c om rad e ass o c iate ; feu d

, , , , ,

en m ity h o s ti l ity ; figh t b att l e c on fl ic t ; fi l c h e m b ezzl em ent

m alv e r s ation ; fi n d o u td i s c o v e r d ete c t ; fi re
, , , , ,

fl am e c on
fl agrat ion ; fi t p ro p e r app ro p ri ate ; fl atl e v e l h o ri zo n t al ;
, , , ,

fl atin s i p i d vap i d ; fl oo d d e l u g e c at ac l y s m
, , , ,

, , foll ow p u rs u e , , , ,

p ro s ec u te ; footm ark t rac e ve s t ig e ; fo rb id p ro h ib it v eto ; , , , ,

Pb
td f li t
.

1
A d ap e ro m a m uc h l o n ge r s In E ar le S’ ‘
En li s h P ros e ,
”
3 3 6 -
.

A
JS
A
‘
W EA K I N G
fore s tall p rev ent antic i p ate forg i v e p ard on c ondone ; f reak
, , , , ,

c ap r i c e vagary ; f ri gh ten al ar m
,
te rrify fu llne ss pl enty abu n , , , ,

d an c e ; gam e sp o rt d iv e r s ion ; gap S p ac e inte rval ; g iv e

, , , , ,

g rant c o nfe r ; g iv e r d ono r b enefac tor ; g reatne ss g ran d eu r

, , , , ,

m a ni fi c en c e g ree d y c o v eto u s m e rc en ary g ro wt h h erb ag e

g , , , ,

veg etation ; g u e ss s u rm i s e c on j e c t u re h ard l ab o riou s d iffi

, , , ,

c u lt h arm fu l inj u riou s d el eteriou s h eed c au tion attention

, , , ,

hei gh t s u m m it e l ev ation ; h i d e c on c eal el u d e h int su gge s

, , , , ,

tion in n u en d o h i re p ay m ent re m u ne ration ; h o m e d o m ic i l e

, , , , ,

r e s i d enti ary ; h o p efu l s an gu in e ard ent ; idl ene ss indo l en c e , , , ,

inac tiv ity ; kee p ob s e rv e c e l eb rate ; kin d am iab l e affe c tion

at
, , , ,

e ; l as tin g en d u rin g p e rp etu al ; l aw ru le c anon ; l e ss en

, , , , ,

d i m ini sh exten u ate ; lie fals ehood m en d ac ity ; l ike l ihoo d

p rob ab i l ity v e ri s i m i l itu d e ; l ikene ss re s e m b l an c e s i m ilari t
, , , ,

, y; , ,

l o u d s o u n d in g s ono rou s ; l ow bas e ab j e c t ; l u c k c h an c e

, , , , , ,

ac c i d ent ; m ad ne ss f ren zy in s anity ; m atc h rival c o m p ete ;

, , , ,

m e an i n g s en s e s i gni fi c ation ; m ee d r eward re m u ne ration ;

, , , ,

m eetin g ass e m b l y c on g re g ation ; m o u th entran c e ap e rtu re ;

, , , ,

need fu l n ec e ss ary r equ i s ite n ei ghb o rh oo d vic inage V ic inity

, , , ,
!

ol d an tiq u e arc h ai c ; o p en f rank in g en u ou s ; o u tlan d i s h

'

fo rei gn exte rn al ; ou t s kirt s frontie r l i m it ; p atsu itabl e ap

, , , , ,

p o si t e ; p rai s e wo rt h y c o m m en d ab l e l au d ab l e ; p u t
, , , , ,

o ff d efe r, , , ,

p ro c ras tin ate ; rash s u dd en in s tantaneou s ; r if e g ene ral , , , ,

p re val ent ; s am ene ss u nifo rm ity m on otony ; s eek s earc h , , , ,

sc ru tini z e ; sh o rten ab r i dg e ab b re v i ate ; s ki ll d i s c e rn m ent

, , ,

d i sc ri m in ation ; sl y s u btl e c l an d e s tine s mall p etty in sign i fi, , , ,

c ant ! sp eed c e l e rity alac rity ; s t rife q u arre l c ontention ;

t ake re c eiv e app ro p riate take d o wn h u m b l e s u pp re ss t
, , , ,

, ,
-
ak , ,

in g allu rin g att rac ti v e ti m e l y s e as on ab l e O pp ortu ne ; u n d o

, , , , ,

ann u l anni h i l ate ; u n e v en u neq u al i rr e g u l ar ; w arnin g n o ti c e

way c ou r s e d i re c tion ; w h o ll y e n t
, , , , ,

n oti fi c ati o n ; i re l y ab so
lu t
.
, , , ,

e ly ; w inno w p u r g e ex p u rg ate ; won d e r a s toni sh m ent ad

m irat
, , , ,

ion ; wo rk e ffo rt o p e ration ; wo rry h arass i rrit ate ; yie ld

, , , , ,

g rant c on c e d e
, .

Again t h ere i s a l arg e c l ass of w ords ex p re ss in g n earl y or

,

qu ite equ ival ent m eanin gs an d it b ec om e s n e c e ssary t o c h oo s e ,

b etween an ol d wo rd an d a m o d e rn on e b etween a g e n e ral ,

exp re ss ion an d a m o re sp ec i fi c o n e Fo ll owin g are a f ew .

 G EN ERA L PR EPA R A T I O N
L

exam ple s of th i s d u pl i c ate c h oic e T h e fi rs t wo rds of t h e s e v e ral

.

s e rie s are d o m e s ti c ate d o ld w o rd s of R o m ane s q u e o rig in an d

t
,

h e l as t wo rd s are Latin an d G reek d e ri v ativ e s o f re c e n t an d

s c h ol as tic int ro d u c tion Le t eac h s t u d ent b e ass igned a p art
o r all o f t
.

his l i s t an d ( I ) s tate t h e d i s tin c tion if an y in t h e

,
, ,

m eanin g of e ac h d u pl i c ate ( 2 ) d e c i d e wh i c h w o rd i s p r efe r

,

ab l e an d ( 3 ) b r in g in s enten c e s eit h e r c hoo s in g between t h e

t wo w o rds o r u s in g b ot h i n t
,

h e s am e s enten c e .

Ad roitne ss d exte rity ; agreed u n an i m ou s ; aim s c o p e ; as

, , ,

s ail i m p u gn ; b ani s hm ent exi l e ; b ox c h e s t ; c al m qu iet ;

, , , ,

C al u m ny d efam ation ; c h ain c on c aten ation ; c h an g e al te ra

, , ,

tion ; c om fo rt c on s o l e ; c om p any s o c iety ; C o p y t ran sc rib e ;

, , ,

d e c ay d ec ad en c e ; d i s c e rn d i s c ri m in ate d i s c ov e ry d etec tion

, , ,

di ss em b l e d i ss im u l ation ; en v iou s in v i d iou s ; exac t exto rt ;

, , ,

exac t p rec i s e ; fei gn s im u l ate ; gu e rdon re m u neration ;

, , ,

hau gh ty su p e rc i l iou s ; in qu e s t in qu i s ition ; in v e c tiv e d ia

t rib e ; l e isu re vac at
, , ,

ion ; m ean p u s i ll an i m o u s ; n u m be r e n u
' ‘

, , ,

m e rate ; pl ot c on sp i rac y ; p oi s on v eno m ; p o rc h v e s tib u l e ;

, , ,

p rai se e u l ogy ( or p ane gy ric ) ; p ray s u ppl ic ate ; re p roac h

, , ,

o pp rob riu m ; re s t rain in h ibit ; reve re v enerate ; rev o l t r e

, , ,

b e ll ion ; s am pl e ex am pl e ; s en s e c on s c io u sne ss ; s i l ent reti

, , ,

c ent r t ac itu rn ) ; sl an d e r d ef am ation ; t rain i n g d i s c i pl ine ;

( o , ,

t ry, atte m p t ; u n av o id ab l e ine v it ab l e val id c on c l u s iv e v an

, ,

i shi n g e vane s c ent v ar iety d i v e r s i fi c ation v en al m e rc en ary

, , ,

v e x i rrit ate ; v i e e m u l ate

, vol u b l e fl u ent ; wait attend
, , , .
 C HA P T E R V
“

S P E C I AL P R E P A R A TI O N

You h ave to d eliver an ex tempore speech u pon a .

given oc c asion Wh at is the bes t method o f p r ep ar ing

.

it ? I t might b e a n s w e re d th at the r e is no best method

it m ay v ary with the s u bj e ct the o c c asion an d the i n , ,

divid u al The point to be insis ted u pon is there m u st

.
,

be s om e method M o r eove r the theories of w r iters on

.
,

the s u bj e c t an d the testimony o f expe r ienced spe ake r s

, ,

ar e in p r ac ti c al ac co r d as to the m ain points With school .

an d c ollege c l asses it is obvio u s th at both f or the s ake

o f u ni f o r mit y an d f o r the training o f the s t u dent in some

one method o f p r o c ed u re a definite pl an — s o it does
,

not dest r o y the s t u dent s powe r in initi ative — sho u ld

’

be adopted an d u ni f o r ml y followed .

I n spe c i al p rep aration the f ollowing five steps are

essenti al .

.I A n al y ze y o u r s u bj e c t an d d raw u p a tent ative o u t

,

line o f y o u r spee c h .

2
. R e ad f Or amplifi c ation when necess ary ,
.

3 P r ep ar e a fi n al o u tline
. .

4 M emo r ize the o u tline

. .

5 With the fi n al o u tlin e as a g u ide silentl y thin k

.

ou t
,

y o u r spee c h
A n a ly s i s of d i e s u bj ec tA ss u ming now t hat y o u r
.

.I .

s u bject h as been p r es c r ibed b y the o c c asion o r othe r ,

wise the fi rst thing to be done is to m ake a prelimin ary

,

90
92 E X T E M P O R E S P EAK I N G
an d not merel y a j u mble of prett y rheto ri c to tickle the
sensibilities How m an y a spee c h h ave we he ar d r egar d
.

ing whi c h the c ommon r em ar k w as Th at so u nded well “

bu t
,
”
wh at did it me an ? F ame o f voi c e o r o f r heto r ic
“
,
'

s ay s E me r son will c arry people a f ew times to he ar a

spe ake r b u t
,

the y soon begin to as k Wh at is h e d riv ‘ e

ing at
,

? an d i f this m an does not s t and f o r any thing

he will b e d e s e r t A d es u lto ry t alk does n ot
,
’

ed . m ake
”
a speech T o ramble along s ay ing something abo u t “
.
,

y o u r s u bj e c t even tho u gh this be done in a m anne r s u ffi

,

c ie n tl y inte r esting to c omm and attention is y et no r e al ,

“
dis c o u rse I f a he ar er is i mpelled to as k Wh at w as all
.
,

this abo u t ? Wh at end d id the spe aker h ave in V iew ?

it is a f at al c on dem n ation A spee c h sho u ld c ome to .

the he ar e r s with a sense o f pe r son al impo r t I alw ay s .

“

ai m at so mebod y in m y au dience B ee c he r once s aid

I m ay n o t I t
,

alw ay s hit him b u t to hi t so m ething

r
y ,
.

T he an al y sis o f y o u r s u bj ec t involves asking y o u r sel f

s u c h q u estions as Wh at kno w ledge an d convi c tions
,
“

h ave I reg arding this s u bj ec t ? Wh at p u r pose is to be s u b

”
served wh at Obj ect is to be att ained by this spee c h ?
, ,

Y o u r answe r s to these q u estions will dete r mine the

gene ral pl an o f y o u r spee c h an d will m ar k ou tthe ,
-

c o u r se to b e f ollowed in pe r f ecting the p r ep aration .

T o dete r mine the obj ect o f a spee c h is the initi al step ,

f o r the obj e c t is alw ay s to be d ed u c ed f r om the s u bj e c t ,

an d c are f u l l y determined The s u bj e c t is wh at y ou are

.

to spe ak abo u t the Obj e c t is the motive impelling y ou

,

to spe ak The Obj e c t o f the l awy er is to win his c ase ;

.

o f the legisl ator to c ar ry his me as u r e ; o f the c amp aign

,

spe ake r to ele c t his c andid ate ; an d eve ry spee c h th at

i s at
,

all wo r th while m u st h ave some definite obj ect .

 S PE C I A L P RE PA RA T I O N 93

The obj e c t of y o u r S pee c h h aving been dete rm ined ,

the next thing is to wo r k o u t a pl an f o r the ac c omplish

ment of this obj ect th at is to de c ide u pon a method

A f ter c alling to m ind al l t
, ,

o f tre at m ent h e in f o rm ation

'

.
,

ide as Opinions an d convictions th at y o u h ave on the

s u bj e c t — i t
, ,

,
is someti mes well to w rite them down in
s u c h o r de r as the y o c c u r to y ou — p r ocee d to m ake a
,

tent ative o u tli ne o f y o u r spee c h pl anned o f c o u r se to

,

at
, ,

accomplish y o u r Obj e c t I s ay a t
. en t i v e o u tline be c au se ,

s u bseq u ent tho ught an d re ading — an d so metimes r e ad

ing m ay need to p r e c ede even the tent ative o u tline
will Often le ad y o u to r evise this o u tline The w r iting .

o f an o u tline will be dis c u ssed u nde r step 3 ( p so

s u ffi c e it to s ay he r e th at t
.

his initi al o u tline m ay be as

f u ll o f det ail as y ou like onl y t ,
r
y to get y o u r line o f

tho u ght ar ranged in a c le ar an d o rde rl y w ay with the ,

m ain he adings an d s u bhe adings pl ainl y denoted A nother .

import ant point ! do not o u tline too b r o ad a tre atment

O f y o u r s u bj ec t N arr ow it to a single definite theme
.
,
.

A lw ay s r emembe r th at a si ngle point well m ade is bet

ter th an seve ral points impe r f e c tl y t r e ated H ave y o u r .

Obj e c t c le arly in V iew an d ai m at it alone D o not dissi .

p ate yo u r en ergy D o not try to c ove r too m u c h te rr i

.

to ry I n a ten min u te o r even in a h al f ho u r spee c h

.
- -

do not begin with the G ar den o f E den an d swing along

down th r o u gh the c ent u r ies B e ar eve r in mind th at a
definite imp r es s is the thing to be aimed at
.

2
. R ead i ng f or a mp l ifi c a t i on R e ading f or the p u r
.

pose o f filling o u t yo u r tent ative o u tline will u s u all y be

ne c ess ary b u t,
sho u l d not be r eso r ted to u ntil i t is f o u nd
ne c ess ary Y o u r c ar d c at alog u e will n at u rall y fi rst be
.

cons u lted f o r an y points or refe r ences Then i f you .

,
94 EX T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
f o r t u n atel y h ave ess to a good lib rary its c at alog u e
ac c ,

wo u ld be c ons u lted for gene ral t r e atises on the s u bj e c t

u nder invest ig ation U s u all y s u ch t r e atises h ave le ading
.

c h apte r s ,
o r p ar ts o f ch apte r s where the s u bj ec t is
,

t re ated in b r ie f o r whe r e y o u r p ar ti c u l ar ph ase o f the

,

s u bj e c t is t r e ated These c h apters sho u ld o f c o u rse be

.

r e ad an d the gis t o f the m atter noted f o r f u t u r e u s e

, .

F o r the investig ation o f common an d c u rrent topics the

f ollowing bibliog r aph y is s u bj oined I t is s u ggestive .

r ather th an complete an d will se r ve as a g u ide to the

,

st u dent u ntil he be c omes f amili ar with the c at alogu es ,

fi nding lists an d bibliog raphies in the p ar tic u l ar library

,

to whi c h he h as ac c ess .

A m ode r n s t and ard enc y c lopedi a will be h elp f u l in

,

g aining a gene ral V iew o f m an y biog raphic al politic al

histo ri c al an d s c ientifi c s u bj e c ts b u t
, ,

,
o r dinar ily an e n
,

c y c lopedi a t r e ats a s u bj e c t onl y in its b r o ad o u tlines .

T he Wo rld an d T rib u ne al m an acs iss u ed ann u all y c on , ,

t ain m an y d et ailed f ac ts r el ating to n ation al an d st ate

gove r nments to gene ral c omme r c i al ind u stri al an d
, , , ,

politi c al st atisti c s an d to abst rac ts o f c u r rent events

,

an d legisl ation The Cong r ess i on a l R ec or d gives the

.

”
p roceedings o f C ong ress an d J ones s F inding L i st
'
’ “
,

S hows whe r e in the v ar io u s gove r nment p u bli c ations

, ,

di ffe rent s u bj e c ts ar e dis c u ssed O n q u estions of the .

d ay P oole s I ndex to P e r iodi c al L ite rat u r e sho u ld

’ “

be c ons u lted f or r e f e r en c es to m ag azine ar ti c les e t

,

c ; .

the C u m u l ative I ndex to P e r iodi c al L ite rat u r e c o n

t ains titles of le ading r evie w an d m agazine ar tic les f or
the p r evio u s month ; an d J ones s I ndex to L egal ’ “

P e r iodi c al L ite rat u r e c ontains titles on le gal p olitic al

”
, ,

and c on stit u tion al s u b e c t s

j ,
96 E XT E M P O R E S P E A K I N G
wh at he w ants an d wh at he d oes n o t w ant an d so to
e c onomize ti me an d l abor S o m e method in note t
,

aking
.

S ho u ld be f ollowed A n ex c ellent pl an i s to t ake t

. he
notes on one side of slips O f p aper u ni f orm i n size , ,

then l ate r sort these slips an d fi t them into y o u r tent a

tive o u tline ( whi c h m ay now be r evised ) b y l abeling e ac h
S lip to c o r r espond with the p ar tic u l ar he ading to which

it belongs in the o u tline .

3 Tb e fi n a l ou t
. l in e The gene ral pl an o f the speech
.

h aving been f o r m u l ated the next s tep by u sing s u c h , ,

new m ate ri al as y o u h ave ac c u m u l ated b y s u bsequ ent

tho u ght an d r e ading is to d raw u p a fin al o u tline A
,
.

c le ar o u tline c an alw ay s b e d e d u c e d f r om eve r y e ff ect

'

ive S pee c h C icero s second req u isite f or e ff ec tive

.
’ “

o rato ry is to arrange the o rd er o f wh at one has to

”

sa
y . E ven a m an who h as no gi f t f or o r ato r y c an m ake

an e ff e c tive spee c h i f he knows ex ac tl y wh at he w ants

‘

to s ay then s ay s th at an d no mo r e B u t
,
his spee c h will .

be wo r se th an ine ff e c tive i f he does not know wh at he

w ants to s ay an d i f he t alks f o r eve r in the v ain hope o f
,

h appening u pon i t b y ac cident A good spee c h like a .

,

ho u se m u st be b u ilt f r om a pl an an d no p ar t o f the
, ,

spe ake r s w o r k is mo r e impo r t ant th an th at o f c on

’

st ru c ti n g a good pl an .

S in c e the pl an of a given speech m u st depend u pon

the p ar ti c u l ar s u bj e c t the oc c asion an d the individ u al
, ,

point o f V iew we m u s t needs dis c u ss pl an m aking in

,

mo r e o r less gene ral te r ms wi th s u gges tions o f thin gs ,

to be avoided .

Howeve r det ailed y o u r tent ative o u tline m ay h ave

been the fi n al o u tline — whi c h might w ell be c alled a
,

skeleton o u tline sho u ld be b rie f onl y the m ain points ,

 S P E C I AL P R E PA RA T I O N 9 7
being written down f o r this fin al o u tline as w e S h all
, ,

see is t
,
o be memo r ized A nd the m ain points t o be
.

m ade to be ill u st rated an d to be en f o rc ed sho u ld be

, , ,

f ew in n u mbe r si m ple an d o rderl y ! f ew in n u mbe r f o r

, ,

the s ake o f emph asis S imple th at the y m ay be e asy o f -

,

comp rehension both f or the au dien c e an d f o r y o u r sel f ;

an d orderl y both f or the s ake o f C le ar ness an d f o r e ase
,

in rec alling them e ach point s u ggesting the next The

o u tline is not to s u ppl y the tho u ght b u t
, .

it is to sho w ,

h o w to b rin g the tho u g h t f o r th in r eg u l ar s u c c ession I t .

sho u ld in some way be so d rawn th at the he adings will

flo at on the s u r fac e o f the memo ry to be r e c alled with ,

ou t e ffo r t i n d u e o r de r To attempt th u s to c arry in

,
.

the m emory a det ailed o u tline wo u ld be mo r e o f a hin

d ran c e th an a help D r R i c h ar d S S to rr s one of the
. . .
,

most noted p u lpit o rato r s an d af te r dinne r spe ake r s o f -

the p ast gene ration an d w h o p as sed th r o u gh m an y so re

,

t r i als in att aining the powe r o f spe aking extempo r e s ay s ,

th at in his fi r st e ffo r ts he m ade the m ist ake o f ove r

p r ep ar ing in det ail ; th at he w r ote ou t he ad s s u bdivisions , ,

s u b s u bdivisions an d e ven some p ass ages o r p ar ag r aphs

-

in f u ll th at he might be c e r t ain to h ave m ate r i al eno u gh

,
.

H e decl ares this to h ave been the poo r est possi ble pl an
as the inte r v als we r e n o t
,

long eno u gh f o r his mind to get

“
f reel y f reshly vigo r o u sl y at
, ,
wo rk the speech b e c om ,

”
ing a series of j e rks
“
.

O r din ar il y the r e sho u ld not be mo r e th an two to f o u r

m ain he adings in the fin al o u line an d not mo r e t han t ,

two o r th r ee s u bhe adings u nde r e ach m ain he ading S u b .

s u bhe adings are gene ral ly in advis able ; th at is let this ,

skeleton o u tline st ate c le arl y b u t b r iefl y the s u c c ession

an d c onne c tion o f y o u r points an d then tr u st y o u r sel f to ,
98 EX T E M P O R E S P E AK I N G
b u ild y o u r spee c h f r o m this s u pp or t i n g S C aff ol d A g ain
o
.
,

ai m to ar r ange the o u tline so th at the me m o r y is to

r ec all not wo r d s p r i m ar il y but r athe r the ide as w hi c h

,

the w o r ds r ep r esent A sso c i ated ide as will o f ten be

.

f o u nd help f u l in re c alling the tho u ght seq u ence b u t ,

el abo rate schemes of mne m onics u s u ally r ep r esent w asted

ene rg y B ewar e o f u sing me re c at c hwo r ds which i f
.
,

f o rgotten b r e ak the th r e ad O f the dis c o u r se L et e ac h

,
.

he ading be a single p r oposition an d one onl y S O th at

, , ,

i f the p ar ti c u l ar f o r m o f st atement be f o rgotten the ide a ,

c ont ained i n the p r oposition m ay be r ec alled .

A s u bj e c t w ill o f ten be o f s u ch a n at u re th at the pl an

o f t r e atment will r e adil y arrange itsel f M o r e o f ten .

howeve r s u ch will n ot
,

,
be the c ase By a p relimin ary
.

an al y sis o u will need to c hoose some one ph ase o f the

y
gene ral s u bj e c t to de c ide u pon so m e one co u r se th ro u gh
,

a w id e fi eld b y which ou m a r e ach y o u r obj e c t A n

y y y .

how pl an m ak ing f o r a p ar tic u l ar S pee c h is al w ay s an

,

individ u al t ask B ew ar e o f the convention al r eg u l ation

.
,

pl ans th at are l aid down in the book s f or there is no one

p roper pl an A gl ance at
,

. the f ollowing t y pes m ay how ,

eve r be s u ggestive
,
.

F irst the r e is the n a r r a t i ve method f amili ar f rom its

'

, ,

e xposition in t re atises on r heto r i c This method is most.

f r eq u ently employ ed when c e r t ain events — a s t atement

o f histo ric al f acts — f o r m the p r in c ip al p ar t o f the dis
c o u r se. C e r t ain le ading events f ollowing the o r der o f
,

ti m e or g ro u ped together ac c o rding to thei r n at u re f u r ,

nish the m ain divisions The o rde r o f time is the most

.

obvio u s pl an of p r o c ed u re b u t this pl an sho u ld be de

,

p ar ted f rom wheneve r the sto ry c an othe r wise be bette r

an d m o r e d ram ati c all y told I f the events are al re ad y
.
 I OO EX T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
client tho u gh no fo r m al arg u ment h as been ad van c ed
,
”
f om beginning to end
r
1
.

S pe aking gene rall y wheneve r the s u bj ec t allows a ,

dep ar t u r e f rom the p u r el y n ar rative method this sho u ld ,

be done f or in p u bli c spe aking n arration is u s u all y em

,

plo y ed onl y as a me ans to c onvi c tion o r p e rs u as ion '

T ake f or ex am ple a biog raphi c al s u bj e c t I f a s t u dent

, , .

is assigned the n ame of so m e g r e at m an as a s u bj e c t f or

a ten min u te spee c h the tempt ation is — moving al ong the
-
.

line of l e ast r esist an c e — to r e ad a S ket c h o f the m an s ’

li f e in some biog raph y o r in an en c y c lopedia an d p rep ar e ,

“

an abs t r ac t o f thi s f o r his S pee c h I n s u c h c ase the .

s t u dent s o u tline (an d this is not an im agin ary c ase ) r u ns

’

something like this ( I ) his bi r th an d p ar ent age ; ( 2 ) boy

hood ; ( 3) middle li f e ; (4 ) old ag e ; ( 5 ) d eath N ow .

a spee c h f r o m s u c h an o u tline aside f r om being a me r e ,

c o m pil ation c an be o f no e ar thly inte r est to an

, y on e .

O f wh at inte r est to the ave r age he ar e r are the p ar ti c u l ar

pl ac e an d d ate OI a m an s bi r th an ac c o u nt of his c hild ’

hood dise ases an d beh avio r at s c hool o r the det ails o f

/
,

his l ast si c kness ? To c ome b ac k to o u r stock I nq u i ry

Wka t is tb c obj ec tf t
,

o b i s sp e ec i I f a g r e at m an w h at ,

did he st and f or ? Wh at w as the ru ling p u rpose o f his

li f e an d w as this p u r pose c o m m end able ? Wh at is the
,

lesson o f his life ? Wh at c onstit u te the m arks o f his

g r e atness Yo u might s ay i n answe r to the l as t q u estion , ,

th at he w as g r e at as a st atesm an or as an o rato r o r as , ,

a p at r iot o r as a m an
,
V e ry well then yo u r obj e c t sho u ld
.
,

be to S how th at h e w as g r e at an d why in some o n e of

‘

, ,

these r espe c ts — f or an y one wo u ld be s u ffi c ient no

, ,

do u bt f o r a ten min u te S pee c h

,
-

an d in eve ry s u c h c ase ,

1 P ow e r,
“
T h e M ak i n
g o f an O ra t o r, 2
5 .
 S PE C I A L P R E PA RA T I O N 101

it is alway s bes t to confine y o u r energies to the p rod u c

tion o f a single imp ression Th u s y o u h ave both n arr owed
.

y o u r s u bj ec t to a single Obj e c t an d also c h anged y o u r,

nar rative en c y c lopedi c method to o n e embodying

,
“

some p urpose an d inte rest .

A se c ond method is the t ex t u al The se r mon is a .

f amili ar ex ample I n this method a ve r se f rom the B ible

.
,

a motto a line o f poet r y

,
a p r ove r b o r some st r iking
, ,

epig ram aff ords a b asis f or e ac h p ar t O f the d isco u rse .

The spee c hes e ntitled S m ashed C r o c ke r y an d A

“ “

S hot at the D ec ante r to be f o u nd among the ex amples

at
,

the end of this ch apte r m ight be c ited as ex amples ,

O f the text u al method When the text itsel f is well

.

k no w n an o u tline b ased u pon it h as the adv ant age O f

,

assisting the memo ry both o f S pe ak e r an d he ar e r b y

s u ggesting e ach p ar t of the dis c o u r se atthe p r ope r

time
A thi rd method m ay be t e r med t
.

he t o i ca l
p This .

method is u sed in those c ases whe r e the spe ake r ai m s

to p r esent onl y p ar ti c u l ar f e at u r es o r ph ases o f his , ,

s u bj e c t H e selects c e r t ain topi c s s ay th ree rel ated to

.
, ,

the s u bj ec t an d to e ac h other an d c onfines his e ffo r ts to

,

en f o r c ing the th r ee points sele c ted — to m aking th ree ,

definite imp r essions u pon the s u rfac e o f his s u bj e c t

an d u pon the minds o f his he ar e r s ; f o r ex ample the ,

speech o f E dw ar d E ve r ett H ale ( C h ap I I p T his .

,
.

method whi c h evolves a pl an b y the p r ocess o f excl u

,

sion m ay of c o u r se be emplo y ed i n c onnection with

,

another method f or non e o f these methods ar e excl u sive

,

o f e ach other .

A f o u r th method is the l og i c a l I t is ad apted to the .

u n f olding o f some abst ru se s u bj e c t to the demonstration ,

 1 02 EXTEM PORE S PEAKI NG
o f some gre at t ru th o r to the p r oof o f S ome p r oposi tion
,

which the spe ake r wishes the au dien c e to accept I t .

allo w s the most s y mmet r i c al pl an o f an y o f the methods

so f ar s u gges ted The s u bj e c t is u n f olded with all the

.

prec i s i on o f a p roposition in geomet ry The m ain he ad .

ings s ho u ld be p r opositions r e ading as r e asons fo r the

t ru th to be u n f olded o r p r oved th e s u bhe adings sho u ld,

r e ad as r e asons f o r thei r r espe c tive m ain he adings an d ,

togethe r al l sho u ld le ad f o r ward to the c on c l u sion This .

is the method pec u li ar ly ad apted f o r deb ate The speech .

o f C ar l S c h u r z C h ap V I p wo u ld be in p ar t an
( . 1 38
) ,
.
, ,

ex ample .

F in all y a fi f th m ethod we will c all f o r w ant o f a bette r

, ,

te r m the s i ng l e m i n d e d The spe ake r de c ides th at some

,
-
.

c ent ral tho u gh t lodged in the minds o f his he ar e r s will

, ,

best ac c omplish his obj ec t in spe aking This cent ral .

tho u ght i s then an al y zed into two o r th ree p r opositions ,

the en f o rc ement an d ill u st ration o f whi c h will serve to

f asten in t h e minds o f the he ar e r s the central tho u ght ,

an d so to sec u r e the desi r ed r es u l t O r to p u t the .

,

method in milit ary te r ms the tho u ght is organized like

,

an ar my ,
an d this o r g aniz ation is e ff ected with a V i e w

of a p ar tic u l ar point o f att ac k F o r ex ample H e r bert

.
,

S pen c e r in his P hilosoph y o f S t y le u ses wh at we h ave

“ ”
, ,

te r med the single minded meth od H is whole t r e atise is

-
.

gro u ped abo u t this p roposi tion as the c ent ral tho u ght
the e c onom y o f the r e ade r s o r he ar e r s attention deter
’ ’

mines all r u les o f composition A nothe r ex ample o f this .

method m ay be f o u nd in the spee c h b y M r E ggleston on .

”
“
S o u the r n L ite r at u r e ( C h ap V I p This method
.
,
.

is a most e ff e c tive one an d sho u ld be u sed wheneve r the

,

s u bj e c t lends itsel f to s u c h tre atment Its singlen ess .

1 04 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
one . T he d is c u ssion m ay r eq u i r e b u t
o n e m ain he ading

t
,

an d u nde r an m ai n he ading b u t one w o o r th r ee s u b

y , ,

he ad s — o r none —m ay be u sed R arel y howeve r f o r

.
, ,

the r e asons p r evio u sly u r ged sho u ld more he adings be

,

emplo y ed th an the f ollowing bl ank p r ovides .

BLA N K O U T LI N E OF S PE E C H
 S PE C I A L P R E PA RA T I O N
/
1 05

4 Tt
e
fi n al ou t
li
netb o e m e m or i z e d . N ow th at the
final pl an of the sp e e c h h as been w r itten o u twh at sh all
.

be done with it ? By al l me ans b u rn it into y o u r ,

memo ry an d when y ou come to delive r the s pee c h

,

appe ar witho u t the w r itten o u tlin e This o f co u rse

'

r eq u ires c o u rage b u t ,
sooner or l ate r the spe aker sho u ld
l e ar n to w alk witho u t c r u t c hes Of the two or th ree .

o c c asions when Wendell P hillips S poke with notes on e

”
o f his biog raphe r s s ay s I t w as like an e agle w alking
,
.

T ru e m an y go od spe ake rs h ave thei r notes f o r r e f e rence

at
,

bu t
,

the best it is a m akeshi f t pl an a c omp r omise ,

between the r e ad ing an d exte m po r e method an d how ,

eve r little the S pe ake r m ay be c onfined to his notes ,

the y detrac t f rom his f o r c e an d di rectness in delive ry

f rom th at pe rson al g rapple with the au dience which we
s aw w as on e gre at adv ant age o f the extempo r e method .

The p ray er o f the P resb y te r i an de acon in the presence

of his note u sing p asto r O L o r d ! te ac h th y se r v ants
-
“
,

to spe ak f r om the he art to the he ar t an d not f rom a ,

little pie c e o f p ape r as the m anne r o f some is

, ,

do u bt exp r esses the u n u tte r ed f eelings o f he ar e r s when

the y see the spe ake r t u r n f r om them to his notes I n .

”
hi s Hints on W riting an d S peech M aking C olonel
“
,

Higginson s ay s
N e ver c a rry a s c rap of p ap e r befor e a n a u d i e n ce If .

o u r e ad y o u r add r ess altogethe r th at is ve ry di f fe r ent

y ,
.

I t is the combin ation th at inj u r es S O long as a

m an is absol u tely witho u t notes he is n ot
.

me rel y th r own
on his ow n reso u r c es b u t
,

,
his he are r s see an d know th at
he is ; thei r s ymp ath y goes along w ith hi m ; they wish
him to go t r i u m ph antl y th ro u gh Bu t i f the y on c e see
.

th at he is r elying p ar tl y on the stilts an d le ading st r ings

I o6 E XT E M P O R E S P E A K I NG
o f h i s memorand a thei r s y mp ath y l ang u ishes I t is like
,
.

the di ff e rence between a m an who w alks a tight r ope

boldl y t ru sting wholl y to his b al an c e pole an d the m an
, ,

who is looking abo u t eve ry moment f o r something by

which to ste ad y himsel f Wh at is the ai m o f y o u r notes
.

You f e ar th at witho u t them y ou m ay lose y o u r th r e ad ,

or y o u r logi c al conne c tion or some v al u able f ac t o r

ill u st ration Bu t
,

y
. ou m a
y be s u r e th at neither th r e ad

nor logic nor f act nor argu ment i s so impo r t ant to the

t
au dience as th at the y sho u ld be kept in enti r e s y mp ath y

with y o u r sel f th at the m agneti c c ont ac t o r wh a eve r

, ,

we c all i t S ho u ld be u nb r oken T he ch ances are th at .

nobod y will miss wh at y ou le ave o u ti f y ou f o rget an y

,

thi n g ; b u t
,

ou will lose m u c h i f o u f o r ego the c ontin

y y
u o u s an d c o n fi d i n g attention given to a spe aker who is

absol u tel y f ree .

“
The l ate J u dge B R C u r tis on c e lost a c ase in
. .

c o u r t o f which he f elt ve ry s u r e —O n e in which J ohn P .

H ale O f N ew H ampshire a m an not to be comp ar ed ,

with hi m as a l aw y e r w as his s u ccess f u l ant agonist .

It
,

When asked the r e ason he s aid w as ver y c u r io u s ‘

.

I h ad all the l aw an d al l the eviden c e b u t

,

th at f ellow ,
.

H ale somehow got so intim ate with the j u ry th at he won

the c ase T o b e intim ate with y o u r au dien c e is h al f the
.
’

b attle an d nothing so r est r i c ts an d impedes th at intim ac y

,

”
as the p r esen c e o f a s c r ap o f p ape r .

5 S i l en t
. s e ak i n
p g The fi n al o u tline
. h aving been
p r ep ar ed an d memo r ized the l ast s tep in p r ep aration
f or delive ry is to silentl y think o u t
,

the spee c h This .

req u ires w h at h as been c alled ment al V ision an d i t ” “

, ,

like othe r q u alities o f m ind c an be c u ltiv ated b y p rac ,

tice A im fi r st to see the line o f t

. h du gh t as a whole ,
1 08 E X T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G

I S M AS H E D C R O CK E RY
/t t
.

Sp eec i f
o S .

I mp or e r s , N ew Yor k Ci y , F ebr u a ry 6 , 1 8 96 t
t
Cl a i r M c K e l w ay bef or e ke N a i on a l S oc i e y t tf o Ck i n a

M r. Cka i r m a n and T h e c h in a I b i abroad i s

F r i en ds !

m arked Frag i l e
“ ”
in sh i p m ent T h at whic h I b uy at . h om e i s
m ar ke d “ —
Glass T h i s s id e u p wit h c are ”
T h e fo rei gn word .

of c au tion i s fac t T h e A m e r ic an note o f warnin g i s fi c tion

.

— wit h a m o ral m oti ve Th e c om m on p u rp o s e of b ot h i s

.

p rote c tion f ro m f re igh t fac to rs an d b aggag e s m ashers T h e

E u ro p ean app e al s t
.

o knowl e dg e T h e A m e ri c an add re ss e s t h e
.

i m ag in ation T h e on e ex p re ss e s t h e t ru t h T h e ot h e r exten ds
. .

it N eit h e r i s enti re ly s u c c e ssfu l T h e S ki ll an d c are o f sh ipp e rs

. .

c annot al way s V i c to rio u sl y c o p e wit h t h e inn ate d e s t ru c ti v ene ss

o f fall en hu m an n at u r e There i s a g reat d eal of s m ash e d

.

c ro c ke ry in t h e w o r ld

You wh o are m as te rs in the art

.

of p ac kin g thin gs an d w e

wh o s e v o c ation i s t h e art o f p u ttin g t h in gs b ot h h av e r eas on

t
,

o kno w t h at n o p ain s o f pl ac in g or o f p r e p aration w i ll gu aran

t e e f rei gh t o r ph ras e s pl ate s o r p r o p o s i tion s c h in a o f an y kin d

o r p r in c i pl e s o f an y s o r t f ro m t
, ,

h e d an g e r s o f t rav e l o r f ro m
t h e te s t s of ti m e You r g oo ds an d o u r ware s h av e t
,

. o t ake

t h eir c h an c e s in t h ei r way s ac ro ss the s eas t h rou ghou t t h e

l an d an d arou n d t
,

h e wo rld You l o s e s o m e of yo u r s m e re l y in
.

h an dl in g T h e d efe c t s o f fi rin g c an not b e al way s fo re s een T h e

. .

int ru s ion of inferi or c lay c annot b e al way s p rev en te d Th e .

m e re f ri c tion of c ont ac t m ay p ro d u c e b ad ni c k s N or i s
t h e fi nene ss n o r exc e ll en c e of t
.

h e p ro d u c t an in s u ran c e again s t
m i sh aps .Fro m you r f ac to r ie s o r s to r e s yo u r o u t p u t i s at th e
m e r c y o f c arr ie r s wit h o u t c o m p u n c tion an d in ou r h o m e s it i s
exp o s ed t
,

o t h e he avy h an ds of s e rv ant s w it h o u t s enti m en t .

Th e pl easu re o f m any a d inne r i s i m p aired by th e fear or t h e

c on s c io u sne ss t h at in ap t p e as ant s ar e pl ay in g h av o c with t h e

t reasu re s Of art o n w h i c h t h e c o u r s e s are s e rv e d .

If h owever t h e c e ram i c kin gd o m i s s trewn wit h s m ash e d

,

c ro c ke ry h o w m u c h m o r e so ar e t
,

h e w o lds o f t h e o l o gy m e d ir

p ol itic s s o c iety l aw an d t
, ,

c ine , , ,
h e l ike ,
N o fi ne r p iec e o f .
 S PE C I A L P RE PA RA T I O N 1 09

pl ate was eve r pu tfo rth than t h e i s c ribe d ! I wi ll

on e n
“

b e l ie v e on l y w h at I kn ow It was f or year s ag ree abl e t o t he

p rid e an d vanity of t
.

h e rac e It m ad e m any a foo l fee l as if

h i s fo rehead was l if ted as h igh as t h e h eav en s an d t h at at
.

ev e ry
s te p h e kn oc ke d ou t
,

a s t ar W h en ho we v e r the d i s c o ve ry
was m ade t h at t h i s ass u m p tion t o d i spl ac e d eity am o u nte d t
.
, ,

a f ai l u r e t o c o m p r e h en d n atu re so m e d i sapp oint m ent was

He wh o affe c t e d by s e arc hin g t o fi nd o u t an d t
,

ad m itte d o

equ al G od c ou ld n o t
. .

explain t h e p owe r by wh i c h a t ree p u m p s

it s sap fro m root s t o l e av e s o r wh y a b ab y rab b it r ej e c t s the

grass e s t h at wou l d h arm it or why a p u l in g infant d iv ine s it

,

, s

m othe r am on g the m ot l ey an d m u l titu d inou s m ass of s i b i l ant

s ain t s at a s e win g s o c iety w h i c h i s d i s c u ss in g t h e l as t w e dd in g

an d t h e next d ivo rc e He wh o ad m it s on ly w h at h e u nd e r
“

s t an ds wou ld hav e t
.

”
o l ook on h i m s e l f as a c on u n d ru m an d

t h en g iv e the c on u n d ru m u p He wou ld hav e the lon g e s t

.

d o u bts an d t h e s ho rte s t c reed o n rec ord Agno s ti c i s m I S p art .

o f the s m as hed c ro c ke ry o f t h e m o ral u ni v e r s e .

N or i s the s m u g an d c on fid ent c ontention M edic ine i s a ,

s c ien c e on e an d in d iv i s ib l e so im p re ss ive an d u ndente d as

, ,

it was S ir As t l ey C oo p er in hi s pl ain b l u nt way i s re p o rted

t
.
,

o h av e d e s c r ibe d hi s o wn i d e a o f h i s o wn c all in g as a s c ien c e

fou nde d on c on j ec tu re an d i m p ro v e d by m u r d er M edic al

into l eran c e c annot b e l eg i sl ated ou t of exi s ten c e b u t
.

it has n o ,

fu rt h e r r ec o gnition in le g i sl ation T h e c l ai m t h at m en and

wo m en m u s t d ie sec u n d u m a r t e m in O r d e r t
.

o h av e an y p e r m it

t o l ive h e r e o r t o l i v e he r e afte r h as g one t , o the l i m bo of

s m as he d c roc ke ry in t h e real m of t h e rap eu tic s T h e arro gant

p reten s ion t h at m en m u s t d ie sec u n du m a r t
.

em has been
adj o u rne d — s i n e d i e A n d the s tate w h ic h p re sc rib e s u nifo rm
qu al i fi c ation s am on g t h e s c hoo ls wi ll y e t
.

r eq u i re u nifo r m c on

su l tat i on s b etween t h e m in t h e inte re s t o f t h e p eo pl e who m

t h ey im p artially p ro d an d c on c u rrent l y p u rg e with d i ve rsity of
m ethod s b u t ,
w ith p arity o f p ri c e .

O the r l on g i m p re ss i v e an d l on g p retty pl aqu e s h av e al s o

b een in c ontinentl y s m ash ed O n e was l o v in gl y l ette re d
.

“
O n c e a D e m oc rat al way s a D e m o c rat
, An o t h er was in
.

sc r ibed Un c on d ition al R epu b l i c ani sm In the white l igh t

.
I IO E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
of td
o -
ay t h e t ru th t h at an in v ar iab l e p arti s an i s an O c c as ion al
l u n atic b e c om e s i m p re ss iv e l y app arent P arty u n d e r in c reas
in g c i v il ization i s a fac tor n ot
.
,

a feti sh It i s a m ean s n ot an

It i s an in s t ru m ent n ot
, , .

M an i s it s m as te r n o t
,

en d an i d o l

it s sl av e N o t t h at m en will c e as e t o ac t
.
, .
,

o n p arty l ine s P arty

l ine s are t
. .

h e t ru e d iv i s ion al bo u n d ary b etween s c h oo ls of

t h ou gh t N o c om m i ss i on i s need ed t
. o d i s c ove r o r t o e s t ab l i s h

t h o s e l in e s T h ey hav e m ade t h ei r own rou te o r c ou rs e in

.

hu m an n atu re Th e b on d ag e fro m whi c h m en wi ll f ree t h em

s e lv e s i s bon d ag e t
.

o p arty o rg ani zation s T h o s e o rganiz ation s

.

ar e c o m bin ation s f o r p owe r an d sp oi ls T h ey are feu d al in

t
.

t h ei r fo rm p re da o ry in t h eir sp i rit m i l itary in thei r m et h o ds

bu t t h ey nec e ssari ly b ear n o m o re re l ation s t
, , ,

o p o l iti c al p ri n

c i p l es t h an It al i an b an d itti d o t o It al ian u nity or t h e m e n wh o

h o ld u p rai lway t rain s d o t
,

o t h e l aw s o f t r an sp o rt ation P arty .

S l av e ry i s a b ad an d d i s app e ar i n g fo r m of s m ash e d c r o c ke ry .

Th e s m ash e d c ro c ke ry of s o c iety an d o f l aw c o u ld als o b e

r e m arke d O u r fat h e r s d i c tu m t h at it i s t h e on l y d u ty of
’

wo m en t o b e c h arm in g d e s e rve s t
.
,

o be s ent into r eti re m ent

It i s n o m o re t h ei r d u ty t
, .

o b e c h arm i n g th an it i s t h e d u ty Of

t h e su n t o l i gh t o r t h e ro s e t o p e rfu m e o r t h e t ree s t o c as t a

f rien dly shad e A fu n c tion i s n ot

, ,

t
. a d u ty In t h e ri ght s en s e .

o f t h e wo rd it i s a n at u r e o r a h abit It i s the p ro p e r y of
wo m en an d it i s t h ei r p re ro g ati v e t o b e c h ar m i n g b u t
.

if they
m ad e i t a d u ty t
,

h e e ffo rt w ou ld f ai l f or t h e in tention wo u l d
b e app ar ent an d t h e e n d w ou ld i m p e ac h t
, ,

h e m e an s In d eed
t
.
,

h e w h o l e t h eo ry o f t h e ei gh teenth c ent u ry ab o u t w o m en h as
g on e into t h e l i m b o o f s m as he d c roc ke ry It h as b een fou n d
t h at e d u c ation d oe s n ot
.

h u rt h er It h as b een d i s c ove re d t h at
.

l earnin g s t ren gt h en s h e r l ik e a toni c an d b ec om e s h e r l ike a

d ec o ration It h as b een d i s c ov ere d that sh e c an c o m p ete w it h
m e n in t
.

h e d o m ain of l i gh ter l ab o r in s e v e ral of t h e p rof e s

s i on s an d in n ot a f e w of t
,

,
h e u s efu l art s T h e i m p re ss ion of .

h er as a p awn a p ro p e rty or a pl ayt h in g c am e d own f ro m

o C h ri s ti anity an d was t o o l on g r et aine d by t
,

p agani s m t
,

he
C h r i s tian wo rld T h e re i s e v en d an g er of ex c e ss in t h e l ib er
al ity n o w exten d e d t
.

o her T h e toas t Wo m an O n c e O u r “

i s n ot
.
, ,
”
S u pe r io r an d N ow O u r E q u al wit h ou t s ati re as we ll as
,
1 12 E X T E M P O RE S P E A K I N G
p ass e d t o y o u on t h e pl ate s y ou h a v e m ad e by t h e d o m e s ti c s
w h o s e f r ee an d e as y c ar e l e ss ne ss i s re ally t
,

h e fou n d ation o f
yo u r fo rtu ne s You want c ro c ke ry t
- -

. o b e s m a sh e d , b e c au s e the
m o r e s m ash t h e m o re c ro c ke ry an d t h e m o re c r o c ke ry t h e m o r e
h e m o re ou t p u t t
,

o u t p u t an d t h e m or e r e v en u e an d t h e m ore
r e v en u e th e m o re Wald o rf d inne r s an d t
, ,

h e m o re Wald o rf d in
ner s t h e m o re O pp o rtu nity f o r y o u t
,

o m ake t h e m e n o f ot h e r

c all in gs s t an d an d d e l i v e r t h o s e sp ee c h e s w h i c h I l ike to he ar , ,

an d in t h e h o p e o f h e arin g whi c h I n ow g i v e way .

II . D EM O C R AC Y AN D THE S O U TH
Ex tt
f r ac r om a s pee c k by H e n ry W G r a dy bef or e t
b B y
c a

ttCl t
.

S a e u b, B os on , 1 88 9

M r P r es i de n
. td I am c on fid ent yo u wi ll n ot
an t
Ge n l em en
exp ec t a sp eec h fro m m e t h i s afte rnoon e sp ec ially as m y voi c e
i s in s u c h a c on d ition t h at I c an h ardly tal k I a m f ree t
,

o Say

t h at it i s n o t a l ac k o f abi l ity t
.

o t al k b e c au s e I am a t al ke r by ,

in h eritan c e I c om e by it hone s tly M y fat h e r was an I ri sh

. .

m an m y m ot h e r was a w om an
N ow I d o n o t inten d t
.
,

o m ake a p o l iti c al S p ee c h al tho u gh

wh en M r C l e v e l an d ex p re ss e d s o m e s u r p ri s e at
, ,

s ee in g m e h ere
I s ai d W hy I am at h o m e n ow ; I was o u t
.
,
”
v i s itin g l as t ni gh t
I was V i s itin g m i g hty c l e v e r fo lk s bu t
.

s ti ll I was v i s itin g N ow I
am at
.
,

ho m e
It i s t h e gl o ry an d t h e p ro m i s e of d e m o c rac y it s eem s t
.

me t h at
,

it s s u c c e ss m ean s m o re t h an p arti s an sh i p c an m ean

I h ave b een told t h at what I s ai d h elp ed t
.
, ,

h e D em oc rati c p arty
!

in t h i s s tate W e ll t h e c h ief joy th at I fee l a t

.
,
t h at an d th at ,

o u fee l i s t h at b eyon d t h at an d ab o v e it it h e lp e d t h o s e
y , , ,

l arge r in tere s t s o f the re p u b l i c an d t h o s e e ss ential intere s t s ,

o f hu m anity t h at f or s eventy ye ar s t h e D e m o c rati c p arty h as

s too d for b ein g t h e gu aranto r an d d efen d e r

It i s t
.
,

h e p r i d e I b e l ieve o f t h e S ou t h wit h h e r s i m pl e faith

an d h e r h o m o g eneo u s p eo pl e t h at w e e l e v ate t h e r e t
, , ,

h e c iti zen
ab o v e t
,

h e p arty an d t h e c it iz en ab o v e e v e ryt h in g W e teac h

a m an t h at hi s b e s t gu i d e at l as t i s h i s own c on sc ien c e t h at
.
,
l

his
S o v e rei gnty r e s t s bene at h hi s h at
,

that his own r igh t arm an d ,

 S PE C I A L P RE PARA T I O N I 3

hi s own s tou t h eart ar e h is b e s t d e p en d en c e ; t h at h e sh ou ld

re l y o n h i s s tate f o r not h in g t h at h e c an d o f or h i m s e lf an d o n

h i s go ve rn m ent f or not h in g t h at h i s s tate c an d o for h im b u t

,
-

t h at h e sh ou ld s tan d u p righ t an d s e l f re sp ec tin g d owe rin g h i s -

fam i ly in t h e s weat of h i s b row l ov in g t o h i s s tate l oy al t

,

o hi s

re p u b l i c , e arne s t in h i s all e g i an c e w h e r eve r it r e s t s b u t

, ,

b u i ld
in g at
,

l as t h i s al tars ab o v e h i s o wn h eart hs tone an d sh rinin g

hi s own l ib erty in h i s own heart T h at i s a s enti m ent t hat I
wo u ld n o t hav e been afrai d t An d ye t
.

o av o w l as t ni g ht it i s
m igh ty g oo d d em o c ratic d o c t r ine t
.

oo

I went t
.

o W as hin g ton t h e ot h e r d ay an d I s too d on t

,

he
r t b e at q u i c k as I l ooke d at t
,

C ap ito l h i ll an d m , y h e a h e to we r

in g m arb l e o f m y c ou nt ry s C ap ito l an d a m i s t g at h e re d in
’
,

m y eye s as I t h o u gh t of it s t re m en d o u s s i gni fi c an c e of the

arm ie s an d t
,

h e t re as u ry an d t h e j u dg e s an d t h e P re s id ent
, ,

an d the C o n g re ss an d t h e c o u rt s an d all t h at was g at h e re d

the re an d I fe l t t h at t h e su n in al l it s c ou r s e c ou ld n o t
,

l ook
d own on a bette r s i gh t t h an t h at m aj e s ti c h om e of a re p u b l ic
t h at has tau ght t h e world it s be s t l e ss on s of l ib e rty A n d I .

fe l t t h at if hono r an d wi sd om an d j u stic e abid e d t h e rein the

wo r ld wou ld at
,

l as t owe t h at g reat h ou s e in w h ic h t h e ark of ,

the c o v en ant of m y c ou ntry i s l o dge d it s fi n al u pl iftin g an d ,

it s re gene ration
Bu t a f e w d ay s afte rwards I w ent t o vi s it a f r ien d in t
.

he
c ou nt ry a m o d e s t m an wit h a q u i e t c o u nt ry h o m e It was
j u s t a s i m pl e u n p retentiou s ho u s e s e t
.
, , _

, ab o u t w it h g r e at t r ee s
,

an d en c i r c l e d in m e ad o w an d fi e ld r i c h w it h t h e p r o m i s e o f

h arv e s t ; the fragran c e of t h e p ink an d t h e h o ll y h o c k in t he

front y ard was m in gl e d wit h t h e arom a of the o rc h ard an d t he
gard en an d t
, h e r e s on an t c l u c ki n g of p o u l t ry an d t h e h u m of
b ee s In s ide was qu iet c l ean l ine ss th rift an d c om fort
O u t s i d e t h e r e s too d m y f rien d t
. .
, , ,

h e m as te r a s i m pl e i n
, , ,

d e p en d ent u p ri ght m an wit h n o m ortgag e on hi s roof n o l ien

, , ,

o n h i s g ro win g c ro ps — m as te r o f h i s l an d an d m as te r o f h im
,

s e l f There was t h e ol d fat h e r an ag e d an d t r emb l in g m an

but
.
, ,

h app y in t h e he art an d h o m e o f h i s son An d as h e s tarte d

t h e h an d o f t h e o l d m an went d own o n t
.
,

o ente r h i s ho m e t ,
he
y ou n g m an s sh o u ld e r l ayin g t h e re t h e u n sp e akab l e b l e ss in g of
’
,
I I 4 E XT E M P OR E S P E A K I N G
an h ono red an d h ono rab l e fat h e r an d ennob l in g it w it h the ,

kni gh t h o o d of t h e fi ft h c o m m an d m ent And as we app roac h ed

the d oo r t
.

h e m ot h e r c am e a h app y s m i l e l i gh tin g u p h e r fac e

, ,

w h i l e wit h t h e r i c h m u s ic o f h e r h ear t S h e bad e h e r h u s b an d

an d h e r s on w e l c o m e t o t h ei r h o m e Beyon d was t h e h o u s e .

wife b u s y w it h h e r d o m e s ti c affai r s t h e l ov in g h e lp m ate of

D o wn t h e l ane c am e t h e c hi ld ren afte r t
, ,

h e r h u s b an d he
as l ike b i rds t h ey s o u gh t t
.

c o ws S in g in g s weet l y
, ,
h e q u iet o f
t h ei r re s t
So t
.

h e ni gh t c am e d o wn on t h at h ou s e f all in g g ent l y as t h e ,

w in g of an u n s een d o v e A n d t h e ol d m an w h il e a s tart l e d b i rd
c all e d f ro m t
.
,

h e fo re s t an d t h e t ree s t h ri ll e d w it h t h e c r ic ket s
’

c ry an d t h e s tar s we re f all in g f ro m t h e S ky c all e d t h e f am i l y

aro u n d hi m an d t o ok t h e Bi b l e f ro m t
, ,

h e tab l e an d c all ed the m

t o t h ei r kn e e s T h e l ittl e b ab y h i d in t h e fo lds of it s m othe r s
’

d re ss wh i l e h e c lo s e d t
.

h e re c o rd of t h at d ay by c all in g d own
G od s b l e ss in g o n t h at s i m pl e h o m e W h i l e I gaz ed t h e V i s ion
’
.
,

of t h e m arb l e C ap ito l f ad e d ; fo r g otten we r e it s t re as u r ie s an d

it s m aj e s ty ; an d I s aid ! Su re ly h e re in t h e h om e s o f t
“
he
p eo pl e l odg e at l as t the s t ren g t h an d t h e r e sp on s ibi l ity of t h i s
g o v e rn m ent t h e h o p e an d t h e p ro m i s e o f t h i s r e p u b l i c
”

h e S o u t h ; th at i s t
,

M y fr ien ds t h at i s t h e d e m oc rac y of t
.

, he
d e m oc ratic d oc t rine w e p reac h ; a d oc t r ine sir that i s writ
W e aim t
, ,

ab o v e o u r h e art hs tone s o m ake o u r h o m e s p oo r

We t t
.
,

as t h ey ar e s e l f re sp e c tin g an d in d e p en d ent
,
-

r
y o m a ke .

t h e m te m pl e s o f re fi ne m ent in wh ic h ou r d au ghte r s m ay l earn

,

t hat wom an s b e s t c h arm an d s t ren gth i s h e r g entl ene ss an d

’
.

h e r g rac e an d te m pl e s o f l ib e rty in w h i c h o u r s on s m ay l e arn

,

that n o p ow er c an j u s tify an d n o t reas u re rep ay f or t h e su r

ren d e r O f t h e sl igh te s t ri gh t o f a f ree in d i v i d u al A m er ic an
c iti zen
tknow
.

You wa nt o ab ou t t
h So th
e u M y f rien ds w e re p re
tt I j u s t want t
.
,

s en a i ve i ll te ll you ab ou t it
m en w . o say t h at

w e h av e h ad a h ard ti m e d own t h e re .

I atten d ed a f u ne ral on c e in P i c ken s c ou nty in m y s tate

A fu ne ral i s n o t u s u all y a c h ee rf u l o bj e c t t
.

o m e u n l e ss I c o u ld

s el ec t t
h e s u bj e c t I t h ink I c ou ld p e rh aps wit h o u t goin g a
hu n d re d m i l e s from he re fi n d t h e m ate ri al f or on e o r t
.
, ,

,
wo
I 16 E X T E M P O R E S P E AK I N G
fl u tte red t o d efe at an d t h ro u gh w h ic h A m e r i c an s o ld ie r s f ro m

eit h e r s id e c h arg e d l ike d e m ig o ds an d I d o n o t

,

think I c ou ld
b rin g you a f als e m e ss ag e f ro m t h o s e ol d h i lls an d t h o s e s ac re d
fi e lds — witne ss e s twenty year s ago in t h eir red d e s ol ation o f
h e d eat hl e ss v al o r of A m e r i c an arm s an d t
,

t
,

h e q u en c hl e ss b rav e ry
o f A m e ri c an h e ar t s an d in t h ei r w h ite p e ac e an d t ranqu i ll ity

t o d ay o f t h e i m p e r i sh ab l e Union o f t
,

-
h e A m e ri c an s tate s an d
th e in d e s t ru c ti b l e b rot h e r h oo d of the A m e r i c an p eo pl e
It i s l ike ly t h at I w i ll n o t
.

ag ain s ee Bo s toni an s ass e m b l e d

to get h e r I t h e refo re want t

. o t ake t h i s o c c as i on t o t hank y ou ,

an d m y ex c e ll ent f r ien ds o f l as t n igh t an d t h o s e f r ien ds wh o

ac c o m p anie d u s t h i s m o rnin g f o r al l t h at y ou h av e d one f or

u s s in c e w e h av e been in you r c ity an d t

,

o say t h at wh ene v er
,

an y o f yo u c o m e S o u t h j u s t sp e ak you r n am e an d re m e m b e r

t h at Bo s ton or M assac h u s ett s i s t

,

h e wat c h wo rd an d w e wi ll
m eet you at t
,

h e g at e s
‘

T h e mo n ar c h m ay for g e t t h e c r ow n
T h at o n h i s h e ad so l at e h at h b een ;
T h e b r i d e g ro om m ay forg e t th e b r id e
W as m ad e h i s o w n b u t ye s ter e en ;
’

T he m ot h e r m ay fo rg e t th e b ab e
T h at s m i l e d s o s w e e t
l y on h e r kn e e
But fo r g e tt h ee w i ll I n e e r G l e n c ai rn’
, ,

A n d al l t h at th o u h as t d on e f o r m e .

III . A SH OT AT THE D E CA N T E R
Ex r t
t f ac r om a n a dd r ess by Tke od or e L . Cuy l er 1

T h e re i s a c u rrent s to ry t h at a Q u ake r on c e d i sc overed a

t h ief in h i s h ou s e ; an d takin g hi s g ran d fat h e r s O ld fowl in g ’

p iec e he qu iet l y s ai d Fr ien d thee h ad b ette r ge t ou t

/
,

of t h e

o fi r e t h i s gu n r i g i tw ke r e tkee s t
, ,

way f o r I inten d t
,
”
a n ds .

W it h t
,

h e s am e c on s i d erate sp i r it w e warn c e rt ain goo d p eopl e

t h at t h ey had b ette r take t h e d ec ante r off t h ei r t ab le f o r we ,

inten d t o ai m a Bi b l e t ru t h r i gh t w h e re t h at d e c ante r s t an ds

It h as n o m o re b u s ine ss t
.

It i s in t h e w ron g pl ac e o b e t h ere

al l t h an t h e t h ief h ad t o b e in t
.

at h e h one s t Qu ake r s h o u s e
’

7
.

1 Th gh t
ou sf t h O or i e P t t
i i
c c as o nd S l ”
5 3
a r o c an ec u ar , .
 S P E C I A L P R E PA RA T I O N 1 1 7
We ar e n o p ri s e d t
t
s ur o fi n d a d e c ante r o f al c o h o l i c p o rs on on

th e c o u nte r of a d ram sh o p w h o s e kee p e r i s l ic en s ed t o s e ll

“

d e at h b y m eas u re Bu t w e are s u r p r i s e d to fi n d it o n t h e tab l e

-

or t h e s id eb oard of o n e w h o p rofe ss e s t o b e g u id e d by t
.

h e S p i rit
an d t h e te ac h in gs o f G o d s W o rd T h at b ottl e st an ds ri gh t
’

in t h e ran g e o f t h e s e in sp i red wo rds o f S tPau l ! It i s g o od

.

//
neit h er t o e at fl e sh n or t o d r i n k w i n e n or a ny t
.

k i ng w l ze r eby
t ze r s t
u m bl e t
y br ot T h i s text m u s t eit h e r go o u t
, ,

z of th e

C h ri s tian s Bi b l e o r t h e b ott l e go o ff t h e C h ri s ti an s t ab l e T h e
’ ’

text will n ot
.
,

move an d t h e bottl e m u s t
, .

IV . THE UNI O N OF S TA TES

Sp e ec k f
o B enj am i n H a r r i s on a t di
a n n er
f
od i e N ew E ng l a n d
S oc i e y tf o P en n sy l v a n i a , P lzi l a d e lp ki a , D ec em ber 2 2 , 1 8 93

M r. P r es i de n t an d t
You r c o rd ial we l c o m e t
G e n l em en ! o

nigh t c rown s t h ree d ay s of m o st pl easu rab l e s t ay in t h i s g oo d

c ity o f Ph i l ad e lp hi a T h e d ay s h av e been a l itt l e c rowd e d ; I
.

t h in k t h e re h av e b een wh at ou r fr ien ds of t h e Fou r H u n d re d

wou ld p ro b ab l y c all e igh t d i s tin c t fu n c tions bu t you r c o rd i
al i ty an d t h e kin d wo rds of you r p re s id in g O ffi c e r qu ite re l ie v e
m y f ati gu e an d s u gg e s t t o m e t h at I sh all r i g ht l y r e p ay yo u r

kin dne ss by m akin g a v e ry sh o rt sp eec h

I d re ad t h i s fu n c tion w h ic h I am n ow atte m p tin g t
.

o dis

c h ar g e m o r e t h an an y ot h e r t h at c o nf ront s m e in l ife Th e
afte r d inne r sp e ake r u n l ike t h e p o et i s n o t
.

b o rn h e i s m ad e
I am frequ ently c o m p e ll e d t
.
, , ,

o m eet in d i s as t ro u s c o m p etition

ab ou t s o m e d inne r t ab l e g ent l e m en w h o h av e al r e ad y h ad t h ei r

sp eec h e s s et u p in the new sp ap e r O ffi c e s T h ey are g iv en t o

y ou as if t h ey we r e f re sh f ro m t
.

h e l i p ; you ar e s e rv e d with
w h at they wo u ld h av e y o u be l ie v e t o be i m p ro m p tu bone d “

t u rkey an d y e t if y ou c ou ld see into t h e rec e ss e s of t h ei r

inte lle c tu al kitc h en y ou wou ld see t
,

h e d ay s of c ar efu l p re p ara
tion w h ic h h av e b een g iv en t
,

o t h e s e sp ont aneo u s u tte ran c e s

T h e afte r d inne r sp e ake r needs t

.

o fi n d s o m e w h e re s o m e u n

wo rke d j oker s q u arry w h e re s o m e j oke s h av e b een l eft w it h

’

ou t a l ab e l o n t h e m ; h e n ee ds t o ac q u i re t h e ar t
,

of s ee m in g

t o pl uc k as h e g o e s al on g in t h e p ro g re ss o f h i s sp ee c h as b
, y ,
1 18 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
the way s id e s om e fl owe r o f rheto ric He s eem s t o h ave p ass ed

it an d t o h av e pl u c ke d it c as u all y b u t
, .

it i s a bou tonniere wit h

,
‘

tin foi l arou n d it You c an se e u p on c lo s e in sp e c tion t h e

m ark of t
.
, ,

h e pl ane r o n h i s w e ll t u rned s enten c e s

-

N ow t h e .
,

c o m p etition w it h g ent l e m en wh o ar e so c u l tivated i s s eve r e

u p on on e wh o m u s t sp e ak ab s o l u te l y u p on t h e i m p u ls e of t h e

o c c as ion It i s eit h e r in c ap ac ity o r d own r igh t l az ine ss t hat has

ke p t m e fro m c o m p etin g in t
.

h e fi e ld I h av e d e s c rib ed
It o c c u rre d t o me t d ay t o inq u i r e w hy y o u h ad t
.

o— o ass o c i

at e s ix s tate s i n o r d e r t o ge t u p a re sp e c t ab l e s o c iety If you

wou ld ad o p t t
.

h e l ibe ral c h arte r m etho d o f the O h io S o c iety I ,

h av e n o d o u b t yo u c o u ld s u b d iv i d e you r s elve s into s ix good

s oc iet ie s T h e O h io So c iety ad m it s t
. o m e m b e r s hi p eve rybo d y

w h o h as l ive d v o l u ntar i l y s ix m ont hs in O h io N o invo l u ntary

r e s i d ent i s p e r m itte d t
.

o c o m e in

Bu t t
.

h e ass o c iati on o f t h e s e s tate s an d the n am e N ew “

E n gl an d i s a p art of an o l d c l ass i fi c ation of t h e s tate s wh i c h

we u se d t o fi n d in t h e g eog raph y an d al l of that C l ass i fi c ation
h as gone ex c e p t N e w E n gl an d an d t
,

h e S o u th The W est ” “

h as d i s app e ar e d an d t M iddl e S tate s c annot be id en t

.

”
, he .
“
i
fi ed . W h e re i s t h e W e s t ? W hy j u s t n ow it i s t h e p oint
“ ”
,

of t h at l on g c h ain o f i sl an ds t h at p u t s o ff f ro m the Al as k a

c o as t . I fan c y it wi ll n ot b e l on g u nti l y ou enj oy t h e

d i s tin c tion of bein g t h e on ly g reat s u b d iv i s i on of t h e s tate s ;
f o r m y fe ll ow c iti z en s wh ate v e r b arr ie r s p re j u d ic e m ay rai s e
,
-

, ,

w h atev e r O b s t ru c tion the inte r e s t s o f m en m ay inte r p o s e wh at

e v e r m ay b e t h e o u t rag e s o f c ru e l ty t
o s t ay t
,

h e m arc h of m e n
t h at wh ic h m ad e t h e su bd iv i s ion c all ed t
,
”
h e S o u t h ern S tate s ,

an d all t h at s e p arate d t h e m f ro m t h e s tate s of t h e W e s t an d

o f t h e N o rth w i ll be o b l ite rated

I am n ot s u re t h ou gh t
, .

h e s to ry ru n s so t h at I h av e a N ew
The fac t i s that I h av e re c entl y c om e t
, ,

E n gl an d s t rain . o th e

c on c l u s ion t h at my f am i l y wa s a l itt l e o v e rwei ghted wit h an c e s

t r
y an d I h av e been l o okin g afte r p o s te r ity
, Bu t th e N ew .

En gl an d c h arac te r an d the in fl u en c e of N e w En gl an d m en
an d wo m en h av e m ad e t h ei r i m p re ss u p o n t h e w h o l e c o u nt ry .

Th e l ov e of e d u c ation t h e r e s o lv e t h at i t sh ou ld b e g en eral
t
,

h e l ove of h o m e w it h al l t
,

h e p u re an d s ac red in fl u en c e s t h at
 20 EX T E M P O R E S PE A K I N G
a g o o d d i ge s tion an d a c h ee rfu l d ete rm in ation t o d o h i s d u ty

in t h e sph e re of l ife t Le t me t
,

o wh i c h G o d h as c all e d h i m ry

t
.

o et c h t h e p o rt rait o f s u c h a m an in f e w an d s i m pl e l in e s

G rant m e b u t
.

s ix s t roke s f or the p ic tu re .

T h e ty p ic al D u t c h m an i s an h one s t m an an d that s t h e ,
’

nob l e s t wo rk of G od Phy s ic ally he m ay b e an d if he atten ds

th e s e d inne r s h e p rob ab ly wi ll b e m ore o r l e ss round Bu t
.
,

.
,

m o rall y h e m u s t b e s qu are An d s u re l y in t h i s age of sh am

.
,

wh en t h e re i s so m u c h pl ate d ware t h at p ass e s it s e l f off f o r

so l i d s i lv e r an d so m u c h wo rk d one at hal f m eas u re an d c h arge d
at
,

fu ll p r ic e so m any d o c tor s wh o bu y d i pl o m as an d l awyer s

, ,

wh o s e n am e s sh o u ld b e N e c e ss ity b e c au s e t h ey know n o ,

l aw an d p re ac h e r s wh o in s i s t on kee p in g in thei r c ree ds d oc

t rine s wh ic h t h ey d o n otp rofe ss t
,

o be l ie v e — s u re l y in thi s

age in w h i c h s ky ro c ket s ar e so pl entifu l an d w e ll s e as one d fi r e -

woo d i s so s c arc e t h e m an wh o i s m o s t nee d ed i s n o t

,

the
g eniu s t h e d i s c ov e re r t h e b r i ll i ant s aye r o f n e w t h in gs b u t
,

, , ,

s im pl y t h e h one s t m an wh o sp eak s t h e t ru t h p ay s h i s d ebt s

, , ,

d oe s h i s work t h orou ghl y an d i s s ati sfi e d wit h wh at he has

,

earne d .

Th e ty p i c al D u tc h m an i s a f ree m an Lib e rty i s h i s p ass ion

an d h as b een s in c e t
.
,

h e d ay s Of Ley d en an d Al km aar It ru n s
in t A d e s c en d ant o f t
.

h e b l oo d h e O ld B at av ian wh o fo u gh t
ag ain s t R o m e i s b o u n d t o be f ree at
.

an y c o s t h e h ate s ty ranny
in e ve ry fo rm .

I h on o r t h e m an w h o i s w i ll i n g t o sink

H al f h i s p r e s e n t re p u t
e for t h e f ree d o m t o t h in k ;
A n d w h e n h e h as t h ou gh tb e hi s c au s e s t
, r o n g or w e ak

W i ll s i n k t
,

oth e r h al f for t h e f r e e d om t o sp e ak
’

C ari n g n au gh t f o r w h at
,

v e n g e an c e t h e m ob h as i n s t ore

Le t t h at
,

m ob b e t h e u pp e r t en t h o u s an d or l ow e r , .

Th i s i s t he sp i r it of t h e ty p i c al D u tc h m an N e v er h as it
b een m o re nee d e d t h an it i s t t
.

o d ay o gu ar d o u r l an d ag ain s t
-

th e O pp re ss ion o f t h e pl u to c rat on t h e on e h an d an d t h e d e m a
g o gu e o n th e o t h e r h an d t
,

o p re v e n t a g o v e rn m ent o f the p artie s

b y t h e b o ss e s fo r t h e sp oi ls ; an d t o p r e s e rv e a g ove rn m ent of

th e p eo pl e b y t
, h e p e o pl e f o r t h e p e o pl e
, .
 S P E C I AL P RE PA RA T I O N 12 1

The ty p ic al D u tc hm an I s a p ru d ent m an He will b e f ree

to c h oo s e f o r h i m s e l f ; b u t h e g ene rally c h o o s e s t
.

o d o not h in g

rash He d oe s n o t ad m i r e t h o s e m o v e m ent s wh i c h ar e l ike

t
.

h e C h in am an s d e s c ri p tion of t h e tob o ggan sl i d e

’
W h i z ! Wal k “

He p refe rs a on e s to ry g r ou n d rent t
,

a m il e o a t we lv e s to ry

H e has a c on s titu t
- -

m o rtg ag e w it h an e l e v ato r ion al av e rs ion

t
.

o u nne c e ss ary r i s k s In soc iety in ph i lo s o phy in c o m m e rc e

h e s tic k s t o t h e o ld way u nti l h e kn o w s t h at t
.
, , ,

he n e w on e i s
bette r O n t h e t rain of p ro gre ss he u su ally s its in t he m i ddl e
s o m eti m e s in t h e s m oke r b u t
.

c ar nev e r on the c ow c at c he r -

An d y e t he arriv e s at
, , .

h i s d e s tin ation al l t h e s am e
The ty p ic al D u tc h m an i s a d evou t m an He c ou ld n ot
.

r es p e c t hi m s e l f if h e d i d n o t R e l ig ion was at
.

re v e ren c e G o d .

t h e c enter o f Ho ll an d s m o s t gl oriou s l ife an d it i s i m p o ss ibl e

’

t
,

o u nde r s tan d the s t u rd y he roi s m an d c h ee rf u l in d u s t ry o f ou r

D u tc h fo refathe r s witho u t re m e m b e rin g that whethe r they at e

or d rank o r l abo r e d o r p rayed o r fou gh t o r s ai l e d o r f ar m e d

t h ey d i d al l t o t
,

h e gl o ry o f G od T h e on l y diff eren c e between

.

N e w A m s te rd am an d N e w En gl an d was thi s ! t h e P u r it an s
fou n d e d a re l i giou s c o m m u nity wit h c o m m e rc ial p rin c i pl e s the
D u t c h m an fo u n d e d a c o m m e rc i al c o m m u nity w ith re l i g iou s
p rin c i pl e s Wh i c h was the b ette r I d o n o t say bu t e v e ry o n e
knows wh ic h was t h e h app ie r t
.

o l i v e in-

Th e t y p ic al D u tc hm an i s a l ib e ral m an He be l ieve s bu t
.

he doe s n o tp er s e c u te He say s in t h e i m m ortal wo rds of

.
,

S o it c am e t
.
,

W i ll i am I I I
.
”
C on s c ien c e i s G o d s p ro v in c e
’
, . o

p ass that N ew A m s te rd am bec am e an asy l u m fo r t h e O pp re ss ed

in t h e N ew W o r ld as ol d A m s te rd am h ad been in t h e O ld
,

Wo rld N o witc h e s b u rne d ; n o Q u aker s fl o gge d ; p eac e an d

.

fai r c han c e s f or e v e ry b ody l ov e G od as m u c h as yo u c an an d

d on t forg et t
,

o l o v e yo u r nei gh bo r as you r s e l f H ow ex c e ll ent

’

t h e c h arac t
.

er in whi c h p iety an d c h arity ar e j oine d

Bu t on e m o r e s t roke re m ain s t o b e ad d e d t o the p i c t u r e .

T h e ty p ic al D u tc h m an i s a m an of f ew words P erh ap s I ou gh t
t o say he w a s ; f o r in t h i s t al k ati v e age e v en in t
.

h e Ho ll an d
So c iety a de g ene rate sp eake r wi ll fo rg et hi m s e lf so f ar as n o t
,

t o kee p s i l en c e when h e t al k s ab o u t t
,

h e ty p i c al D u t c h m an
Bu t t h o s e o l d c o m p anion s who c am e t
.

o t h i s c o u nt ry p r evio u s
I! ! EXT E M P ORE S P EAK I N G
tth e ye
o ar 1 7
6 5, t h
as

ho ld i g t h ei to g e s in t h e
n r n u
itiz en s u nde r t h e D u tc h fl ag an d
Du c

D u tc h l an gu ag e
c

ah t h ey u n d e r
, ,

s tood t h eir b u s in e ss Thei r m ott o was f a c t

, ,

a n on ver ba T h ey
ar e t h e m en we p rai s e t
. .

o ni g ht in ou r s on g of The Ty p ic al
-

D u t c hm an

T hey s ail e d fr o m th e sh o e s r of t
h ! e u ide r ! ee

A c ross t h e st o m y oc e a r n,

t
T o b u i l d for
h w ld w t
y e or a ne c ou n r

A d i g tt
c c or h i n ti ; o e r no on

A l d wh
an th gh t sh l d b f
ere ou ou e ree as ai r ,

A d sp
n hb f eec w t; e r e e as a er

Wh m
e re tm sh ld b j s t d f
an o an ou e u an ai r ,

A d l w b l ib t
n a y s d gh t e er
’
au er .

T hey w e re b r a ve an d ki n d ,
An d of S i m pl e m ind,

t
A n d h e w o r l d h as n e ed of su c h m en ;

S o we t
h p id
sa
y wi r e

h f t
t h s sid ) ’
( On e a er e ,

T he y w e re yp i l D th m
t ca u c en .

T he y h e l d th e i fai t
h wit ho t ro ff se u en ,

A d s ai d t
n h e i p ay e s o S d ay ;r r r n un

B t
u the y v e c o l d e a b i t
ne r o f s e seu se n

I bn i g a wit
u rn n ch o M o d ay n n .

T h e y l ov e d th e i G od w i th a l ov e o te
r s ru ,

An d wi t
h h a e ad s o level ,
T hatth y l d ff
e c ou a o rd tl v mo o e en t oo ,

A d n tb f id
no e a ra o f t
h d v il e e .

The y ke p t th e i r c re e d

I n w or d an d deed ,
t
An d h e w o rl d h as n ee d O f su c h m en

S o we ith p r i de
s ay w
n t e fat h e r s si d e
’

( O h ) ,

T he y w e re t yp i c al D u t c h m en .
1 24 EX T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
a bo u t this c ent ral tho u ght adhe r ing to it b y the l aw of
,

affinit y so th at a he ar er c annot think of a division o f

the speech witho u t atthe s ame tim e thinking o f the
,

spee c h as a whole .

2 Cl ea r n es s E ssenti al in w r itten d isco u r se C le ar ness

.
,

is absol u tely indispens able in spoken d isco u r se I f the .

tho u ght is not app ar ent on fi r st r e ading the r e ade r m ay ,

go b ack an d r eview The he are r c annot do this ; he

.

m u st get the tho u ght as the spe aker p r o c eeds else not
get it at
,

al l This f ac t the spe aker sho u ld alway s keenl y

.

re alize an d not m ake the mist ake o f ass u ming the s ame
t
,

knowledge o f h i s s u bj ect on h e p ar t of the au dien c e ,

no m atte r h ow intelligent the y m ay be as he himsel f ,

.

heis When d u e p r ep aration h as been m ade f o r a speech

.
,

the spe ake r is the reb y a speci alist f o r th at o c c asion on , ,

his p ar tic u l ar s u bj ect an d he sho u ld e rr on the side of

,

ove r explicitness rather th an ru n the r isk o f not m aking

-

his tho u ght r e adil y app ar ent to an attentive listener .

t
C le ar exp r ession is o f c o u rse the r es u lt o f c le ar think

/
, ,

ing I f y o u r ide as are m u dd y y o u c anno hope to m ake

.
,

them c le ar to y o u r au dien c e The ne c essit y f o r a t i ou k t

.
g
b asis f or eve ry spee c h h as been dis c u ssed in the p re
ceding c h apte r N ow the m ent al p r o c ess of thinking
y o u r speech m u st be repe ated atthe moment o f
.

ou t

delive ry E xte m po r e spe aking is also extempo r e think

.

ing o r as we s ay thinking on the f eet The ide as as

, , ,
.
,

p r evio u sl y o u tlined m u st be c le arl y g rasped as the

,

spee c h is d eveloped point b y point S i r Willi am H amil .

ton de c l ared th at c le ar thinking distin c t thinking an d

“

c onne c ted thinking ar e t

, ,

h e V i r t u es of the intelle c t ;
”
=

an d the y are ce r tainl y indispens able aids to e ff ective

e xtempore spe akin g .
 THE O R AL P R E S E N T A T I O N 12 5

Con c r e t
e n es s . N e c ess ary
it is to h ave a spee c h as

c le ar l y o u tlined the o u tline m u s t be filled ou tin the

,

o ral p resent ation A nd this m u st be done n o t

. b y recit ,

ing the p ar ts o f y o u r skeleton o u tline an d then filling ,

in with a d ry st ate m ent of s u bsidi ary p ar ts ; the s ke l e

ton m u s t be att rac tivel y clothed —i t m u s t be fi lled ou t ,

with flesh and blood A fi t s u bj e c t f or a spee c h i s no

.

fi t s u bj e c t f o r an au tops y ; so do n o t exhibit the s k e l e

ton . D o not at the o u tset we ar y an d d is c o u rage yo u r
, ,

he are r s b y telling them th at y o u will d ivide y o u r spee c h

into s u ch an d s u c h divisions ; th at af ter y o u h ave done
so an d so yo u will then do s o an d so an d fi n ally an d in
, , ,

concl u sion so an d so G o o n an d do it This fi rstl y

,
. .
,

se c ondl y thi rdl y method w as the b ane of the O ld time

,
-

se r mon I n an arg u ment it is o f tentime s help f u l to give

.

b riefl y a p ar tition o f y o u r lines o f p r oo f in o r de r to aid

the he ar e r s in f ollowing y ou b u tothe r wise a f o r m al ,

p ar tition S ho u ld u s u all y be avoided By this is me ant a .

p artition o f the whole d is c o u r se at the o u tset I t does .

not me an th at the points of y o u r o u tline as y ou c o m e ,

to them sho u ld neve r be st ated f o r f re q u entl y a point

, ,

m ay prope r l y be n amed in the Opening senten c e o f a

t r ansition in the tho u ght as the text of a new p arag raph ,
.

This will o f c o u r se depend on whethe r or not yo u wish

to te l l y o u r au dien c e in adv an c e the point y ou wish to
m ak e I n an y event as a gene ral p r oposition do not
.
, ,

p rot r u de y o u r o u tline in the o ral p r esent ation b u t let ,

y o u r p r esent ation be s u c h th at the he ar e r m ay r e adil y

d ed u c e it .

I n this c onne c tion the m atter of t ransitions f r om o n e

d ivision O f y o u r spee c h to the next de m ands p ar ti c u l ar
c are . I n the pr o gress of yo u r s pee c h yo u will s ay to
1 26 EX T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
y o u r sel f I h ave d eveloped thi s division of m y o u tline ;
I no w wish to t ake u p this point ; b u t
,
”
u s u all y g u ar d

ag ains t s ay ing this alo u d I n p assing f r om one p ar t o f

t
.

the o u tline to the othe r it is a g re at ar t o hit a new

ide a at
,

j u st the right angle ; to h ave the opening words

o f e ac h division e c ho the tho u ght j u s t u tte r ed an d point

f o rw ar d to the tho u ght th at is to f ollow witho u t at the ,

s ame time l ay ing b ar e the f ramewo r k o f y o u r speech .

C on c r eteness S ho u ld c h arac terize the spee c h as a

whole Witho u t i t no spee c h c an c ome ve r y c lose to the
.

he ar ts o f an au dien c e A spee c h th at is p i e vaili n g ly

.

abst rac t is noto r io u sly d ry M an y an au dience h as been

.

w o n by a single ill u st r ation o r ane c dote aptl y u sed an d ,

w ell told when an abst r ac t arg u m ent wo u ld u tte r l y f ail

,

to r e ac h the m While the re m u st be an intelle c t u al

.

b asis f or eve ry spee c h while the points m u s t be p u r

,

p os e f u l an d c le ar y et points alone are not eno u gh

,
Y ou .

m u st hold y o u r he ar e r s an d in o r de r to do this y ou
,

m u st appe al not only to thei r intelle c ts b u talso to

thei r sense o f h u mo r thei r im agin ation an d thei r f eel
ings T h e he ar e r s w ant f ood b u tthe y w ant it p al a
, ,

.
,

t able well fl avo r ed an d se asoned A lit t

, ,
le spi c e too in
.
, ,

the w ay o f h u mo r i f i t be r efined an d not too f r e q u ent

, ,

is excellent to help r elieve monoton y J ames R u ssell .

L owell u sed to s ay th at a good af te r dinne r speech o u ght -

to cont ain a pl atit u de a q u ot ation an d an anecdote

, , ,

an d then end D r Ly m an A bbott s ay s th at a spe aker

. .

sho u ld h ave some ill u st rations o r c on c r ete st atements

o f e ac h one o f his m ain p ropositions A nd C olonel .

Higginson gives as his fi f th ru le f or spee c h m aking

P l an bef or eka n d f or a t l ea s ton e
g oo d fac ta n d on e
g ood

il lus tt
i
ra t
on or an ec d o e u n d e r eac k b ea d o
f y p
ou r s e ec k .
”
1 28 EX T E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
the o c c asion dem ands i t dep ar t f r om his w r itten pl an
, ,

bu t these wo r ds are addressed p rim aril y to the i n e xp e ri

e n c e d spe aker ; an d f o r s u c h the inv ar i able r u le sho u ld

be S ti c k to y o u r o u tline You will h ave eno u gh to do

.

to c arry o u ty o u r pl an Indeed the best res u lts in

.
,

spe aking come when the spe aker f eels the necessit y of
comp ac ting his tho u ght C on c iseness aids in sec u r ing
.

u nit y C le ar ness an d f o r c e
, , I f d u e p rep aration has been
.

m ade the q u estion u ppe r most in the spe ak e r s mind

,
’

sho u ld be not H ow c an I spe ak f or the allotted

,
“

time ? b u t ”
r athe r H ow c an I s ay al l I wish to s ay
,

in the allotted time ? A nd i f this l atte r q u estion be

u ppe r most there will be m u c h less d ange r o f w ande r ing
,

an d loite r ing ; the spe ake r will see the sho r test c o u r se

to his Obj e c t an d t ake it ,

.

N ot onl y sho u ld a spee c h h ave p r opo r tion as to its

p ar ts b u t i ts length sho u ld be p r oportioned to the s u b
t
,

je c an d to the o c c asion G ene r ally spe aking it sho u ld

.
,

be as sho r t as possible F o r this r e ason as well as to

.
,

meet the p rac ti c al dem and s o f a c l ass exe r cise a st u dent ,

sho u ld rarel y be allowed to t ake longe r th an ten min u tes

in spe aking on a given topi c A nd i f this time limit .

we r e obse r ved b y spe ake r s gene rall y it wo u ld give a ,

f r esh impet u s to p u blic spe aking an d be a blessing to

m ankind O nl y to the rar e spe ake r will people listen
.

p atientl y to a long S peech The r e c ent agit ation f or the

.

ten min u te se r mon is a S ign of the times The ave rage

-
.

A me r i c an au dien c e now ad ay s not onl y wants a spe aker

to h ave something to s ay b u t w ants hi m to s ay it an d
,

then stop We are t old th at the fi v e min u te spee c hes

.
-

with whi c h J u dge Ho ar y e ar af te r y e ar delighted the

H ar v ar d ch apter of P hi B et a K app a cont ained b u t one “
 THE O RA L P RE S E N T A T I O N
‘

1 29

origin al ide a cle arl y s t ated an d b u t

,
one f resh st o ry well ,

”
told. Wo r thy of e m u l ation as this pl an is how f ew ,

spe ake r s will t ake the t r o u ble to c op y it ! I n deed the ,

spe ake r is c omp aratively r are who knows h o w to hit the

p u rpose o f an o c c as ion in a b r ie f speech H ow m any a .

spe aker will r amble an d amble along t aking ten min u tes ,

to get st ar ted then h al f an ho u r p assing a given point ,

an d then at
,

le ast ten min u tes mo r e in c on cl u ding an d

s ay ing with al it m ay be nothing in p ar ti c u l ar B u t
,

,
to ,
.

s ay the s ame thing o r mo r e — to d elive r a p r egn ant

, ,

mess age — i n fi ve o r ten m i n u tes this is an att ainment

, ,

as u n u s u al as the sel f res t raint an d discipline th at c o m

-

p ass it .

The two m ain c au ses of this u nive rs al tenden c y to

spe ak too long are v anit y an d a l ac k o f c ons c io u sness
o f time A s to the fi r s t c au se when a m an so enj o y s
.
,
-

he ar ing himsel f t alk th at he f ails to c onside r the enj o y

ment o f his he ar e r s the c ase is hopeless an d m ay as
, ,

well be dismissed A g r e at m an y spe ake r s howeve r

.
, ,

who h ave not t rained the m selves in ac q u i r ing a sense o f

the p ass age o f ti m e si m pl y h ave no time c ons c io u sness
,
.

S pe ake r s gene r all y indeed think the y h ave oc c u pied a

, ,

ve ry sho r t ti m e E dw ar d E ve rett H ale s ay s th at i f y ou

.

r ide home with six o r eight p e o p l e w h o h ave j u s t spoken

‘

f r om the s ame pl at f o r m an d c ons u lt e ac h one sep aratel y

, ,

e ac h m an will think he m ade the sho r tes t S pee c h The .

st u dent o f spe aking then sho u ld c u ltiv ate a sense o f

, ,

the ti m e he is cons u ming f o r like an y othe r sense i t

E xpe r ien c e h as S hown th at st u den t
, , ,

c an be c u ltiv ated . s ,

when told in advan c e th at they wo u ld be allowed five ,

eight o r ten min u tes as the c ase might be in which to

, , ,

spe ak on an assigned topic wo u ld g rad u all y le ar n to ,

 1 30 EX T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
m ake thei r pl an an d its fi n al exec u tion t all y very c losel y .

O f co u r se when a spee c h given within s u c h a time limit

is well c onceived an d exe c u ted the int r od u c tion is b rie f ,

an d p ointed the disc u ssion p r o ceeds in d u e o rder an d

,

witho u t needless repetition an d the con c l u sion is not

to we ar iso m eness I t
,

d ragged o u t p r o c eeds in ac c ord .

an c e with P r o f esso r M on r oe s
”
l aws of extempo re spe ak
’ “

ing ! ( 1 ) H ave so m ething to s ay ; ( 2 ) s ay it ; ( 3 ) stop .

5 .M ov e m e n t A good spee c h in its delive r y m u st h ave

.
, ,

th at V igo r ene rgy wide aw ake n e s s viv ac it y whi c h c oll e c

, ,
-

, ,

t i v e ly we m ay te r mmovement I ts b asis is e ar nestness .

,

an d e ar nes tness w ill go f ar tow ar d m aking an y S pee c h

good f o r it c ove rs a m u ltit u de of sins B u t

,
i t m u st be .

an e ar nes tness th at m akes itsel f f elt O n the ment al .

side the tho u ght sho u ld show li f e an d p r og ress This .

imposes the ne c essity o f thinking vigo r o u sl y an d q u i c kl y ;

it r eq u i r es the c u ltiv ation an d p ractice o f ment al ale r t
ness A nd then o n the o ral side the speech sho u ld
.
, ,

move along in keeping wi th the ment al activit y R apid

ity o f u tte rance is alway s r el ative to the individ u al b u t
.

y o u r spee c h sho u ld h ave some go to it To be s u r e “

.
,

the re is no u s e in atte m pting to deliver one h u nd r ed

an d fi ft y wo r ds a min u te w hen the b r ain is p r od u c ing

onl y sevent y fi v e wo rds a min u te I t

-
i s a g re at art to .

ex ac tl y time the expression to the tho u ght When the .

tongu e o u t ru ns the b rain a spee c h m u st needs be filled ,

” ”
with s u c h c om mon vo c aliz ations as u h ah wh y “ “
,
“

et
,

ah ,
”
er er
“”
-
as I w as s ay ing
,
“
c Padding spee c h ,
.

with s u c h me aningless expletives is a h abit — not u n

c om m on with even expe r ien c ed spe ake r s whic h sho u ld
be g u arded against b y a mo re delibe rate delive r y
ut ta m e n d e l i bera r e n on kes i t a r e v i d ea t
,
ur I f id e as .
1 32 EX T E M P O R E S PE A K I N G
an d d ash . We m u st give o u r tho u ght its he ad an d ,

not d r ive it with too tight a r ein n or g r ow ti mid when ,

it begins to p rance a bit O f c o u r se we m u s t r et ai n .

c oolness in co u r age appl y ing the r es u lts o f o u r p r evio u s

,

dis c ipline in ac c u rac y ; b u t we need not move so slowl y

as to be c ome f o r m al P ed ant r y i s wo r se th an bl u nde ring
. .

I f we c ar e f o r g rac e an d flexible be au t y o f l ang u age we ,

m u st le ar n to let ou r tho u ght ru n Wo u ld it then be .

, ,

too m u c h o f an I r ish b u ll to s ay th at in ac q u i ring E n g

lish we need to c ultivate spont aneit y The u n c u ltiv at ed
kind is not worth m u c h ; i t is wild an d h aph az ard s t u ff ,

u n adj u sted to i ts u ses O n the othe r h and no spee c h

.
,

is o f m u c h ac c o u nt however j u st whi c h l ac ks the ele

, ,

ment o f co u rage A c c u rac y an d d ash then the combi

.

n ation o f the t
, ,

w o m u st be o u r di ffic u lt ai m ; an d we
,

m u s t not res t s atisfied so long as eithe r dwells with u s

alone The s to ry is told th at a stenog rap h e r on c e p ro
1
.

posed to H en ry War d B ee c he r th at he be allowed ext ra

p ya f o r r epo r ting the l atte r s se r m ons in c onside ration
’

o f c o rr ecting the g ram m ati c al e rr o r s A nd how m an y .

e rr o r s did yo u fi nd in this speech o f mine ? asked the

g r e at p r e ache r O n being told th at the r e we re j u s t
.
“

two h u nd red an d sixteen B ee c her s aid solemnl y

, ,

“
Y o u ng m an when the E nglish l ang u age gets in my
w ay it doesn t st and a c h an c e N ow an ill u st ration
u s u ally ill u st r ates b u t
,
.

a single point an d the f o r egoing ,

is no ex c ep tion U ngr am m ati c al l ang u age i s o f c o u r se

bu t
.

u ndesi r able ,
d o not let a spee c h d rag in o r der to
att ain g r am m ati c al pe r f e c tion ; d o not allo w h ai r split -

ting di ffe r en c es in c onst ru c tion an d expression to inte r

f e re with the o n move m ent of the tho u ght
-
.

1 P lm a S lf C l t
e r, iv ti i E gli h 5 6
e -
u a on n n s ,
”
1 -
1 ,
 THE O RAL P R E S E N T A T I O N 1 33

6 . D efi n i ti mp
e A spee c h sho u ld p r od u c e in
re s s i o n s .

the minds o f the he are r s a single de finite imp ression o r , ,

at the most two o r th ree i m p r ints w hic h cont ain the gist
,

of the disco u r se I n the o ral p r esent ation al w ay s remem

.

b e r th at y o u r p r im ary ai m sho u ld be not to h ave the ,

au dience admi r e o u bu t to f ollow ou The au dien c e

y y ,
.

S ho u ld get something mo r e f r o m a spee c h th an a me r el y

gene ral impression tho u gh it m ay be a ple as ant o n e

t
.
,

The m ain poin o r poi nts sho u ld be so st r essed as to

m ake the strongest imp r ess u pon the he arers minds ’
.

To th at end as a gene ral p r oposition sti c k c losel y to

, ,

y o u r written pl an as h as p revio u sl y been u rged In

deed this topic has al re ad y been f u ll y dis c u ssed b u t
.
,

, ,

it is repe ated he r e both f or completeness in c l ass ifi

7
c ation an d f or emph asis .

. I mp rov e m en tt
k rou
gk t t
i
sy s e m a
p c ra c t
i ce an d

r ev i e w T he deli very
. given spee c h sho u ld be of a

f ollowed b y c are f u l r eview an d sel f c r iti c ism Yo u -

.

sho u ld ask y o u r sel f D i d I ac c omplish m y p u rpose ?

,

Wh at points w e r e omitted ? I n wh at r espe c ts did I

f ail ? C omp ar e wh at yo u did with wh at y o u pl anned to
.

do an d then ai m to co r r ec t fau lts an d omissions the

,

next time I n the e arlie r e ff o r ts you are likel y to be

.

oppressed with a sense o f loss o f the good things you

o m itted Th acke ray u sed to s ay th at he tho u ght of
.

his best things in the c ab on his w ay home f ro m his

speech while d u r ing the speech he co u ld not r ec all
,

them to s ave his li f e By s y stem atic r eview along .

,

with contin u ed p rac ti c e y o u will fi nd th at the powe r

to remembe r at
,

the prope r tim e the things y ou h av e

, ,

pl anned to s ay will become e asie r I t is s aid of L in c oln

,
.

th at he h ad the h ab i t o f invar i abl y refle c ting u pon his

1 34 E XT E M P O R E S P E A K I N G
own speeches af te r delivery to as c e r t ain b y wh at me ans ,

he s u cceeded o r to note wh y he f ailed o r might h ave

,

m ade a deepe r imp ression .

To att ain re al improvement , a high st and ard m u st

be set an d c onst antl y m aint ained D o not allow y o u r .

sel f to l apse in tho u ght an d exp r ession N O occ asion .

is eve r too t r ivi al f or y o u r bes t e ff o r t There is neithe r .

time n o r pl ac e f o r the r el ax ation o f the f ac u lties P u blic .

spe aking sho u ld be so elev ated in p u blic r egar d as to

m ake it i m possibl e f o r d u ll ards o r ranters to obt ain a
he aring T o this end al w ay s m agni fy y o u r theme an d
.
, ,

never spe ak u pon a s u bj e c t th at has no pe r son al impo r t

to y ou I n cl ass exe rc ises o r in the literary societ y also
in all w ay s avoid pl ay ing at the high an d complex art
.
, ,

o f p u bli c spee c h H en c e the pl an o f c alling f o r p u rel y

.

imp r ompt u spee c hes is I believe gene rall y a b ad p rac

, ,

tice I t tends to red u ce the obj e c t o f a spee c h to the

'

low con c eption o f spe aking j u s t f o r the s ake of spe ak

i ng an d to en c o u rage the sh allowness an d tedio u sness
,

o f me r e vol u bilit y A single p r in c iple st ated b y S argent

.

S P r entiss an d m ade the ru le o f his li f e sho u ld be w r it

l arge as the motto o f eve r y p u bli c spe ake r ! I t
.
, ,

i s i mp as
s i bl e t o s ea k t oo w e l l t o a n a u d i en c e A nd to spe ak
p .

well r emembe r —b y w ay o f s u m m ary an d c oncl u sion

,

t h at a good S pee c h c onsists in a so u nd who l esome ,

array o f f ac ts tho u ght o r arg u m ent pl anned with a

, , ,

definite obj e c t in V iew ; r elieved in the t r e atment b y

con c r ete ness — an ill u st ration a to u ch o f h u mo r o r a
, , ,

pl ay o f f anc y o r sentiment ; an d d elive r ed with all the

st r ength f eeling an d app r ov al th at yo u wo u ld pu t
, ,
into
a st r u ggle f o r y o u r life .
1 36 E XT E M P O R E S PEA K I N G
by t h e s u bl im e st d evotion b u t t h e p i lgr im ag e an d t h e M ec c a
of t h e m an wh o wo u ld b e in sp i re d b y h o p e s f o r t
,

h e h u m an
rac e i s n o t to P ar i s It i s to t h e s e ab o ard c itie s o f t h e g re at
.

R e p u b l i c W h en t h e fl ag was ass ai l e d when t h e m e rc h ant

.
,

wake d u p fro m hi s g ain an d t h e s c h o l ar fro m h i s s tu die s an d ,

t h e r eg im ent s m arc he d on e by on e thro u gh the s e s treet s ,

wh i c h w e re the p av e m ent s t h at t h ri ll e d u n d e r thei r foot ste p s ?

W h at walls d id they s al u te as t h e regi m ental fl ags fl oate d b y
t o G etty s b u r g an d A ntietam ? T h e s e O u r boys c arrie d wit h
the m d own t o t h e s c ene s o f b att l e t h e m e m o ry of S t ate S t r eet ,

Fan eu il H all an d t h e O l d S o u t h C h u rc h
, .

II . A D D R ESS TO A S U N D A Y SC H O O L

t t t
t
7
’
By a v e ry w or ky g e n l e m a n d esc r i be d i n E d w a r d E v er e
”
H a l e s H ow To D o I , p ag e 2
’ “
t
M y d ear you n g frien ds I d o n ot know t h at I h ave anythin g
t o say t bu t I am v ery m u c h ob l i ge d t
,

o you o yo u r te ac h e r s

for as kin g m e t
,

o add r e ss y o u thi s be au tif u l m o rnin g Th e .

m o rnin g i s so b e au tif u l afte r t h e ref r e s h m ent of the ni ght

that as I wal ke d t
,

o c h u rc h an d l ooke d aro u n d an d b re at h ed

the f re sh air I fe l t m o re t han e v e r what a p riv il eg e it i s t

,

o l ive

in so won d e rfu l a wo rld For t

,

h e wo rld d ear c h i ld r en h as
b een al l c ont r i v ed an d se t
.
, ,

in ord er for u s by a P ower so m u c h

hi gh e r t h an ou r own that we m i gh t en j oy ou r own l ive s an d
, ,

l iv e f or t h e h app ine ss an d g ood of o u r b rot h e r s an d s i s ter s .

O u r b rothe rs and s i s te rs t h ey are in d ee d tho u gh s o m e of the m ,

ar e in d i s t an t l an ds an d bene at h o t h e r S k i e s an d p arte d f ro m

T h e s e o c ean s in d eed d o n ot
, ,

u s by the b ro ad o c e an s . so m uc h
, ,

d ivid e t h e world as they u nite it T h ey m ake it on e T h e

w in ds wh i c h b l ow o v e r t h e m an d t
. .

h e c u rrent s w h i c h m ove
,

t hei r wate rs — all are ru l ed by a hi gh er law that they m ay

c ont r ibu te t o c o m m e rc e an d t
, ,

o the g o od of m an .
 T HE O R AL P R E S E N T A T I O N 1 3 7
III . B AD EXA M P LE A S T U M B LI NG—B LO C K
A dap t
df
e r om a n a dd r es s by Tke odor e L . Cay l e r

At t
h oe u t setwe l ay down
the fu n d am ental p ro p o s ition
r i gh t t o d o anyt h in g t
,

t hat n o m an h as h e in fl u en c e of
'

a m or a l

whic h i s c e rtain l y an d ine v itab l y h u rtfu l t o h i s nei gh bo r

I h av e a l egal ri gh t t
.

o d o m any t h in gs wh i c h as a C h r i s ti an

I c annot d o I h av e a l egal ri gh t t o t ake ars eni c o r s wall ow

s t ry c h n ine b u tI have n o m oral ri gh t t

.

o c o m m it t h i s s e l f

d e s truc tion I hav e a l e gal r i gh t t o d r in k l iq u o r b u t

,

I h av e
n o m o ral r i gh t t
.

T h e in h e r ent wron g of u s in g in t
,

o d o so o xi

it ex p o s e s t
.

c atin g d rin k s i s t wofo ld ! fi r s t o d an g e r t h e m an

wh o tam p e r s wit h it f o r n o m an was e v e r p os i t

,

, i vely ass u re d by
hi s C reato r that he c ou l d pl ay wit h t h e add e r t h at l ie s c oil ed
in a wine c u p wit h ou t bein g s tu n g by it ; s ec on dly it p u t s a ,

st u m b l in g b l o c k in the way o f him wh o m w e ar e c o m m an d e d

-

t o l o v e as o u r s e l ve s

Again I have a l egal ri ght t o attend the t

.

h eate r N o p o l ic e
m an s tan ds at t h e d oo r t o ex c l u de m e o r d are s t
, .

o ej e c t m e

Bu t
,

wh i l e m y c on d u c t i s o r d e rl y an d be c o m in g I have n o
m oral r i gh t t o go the r e ; n o t
.

m e re l y b e c au s e I m ay see an d
hear m u c h that m ay s oi l m y m e m o ry f or d ay s an d m ont hs b u t ,

b e c au s e t h at w h o l e garni sh ed and gl itte rin g e s t ab l i s h m ent wit h

it s s en su ou s att rac tion s i s t
,

o m any a yo u n g p e r s on t h e y awnin g

The d o ll ar wh ic h I g av e at t
,

m aels t ro m of p e rdition . h e b ox
o ffi c e i s m y c ontrib u tion toward su s tainin g an e s tab l i sh m ent
wh o s e d ark fo u n d ation s re s t o n the m u rd er e d s ou ls of thou s an ds
o f m y fe l low— m en Thei r b lood s tain s it s walls an d from th at
p it they h av e g one d own t
.
,

o anothe r p it whe r e n o s ou n ds

o f m i rth e v e r c o m e N ow I ask w h at ri gh t h av e I t
.
, ,
o ente r a

pl ac e whe re t rage d ie s that are pl ayed off before m e by p ainte d

wo m en an d d i ss o l u te m e n ar e as not h in g t o t h e t rag e d ie s of
l o s t s ou ls t h at are en ac te d in s om e p art s of t h at h ou s e ev e ry
night ? What ri ght h av e I t o g i v e m y m oney an d m y p re s en c e

t o su s tain t h at m o ral sl au gh te r h ou s e an d by wal kin g into t h e

t h eate r m y s e lf t o aid in d e c oyin g ot h e rs t

,

o fo ll o w m e ?
1 38 E X T E M P O R E S PE A K I N G

IV . GE N E R A L AM N ES T Y
t t t
7
E xc erp f m p l b
yro C l S ka s d l i d
eec i i l U i d ar c u rz , e v er e n ie n e

Stt S tj
a es ry 3 8
en a e ,i f f bi l l f
an ua m i g
0, 1 2, n a v or o a or re ov n

t c i l d s bi l i t
b p lit o i i mp d by t
ca l t
iki da ti f t
es b F os e ie r s ec on o c ou r

tt
eenl Am dm t
i tt k C tit
en t
i en o e on s u on

T h e s enato r f rom C onne c tic u t [M r Buc kin gham ! when h e

o p ene d t h i s d eb ate en d eavo re d t o f rt
.
,

q i fy h i s t h eo ry by an

i llu s tration b orrowed f ro m t

,

h e O l d Te s t am ent an d I am wi ll in g
t
,

o t ake t h at i ll u s t ration o ff h i s h an ds He as ke d if A b sal om .

,

had l iv e d afte r hi s t re as on an d h ad b een exc l u de d f ro m h i s

fat h e r s tab le wou ld h e h ave h ad a j u s t re as on t
,

o c o m pl ain Of
’

It s ee m s t
,

an u n j u s t d e p r i v ation o f rig ht s ? o m e t h at s to ry of

A b s alo m c ontain s a m o s t exc e ll ent l e ss on w h i c h t h e S enate

of t h e Unite d S tate s o u gh t t For t
,

o re ad c o rre c t l y h e ki ll in g .

of h i s b r ot h e r A b s al o m h ad l i v e d in b an i sh m ent f ro m w h i c h

t h e kin g h i s f at h er h ad p e rm itte d h i m t o retu rn ; b u t

, ,

th e
way war d son was b u t h al f p ard one d f o r h e was n ot
, ,

p erm itte d
t
,

o se e h i s f at h e r s f ac e A n d it was for t h at reas on an d t h en

’

t h at h e went am on g t h e p eo pl e t
.
, ,

o s e d u c e t h e m into a r e b e ll ion

again s t hi s r oy al fat h e r s au tho ri ty H ad h e s u rv i v e d t h at

’
.

r e b e ll ion K in g D av id as a p ru d ent s tate s m an wou ld eith e r

, , ,

hav e ki ll e d h i s son A b sal o m o r he wou ld hav e ad m itted him

t o h i s t ab l e in o r d e r t o m ake hi m a g oo d son ag ain by u n s tinte d

fat h e rly lov e Bu t h e wou ld c e rtain l y n ot

,

h av e p e rm itted h i s
s on A b s al o m t o ru n at l arge c ap ab l e of d oin g m i s c h ief an d at
.

, ,

t h e sam e ti m e by s m all m easu re s of d e grad ation in c itin g h i m

t
, ,

o d o it An d t h at i s j u s t t h e p ol i c y we h av e fo ll o we d W e h av e
p erm itte d t h e l ate re b els t o r u n at
. .

l arg e c ap ab l e of d oin g ,

m i s c hief an d t h en b y s m all m e as u re s of de g rad ation u tte rl y

y g oo d p u r p o s e w e in c ite d the m t
, ,

u s e l e ss f o r an o d o it Lo ok
in g at
.
,

you r p o l iti c al d i s ab i l itie s with an i m p artial eye you wi ll

fi n d t h at as a m e as u re of p u n i s hm ent t h ey d i d n ot
,

go far
en ou gh as a m easu r e of p ol i c y t h ey went m u c h t
, ,

o o f ar We
we re f ar t o o g ene ro u s t o s u bj u g ate t
.

h e h eart s of ou r l ate e n e
m ie s b y te rro r an d w e m ixe d o u r g ene ro s ity w it h j u s t enou gh

o f bitte rne ss t o p r e v ent it f r om be ar in g it s fu ll f ru it I r ep eat .

,
140 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
nob l e wo rk in l ite ratu re has b een p ro d u c ed by m en of S ou the rn
l ine ag e an d bi rt h an d re s id en c e Jo h n M arsh all if he h ad n ot
b een t
.
,

h e g r eate s t of A m e ri c an j u r i s t s wo u ld h av e been c o u nted

t
, ,

b ec au s e of h i s Life of W ash in gton h e g r e ate s t of b iogra

”
,

p h e rs. I m igh t n am e an exten d e d l i s t of wo rke r s in t h i s fi e ld ,

al l o f S o u t h e rn b i rt h S i m s ; m y d ead fr ien d J o h n E s ten

!

hi s b rot h e r Ph il i p C ooke ; C ab l e wh o i s m arried t

,

C ooke , o ,

N ew En gl an d ; t h e g if te d wo m an wh o c alls he r s e lf C h arl e s
E gb e rt C radd o c k ; an d a ho s t o f ot h e r s in c l u d in g th at nob l e ,

wo m an n ow g oin g b l in d in Lexi n g ton wh o h as d one s om e o f ,

t h e sw eete s t wo rk in A m er ic an p oetry M argaret J P re s t on I , . .

-

m i gh t go f u rt h e r an d c l ai m Howe lls e v e ry d ro p of who s e b l oo d

i s V i rg inian If it we re n o t
,

g ettin g p e r s on al an d bec o m i n g a
h e f ac t th at t h e au t h o r Of t
.

fam i ly affai r I m i gh t m ention t he

Hoo s ie r S c h oo l m as ter wit h whom I u s e d t o pl ay o n t
,
”
“
he
h i lls of t h e O h io R iv er was of d i re c t S ou th e rn d e s c ent ; t
,

,
h at
h e was bo rn as I was exac tl y on M as on an d D ixon s l ine an d ’

o n e o f u s fe ll o v e r on o n e S i d e an d t
, , ,

h e ot h e r on t h e ot h e r
wh en t h e t rou b l e c am e .

N otwit hs tan d in g all t h i s I hold t h at t h er e c an b e n o s u c h

,

t h in g as a S ou t h e rn l ite ratu re b e c au s e l ite ratu re i s nev er

p ro v in c i al ; an d t
,

o s ay o f an y l ite rat u r e t h at it i s S ou t h e rn o r

W e s te rn o r N o rt h e rn o r E as te rn i s t o say t h at i t i s a p rov in c ial

u tte ran c e an d n o t a l ite rat u r e T h e w o rk t . o wh i c h I h av e

refe rre d i s A m e r i c an l ite rat u r e It i s wo rk of wh ic h A m eri c an ”

l ite ratu re i s p rou d an d w i ll ev e r be p ro ud W h atev e r i s wo rthy .

in l iteratu re o r in ac h ie v e m ent of an y kin d in an y p art of t h e

c o u nt ry g oe s u l ti m ate l y in t h e c o m m on f u n d o f A m e ri c an l ite ra
tu re or o f A m e r ic an ac h iev e m ent ; an d t h at i s t h e joy I h av e
h ad in b e in g h e re t o n i gh t w h en I o u ght t
-
o h av e b een at hom e .

T h e joy I h av e h ad t
,

o n i gh t h as been t h at t h i s s enti m ent o f

-

A m eric ani s m h as s ee m e d t o be al l ar o u n d m e an d t o run ,

throu gh an d t h rou gh e v eryt h in g t h at h as b een s ai d he re

t o ni gh t — a s e n ti m ent w h i c h was t aken ou t
-
of m y m ou th as

it were by t
,

h e P re s i d ent t h i s ev eni n g t h at ou r fi rs t d e v otion

abo v e al l i s t It s ee m s t
, ,

o w h at I c all t h e A m e ri c an i d e a o me .

t h at we are so m etim e s fo rg ettin g what id e a it i s t h at has m ad e

t h i s c o u nt ry g re at ; w h at i t i s t h at h as m ad e of it a n ation of
 THE O R AL P R E S E N T A T I O N
free m en ed u c ate d m e n a n ation in wh ic h t h e c om mon
an d

e st l abo re r h as t h e s c h oo l o p en t o h im as we ll as t h e wo rk ,

s ho p ; in whic h t h e c o m m one s t l abo re r c an s it d o wn t h ree

ti m e s a d ay t o a b o u ntif u l t ab l e
-
W e s o m eti m e s fo rg et t h e .

i d e a on wh i c h ou r c ou ntry was fou n d e d ; t h e i d ea whic h

p ro m p te d Jeffe r s on as a you n g m an , t o s tan d u p in t h e leg i s
l at
,

u re of V i rg inia an d figh t t h ro u g h th r ee b i lls d i re c t l y affe c t

in g m e re qu e s tion s of law b u t d eterm inin g t h e fu tu re of t h i s

c o u nt ry m o re l arg e l y t h an an y ot h e r ac t s — e v en t
,

h e ac t s o f ,

W ashin g ton h i m s e l f O f t h o s e t h ree b i lls o n e p ro v i d ed fo r

.
,

t h e s e p aration of C h u rc h an d S tate o n e f o r the abo l ition of

t
,

p ri m o g enitu re an d a t h i rd fo r t h e abol i ion of entai l T h e

,
.

id ea t hat ran t h rou gh t h at ti m e was t h e i d ea of equ al in d i

v i d u al m an h oo d — of t h e s u p re m ac y o f t h e m an t o al l e ls e

t t
,

o t h e s tate it s e l f o g ove rn m ent an d s oc iety ; that the

in d iv id u al m an was t h e on e t h in g t
,

o be t aken c are o f ; t h at

it i s th e so l e b u s ine ss o f t h e g o v e rn m ent t o g i v e h i m r i gh t s

o f m an h oo d to p rote c t hi m in h i s p e rson al f ree d o m an d

t h en t o l et It s ee m s t
, ,

him al one o m e t h at on e l e ss on

we he r e t o ni ght s h ou ld t ake m o s t t
.

-
o he art i s th at l e ss on

tau gh t by t he w h o l e h i s to ry of ou r c o u nt ry th at t h e A m e r i c an
i d e a t h e i d ea o f t h e i n d iv i d u al ity an d m an h oo d of m an t
,

-
he
id ea of a go v e rn m ent fo rm ed s i m ply t
,

o p rote c t m e n as in d i ,

v id u al s in t h ei r r i gh t s an d l e ave t h e m f ree in t h ei r ac tion an d

m o d e o f t h o u gh t — i s t h e i d ea t h at h as m ad e t h i s c o u nt ry
,

g reat An d it i s by t h at id ea t h at we sh al l c ontin u e great if

we are so t
.
,

o c ontin u e .

VI . THE S Y M M E T RY O F LI FE
Con de n s ed f r om a n a dd r ess ty o ou n
g m e n , by P li i l l ips B r ooks
1

T h e r e are three d irec tion s o r d i m en s ion s of h u m an l ife

to w h i c h w e m ay fi t ly g iv e t h e s e th re e n am e s Len g t h an d ,

B read t h an d Height The l en g t h o f a l ife in t h i s m eanin g

o f it i s of c ou r s e n o t it s d u ration It i s rat h e r t
.
,

h e reac h in g
on an d ou t
, , , .

o f a m an in t h e l ine of ac tiv ity an d thou gh t an d

,

s e l f d eve l op m ent whic h i s in d ic ated an d p rop he s ie d by the

-

1 S hur t P b li
e r, u c S p e ak i n
g, 2
5 1.
142 EX T E M P O R E S P E A K I N G
c h arac te r whi c h i s n atu ral with in h im by t h e sp e c ial am b ition s
w h i c h sp r in g u p ou t It i s t
,

o f h i s S p e c i al p o we rs h e p u sh o f
a l ife fo rward t
.

o it s own p e r s on al en ds an d am bition s Th e .

b read t h of a l ife on t h e ot h e r h an d i s it s o u t reac h l ate rally

, , ,

if we m ay say so It i s t h e c on stant ly d iffu s iv e ten d en c y w h ic h

.

i s al way s d rawin g a m an o u t ward into sy m p at h y wit h ot h er m en .

An d t h e h ei gh t o f a l if e i s it s u pward r e ac h towards G od it s
s en s e of c hi ldh oo d it s c on s c iou sne ss of a D iv ine Life ov e r it
wit h whi c h it t r ie s t
,

o l i v e in l o v e c o m m u nion an d obe d ien c e, , .

T h e s e are t h e t h ree d im en s ion s of a l ife — it s l en g th an d ,

b read th an d he igh t wit h ou t the d u e d e v e l o p m ent o f all of

,

w h ic h n o l ife b e c o m e s c o m pl ete T h e l ife whi c h h as on l y .

l en gth on ly inten s ity of am b ition i s n arrow T h e l ife whic h

, , .

h as l en g th an d b read th inten s e am bition an d b ro ad h u m anity

i s t h in it i s l ike a gr eat fl at
, ,

pl ain o f whi c h on e wearie s an d

T h e l ife w h ic h t
, , ,

w h i c h s oone r o r l ate r w ear ie s o f it s e l f o it s

l en gth an d b read t h adds h ei ght w h i c h t

.

o it s p e rs on al am bition

an d s y m p at h y w it h m e n adds t
,

h e love an d O b ed ien c e o f G od
c o m pl ete s it s e l f into t
,

h e c u be of t h e ete rn al c ity an d i s the l ife

c o m pl ete .

T h ink f or a m om ent o f t h e l ife of t h e g reat ap o s t l e t h e

I p re ss to ward the m ark f or t
,

m an l y m any s i d e d P au l
-
“
he
p ri z e of m y h i gh c all in g he w rite s t o t
.
,

h e Ph i l i pp i an s T h at i s .

t
,

h e l en g t h o f l ife f or hi m I wi ll gl adly sp en d an d be S p ent

h e w rite s t T h ere i s t
.

”
f or y ou ,
o t h e C o r int h i an s h e b re ad th .

o f l if e f o r h i m G o d h at h rai s e d u s u p an d m ad e u s s it
“

to get h e r in h i gh pl ac e s in C h ri s t Je su s h e write s t o t
.

”
he Ephe ,

s ian s T h e re i s t h e hei gh t of l ife f or h im Yo u c an add not h

in g t o t h e s e t h r ee d i m en s i on s w h en y ou t ry t o ac c o u nt t
. .

you r se l f f o r t h e i m p re ss ion of c o m pl etene ss whi c h c o m e s t o

y ou o u t o f h i s s i m pl e l ofty s to ry

W e nee d n o t s to p wit h h im Look at t

.
,

h e Lo r d of P au l S ee
h o w in C h r i s t t h e s am e s y m m etr i c al m an h oo d s hine s y e t
. .

m o re
c o m pl ete S ee wh at inten s e am bition t o c o m pl ete Hi s wor k

wh at ten d e r s y m p at h y w it h e v e ry s t ru ggl i n g b rot h e r a t

.
,

h i s S id e
an d at t
,

h e s am e ti m e wh at a p e rp etu al d e p en d en c e on h i s
Fo r t h i s c au s e c am e I into t
”
Fat h e r i s in H im
, . h e wo rld .

”
For t h ei r sakes I s an c t ify m y s e lf N ow O Fat h er gl o rify .
, ,
 CHA PTER VII

D I FF E R E N T T YP E S O F E XT E M P O RE S P E E C H E S

S o f ar w e h ave been c onside ring the extempo r e

method gene rally as applied to all so r ts of spee c hes
, ,

while attention h as been p aid mo re p ar tic u l arl y to the

rel ativel y sho r t pointed add r ess y et the p r in c iples an d
,

methods set f o r th appl y e q u all y to a long f o r m al add ress ,

an d to a b r ie f info r m al spee c h
,
T he r e are howeve r di f
.
, ,

f e re n t t y pes o f extempo r e speeches v ary ing in length ,

an d s t y le wi th the s u bj ec t an d the o c c asion .

A s to length we h ave seen th at a spee c h sho u ld

be m ade as sho r t as possible I tis obvio u s
,

alw ay s .
,

howeve r th at m an y s u bj e c ts co u ld not be adeq u atel y

,

t r e ated in ten fi fteen o r even thi r t y min u tes I n s u ch

, ,
.

c ases the spe aker m ii s t pl an his s u bj e c t m atte r to t all y -

with the ti me at his dispos al an d m ake his o u tline ao

,

c or d i n gl y . A p re ac he r f or ex ample wo u ld needs pl an
, ,

to m ake a p r ay e r meeting o r S u nd ay s c hool add r ess

- -

mo r e res tri c ted an d less exh au stive in tre atment th an

he wo u ld in the c ase of a sermon .

A gain the style of one s speech will vary with the occ a
’

sion an d t
,

h e au dien c e G ene rall y spe aking the s ty le o f

.
,

the extempo re spe ake r as we h ave p r evio u sl y obse r ved

, ,

sho u ld be th at o f his best conve r s ation N ow one s con ’

v e rs at
,
.

i o n al s t y le will v ary with the f o r m alit y o f the occ a

sion an d the intelligen c e o f the b e are r o r he ar e r s A nd .

so it is in p u blic spe aking an d esp ec i all y in extempo re

1 44
 D I F FE REN T TYPES OF S PE E CHE S 14 5

spe aking .P e r son al g rapple with an au dien c e d em ands

“

a st y le s u ited t o th at p ar ti c u l ar au dien c e H en c e the .

p owe r o f ad a pt abilit y needs to be developed This .

c annot b e att ained th r o u gh r u les b u tthe st u dent

'

sho u ld s o f ar as possible p racti c e ad apting himsel f to

, ,

di ff e rent au diences The d ange r o f the ove r ac ade mi c

.
-

st y le whi c h f req u ently p r events the c ollege b r ed m an

,
-

f rom re aching the pop u l ar e ar sho u ld be sed u lo u sl y

,

g u arded against .

By the ide a o f ad apt ation he r e u rged is n o t me ant th at

a m an be a we ather c o c k vee r ing w ith eve r y wind th at
,

blows it h as r e f e ren c e to s t y le rathe r th an to s u bst ance ,

to s y mp ath y rathe r th an to ch arac te r ; it simpl y me ans

th at i f a spe ake r is to c arry c onvic tion to a p ar tic u l ar
au dience he m u s t get in to u ch with th at au dien c e
,
To .

p u t the m a tte r in another w a

y a l w ay s sp e ak on a l e v el

w i l l; y ou r a u d i en c e ; not down to o r u p to b u t
, on a ,

level with as complete an ad apt ation as possible The .

pre acher f or ex ample who m akes a s u c cess f u l af te r

, ,

dinner speec h will not deliver a sermon H e will h ave .

the p u r pose o f hi s address in mind in the o n e c ase as

well as in the othe r b u t
,

,
the s ame s t y le wo u ld ordin ar il y
b e u ns u ited to both t y pes o f add r ess T h e u n i m p as
‘

s i o n e d ar g u ment th at a l aw y er might p r ope r l y deliver

to a co u rt wo u ld f ail to re ac h the ave rage j u ry The .

scientist add r essi n g a bod y o f f ellow scientists wo u ld -

n at u rall y u se a di c tion ill ad apted to spe aking on the

s ame s u bj e c t to a pop u l ar au dience T he st y le o f a .

S u nd ay sc hool address wo u ld r ar el y be s u ited to th at

-

o f a politi c al spee c h A nd so we might go on m u ltipl y

.

ing ill u s trations f o r the y are as n u mero u s as the au di

,

en c e s on e m a
y be c alled u pon to add ress .
146 EX T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G
A side f rom p ractice h o w sh all this q u ality of ad apt a
,

tion be app r e c i ated ? We c an do no bette r pe rh aps , ,

th an to append f o u r ex amples o f extempo re spee c hes ,

the fi r s t two p rep ar ed f o r delive ry to two d i ff e r ent i m

ag i n ary au dien c es an d the l atte r two ac t u ally delive r ed
,

b y H en ry W ar d B ee c he r u pon di ffe r ent oc c asions .

T he fi r st ex ample r ep resents a c olo rless u n i m p as ,

s i o n e d ar g u ment
,
add ressed p r im ar il y to the intelle c t ;

the se c ond ex ample is the s ame argu ment ad apted f or

delive ry to a pop u l ar au dien c e A s w ill be seen hese
.
,
t
two ex amples ill u s t rate the two ext r emes o f st y le The .

fi rst is methodi c al b u t d ry the se c ond m u c h less

“

o r de rl y b u tmo r e colloq u i al an d pop u l ar in st y le

,

“
,
.

F o r the ave r age mixed au dien c e p r ob ably a bette r

st y le th an eithe r o f these t
,

w o ext r emes wo u ld be one

embod y ing the me rits o f both .

The thi rd an d f o u r th ex amples ill u strate ad apt ation

to di fferent o c c asions an d au diences N u mbe r I I I is an .

ext rac t f r om B eeche r s spee c h at

’
L ive rpool d u ring the
sto r m an d st ress o f o u r C ivil W ar The spe ake r w as .

add r essing a st r ange au dien c e in a s t r ange h all hi s c o m ,

ing he ralded b y s c u rrilo u s pl ac ar ds an d th r e ats against

his li f e an d he w as c ompelled to fight f o r even the p rivi
,

lege o f spe aking at al l A n appe al f o r f ai r pl ay was

.
“

the re f o r e highly app rop ri ate The spee c h also f u r nishes

.

an excellent ill u st r ation o f ad apt ation to the c h ar acte r

an d previo u s opinions o f an au dien c e T he au dien c e .

being l argel y c omposed o f l abo r ing men thei r st and ard ,

o f v al u e w as w ages B ee c he r ac c o rdingl y ad apted his

.

appe al to the level o f this st and ar d an d spoke in a st y le

,

s u ited to r e ac h an d sti r th at p ar tic u l ar au dience O n .

the othe r h and the occ asion o f the se rmon ( extract I V )

,
148 EX T E M P O R E S PE A K I N G
S e c ondl y , j u s ti c e to o u r white c itizens dem ands negro
depo r t ation The p r esence o f the neg roes in o u r mids t
.
-

c on s tit u tes a poli ti c al an e c ono m i c an d a soci al men ace

, ,
.

The neg r oes ar e a politi c al men ac e be c au se whe r ever ,

the y ar e p r esent in c onside rable n u mbe r s the y attempt ,

to g ove r n the whites This w as ac t u all y the c ase i n R e

.

c onst ru c tion times an d u nde r o u r s y stem o f gove r n m ent

,

by m aj o rit y the possibilit y of its r e c u r r en c e is alw ay s ‘

th r e atening an d th u s the whites ar e c ompelled to adopt

,

q u estion able m ethod s to p revent it N ew E ngl and theo .

r iz e r s to the c ont r ar y not w i ths t anding the w hi tes will ,

neve r ag ain pe r m it the bl ac ks to p ar ti c ip ate in gove r n

ment as a c ont r olling f o rc e This being t ru e it is b u t
.
,

s imple j u sti c e to the whi tes i n a l ar ge sectio n o f o u r

c o u nt r y th at the neg r oes be r e m oved an d so allo w o u r ,

white citizens a no r m al politi c al ac tion an d development .

The neg r oes are an e c ono m i c m en ac e in th at the y are

as a c l ass l az y shi f tless th r i f tless addi c ted to pet t
, , ,
yt hie v
i n g an d hen c e u np r od u c tive an d u n r eli able
, F u r the r .
,

thei r st and ar d o f living is f ar below th at o f the ave rage

white l abo re r ; th u s i s the white l abo r e r deg raded .

A gain the neg r oes are a so c i al men ac e There is a

, .

so c i al antip ath y between whites an d bl ac k s whi c h is f elt

whe r eve r the two rac es c ome in c ont act This gives ri se .
,

among othe r evils to c l ass dis tinc tions T he st and ar d

,
.

o f m oralit y among the neg r oes is low an d this inevit abl y ,

h as a delete r io u s in fl u en c e on the whites The te rr ible .

an d te rr orizing e ffe c t o f u nb r idled p assion h as led the

whites in m an y c omm u nitie s to avenge inh u m an c r imes

, ,

b y modes of p u nishment sho c king to h u m an sensibilities

th u s the m o ral sensibilities o f th e whites are bl u nted .

S ince then depo r t ation wo u ld be j u st to the neg r oes

themselves be c au se assimil ation w ith t
, ,

,
h e W hites is i m
possible an d bec au se contin u ed semi sl avery o r grad u al
,
-
 D I FF E R E N T T Y PE S OF S PE E C H E S 149

extermination is u nj u s t an d since d epo r t ation wo u ld be

j ust t o the whites f o r the politi c al economic an d soci al , ,

r e asons th at I h ave shown —the r e f o r e the depo r t ation

of t
,

h e n e g roe s ac c o r ds with the de m ands o f j u s ti c e

‘

II . T HE J
U S T I CE OF N E G R O D E PO R TAT I O N
Th e f or e
g oi n
g ar
gu m en t
i n a m or e “
p op u l a r sf
y le

You y th
saat to d epo r t the neg r oes f r o m this co u nt r y

wo u ld be u nj u st U nj u st to whom ? Yo u t alk abo u t

j u sti c e to the neg roes B u tis it not abo u t ti m e we
.

he ar d something abo u t j u sti c e to the whites ? I s o u r s

a government o f bl ac k m e n an d is it to be one f or ~

bl ac k men ? I f so let u s atle ast be honest an d let

,

A n ac tto t ake the

, ,

C ong r ess p ass a l aw entitled ,

“

c hildren s b r e ad an d give it to the dogs L et s be

’ ’
.

d one with this eve rl as ting c ant abo u t i nj u stice to the

negr o an d get down to commo n sense
,
.

O n e thing is c e r t ain The whites an d bl ac ks c annot

.

live in the s ame com m u nit y in this c o u ntry pe ac e abl y

an d c ontentedly D oes an y one do u b t this ? I f there i s
.

an y whe r e in A me r i c a a good N ew E ngl and h u m ani “

,
”
t ar i an c omm u nit y whose c itizens think the y co u ld live
,

c ontentedl y in a c omm u nit y with abo u t an eq u al n u mber

o f neg r oes let them m ake themselves known an d there

, ,

ar e m an y c o m m u nities i n the S o u th th at wo u ld gl adl y

f u r nish neg r o colonists i n almost an y n u mber — the

mo r e the bette r N ow i f thes e N ew E ngl ande r s wo u ldn t
.
,
’

be s i c k o f thei r b argain insid e o f a month then t ru th is ,

a li ar an d inj u sti c e i s neg r o depo r t ation These people .

wo u ld soon discover th at seeing a neg r o once in a W hile ,

an d living with c onside rable n u mbe r s o f them are ,

two q u ite di ffe r ent p ropositions T alk abo u t pe ace an d .

c ontentment where men d are not le ave thei r wives

1 50 EX T E M P O RE S PEA K I N G
an d d au ghte r s u ng u ar ded f or a single moment ! S ome
neg roes are intelligent an d r espe c t able — oh y es B u t if ,

a neg r o is a do c to r is he y ou r f am il y ph y si c i an ? Wo u ld
,

ou h ave h i m o r y o u r p asto r o r f or y o u r c hild r en s

’

y f
te ac he r ? Wo u ld y ou w ant him f o r j u dge o f yo u r co u nt y
“

c ou rt o r gove r nor o f y o u r st ate

,
o r P r esident o f the ,

U nited S t ates I n sho rt al l this t alk abo u t e qu al so c i al

,

or politi c al r ights is j u s t pl u mb f oolishness .

A nd wh y wo u ld it be u nj u st to the neg r oes to depo r t

them ? I t w ou ld o n l y s t ar t them again whe re the y l e f t
o ff with all the help the whites m ay h ave me anwhile
,

given the m The y are m u c h bette r o ff b y the m selves

The y c o u ld by themselves wo r k o u t
.
,

anyw ay . thei r own

s alv ation W itho u t the whites to inte r fe r e w ith the m as
at
,

p r esent The neg r oes o u ght to wel c ome this depo r t a

tion pl an as being an ac t
.

o f g r e ate r j u sti c e th an the y

h ave eve r r e c eived f r o m the U nited S t ates o r eve r c an ,

r e c eive ; an d whites an d bl ac ks o u ght to u nite in a

m i g ht y sho u t o f A ll abo ar d

III . B EECHE R AT L I VE RPOO L

I t is m atte r o f ve ry little c onseq u en c e to m e p e r
a

ut
,

s o n al l
y W hethe
,
r I spe ak he r e to night o r not B one -
.

thing i s ve r y c e r t ain i f y ou do pe r mit me to spe ak he r e

,

to night yo u will he ar ve ry pl ain t alking You will not

-

,
.

fi nd m e to be a m an th at d ar ed to spe ak abo u t G r e at
B r it ain th r ee tho u s and miles o ff an d then is af raid to ,

spe ak to G r e at B r it ain when he st ands on h e r sho res .

A nd i f I do n o tm i s t ak e the tone an d tempe r o f E n g

,

li s h m e n the y h ad r athe r h ave a m an who opposes them

t
,

in a m anly w ay th an a sne ak th at ag r ees with hem in

an u n m anly w a N o w i f I c an c ar ry o u with m e b y
y y
so u nd c onvi c tions I sh all be i m m ensely gl ad ; b u t
.
,

,
if I
1 52 E X T E M P O R E S P E AK I N G
the le ast an d the c he apest th at he c an ; he b r ings aw ay
as little as he c an ; an d he b u y s f or the le ast he c an .

A s av age is a m an o f one s to r y an d th at one story a ,

c ell ar .When a m an begins to be c ivilized he raises

anothe r sto ry When y o u ch risti anize an d civilize the
m an y ou p u t
.

,
sto ry u pon s to ry f or you develop f ac u lt y ,

af te r f ac u lt y an d y ou h ave to s u pply every s to r y with

,

y o u r prod u c tions The s av age i s a m an one sto ry deep ;

.

the c ivilized m an is thi r t y sto ries deep N ow i f y ou go .

,

to a lodging ho u se whe r e the r e are th ree or f o u r men ,

y o u r s ales to the m m ay no do u bt be wo r th something ;

bu t
, ,

i f y ou go to a lodging ho u se like some of thos e whic h

I s aw in E dinb u r gh which seemed to c ont ain abo u t twent y
,

sto ries eve ry sto ry o f whi c h is f u ll an d all who o c c u p y

, ,

b u y o f y o u whi c h is the bette r c u stomer the m an who

is d rawn o u t
, ,

o r the m an who is pinched u p ? When

dep r essed an d b ac k w ar d people dem and th at the y m ay
h ave a ch an c e to r ise it i s a d u t y f o r h u m anit y s s ake
,
’

it is a d u t y f o r the highes t mo ral motives t o s y mp athize

with them ; b u t
,

besides al l these the r e i s a m ate r i al an d

an inte r ested r e ason wh y y o u sho u ld s y mp athize with

them P o u nds an d pen c e j oin with c ons c ien c e an d with

.

hono r i n this design I t is s aid th at y o u r c hie f

.

w ant is cotton I den y it Y o u r c hie f w ant is c u stom

Yo u c o u ld t u r n ou t
. .

e rs . f o u r f old as m u c h as you do ,

if yo u onl y h ad the m ar ket to sell in Th at n ation is the .

best c u sto m e r th at is f r eest be c au se f r eed om wo rk s ,

p r ospe r it y ind u st ry an d we alth G re at B r it ai n then

, ,
.
, ,

aside f r om mo r al c onside r ations h as a di r ec t c omme r ,

c i al an d pec u ni ary inte r est in the libe r t y c iviliz ation , ,

an d we alth o f eve r y n ation on the globe .

 D I F F E R E N T T Y PE S . OF S PE E C H E S 1 53

IV . B E EC H E R A T P L Y M O U T H CH U RC H 1

We are c hil d ren o f G od in p ropo r tion as we are in

.

s y mp ath y with those who are ro u nd abo u t u s an d in ,

p r opo r tion as we be ar with e ac h othe r H o w s ac red is .

m an f or whom C hrist d ied

,
A nd how r u thlessl y do we
t r e at him ! O h m y b r other ; oh m y sister ; oh f athe r
, , ,

an d mother ; ou are o f me an d I am o f y ou ! We h ave

y
t h e s ame tempt ations We are w alking to the s ame
so u nd s We are u pon the s ame j ou r ne y o u t
!

o f d ar k

ness towar d ligh t ; ou t o f bond age tow ar d libe r t y ; o u t

.
,

o f sin towar d holiness ; ou to f e ar th toward he aven ;

ou t o f sel f towar d G od L et u s cl asp h ands L et u s . .
_

cove r e ach other s fau lt s L et u s pray mo r e an d e r iti

’
.

c ise less L et u s love mo r e an d h ate less L et u s be ar

. .

mo r e an d smite less A nd b y an d b y when we s t and .

,

in the u nth ralled l and in p u re light m ade as the angels, ,

o f G od we will pit y o u r selves f or eve ry s tone th at we

th r ew b u t
,

,
we sh all not be sorry f or an y te ar th at we
shed o r an y ho u r o f p atient end u ran c e th at we e xp e ri
N ot
,

e n c e d f o r anothe r the s ongs th at you s ang not

the ve rses th at y ou wrote not t
.
,

h e mon u ments th at y ou
b u ilt not the mone y th at you am assed b u t
,

,
wh at y ou ,

did f or one o f C h r ist s little ones in th at ho u r will be

’

y o u r j o y an d y o u r glory above eve ry thing else .

B rethren this is a sermon th at o u ght to h ave an

,

applic ation to d a o n y o u r wa home in y o u r ho u ses

y y
-

, , ,

an d in y o u r b u siness to mo rr ow F r om this time f orth

-

.
,

see th at yo u are bette r men y o u r selves an d see th at ,

y o u r bette r ment is t u r ned to the ac co u nt o f somebod y

e lse . A nd consider y o u rselves as g r owing in g rac e in
t l it t
7
1 The l i of a
c on c u s o n s e rm o n .
“
y
Pl m ou h Pu p ”
24
5 , E i gh h
M a c h—S ep t
,

i es
S er , r em be r, 1 8 2 .
1 54 E XT E M P O R E S P EA K I N G

p r oportion as y ou g r ow in p atience an d in help fu ln e ss .

C onside r y o u rselves as g r owing in piet y an d as growing

tow ard G od in proportion as y o u g r ow i n s y mp ath y f or
m en .

EXE RC I S ES
As sign su bj ec t s for the p re p aration of sp eec hes t o diffe rent

au d ien c e s For thi s p rac ti c e it wo u ld p e rh aps b e be s t t o have

t h e sp eec h e s written ou t
.

in advan c e an d th en re ad an d e riti
,

c i s e d befo r e the c l ass Fo ll o win g are s u gge s ted s u b j ec t s an d

o c c as ion s ( other su b j ec t s ad ap te d t
.

o l o c al c on d ition s wi ll n atu

r all y be s u ppl ie d b y the in d ivi d u al teac h e r r e p ar e an

) ( ) 1 P
arg u m ent of abo u t o n e tho u san d wo rds t
.

, o be m ad e befo r e a

c onvention of b u s ine ss m en o n t h e p ro p o sition th at t h e tar iff

,

o n s tee l rai ls sho u l d be abo l i sh e d ; then ad ap t the s am e argu

m ent f o r d e l ive ry t o a p o p u l ar au dien c e in a p re s i d enti al

c am p ai gn P re p are a sp ee c h f or d el ive ry t o t h e c l ass in

.
( )
2

wh i c h y ou favo r a l e g i sl ative app ro p riation for an as trono m i c al

ob s e rv ato ry ( or other im p rovem ent) f or thi s c o ll e g e Then
su pp o s e you were t o sp eak on the s am e s u b j e c t at
.

a p o l iti c al

barbec u e or at a c ou ntry p i c ni c ; h ow w ou ld you c h an g e you r

fi rs t sp eec h ? ( 3 ) P re p are a sp ee c h for a p ol itic al c am p ai gn in

t
whi c h you are inte re s ted o b e d e l ive re d befor e a m ass m eet
,

in g of m e m be r s of yo u r own p arty N ow s u pp o s e y ou h ad an
o pp o rtunity t o m ake the sp ee c h t
.

o a m ass m eetin g o f the

o pp o s ite p arty ; h ow wou l d you revi s e the fi rs t S p ee c h ?

1 56 E XT E M P O R E S PEAK I N G
tim e p erm it s a review of t h e sp eec he s by the teac her with
m ay s o m eti m e s b e he l pf u l t o t
, ,

c r iti c i s m s an d s u gg e s tion s he
Howe v e r eac h s t u d ent wi ll s oon l earn t
,

c l ass as a who l e .
, o

r e c o gni z e h i s o wn an d othe r s l ead in g f au l t s an d t h e c r itic i s m s

’
,

an d s u gg e s tion s note d on e ac h o u t l ine w i ll g ene rall y be su ffi

c ient A g oo d sp eec h bein g the happy c on j u n c tion of sp e aker

s u b j e c t an d o c c as ion en c ou rage t h e s tu dent s t
.
,

, ,
o m ake e ac h

exe rc i s e a real o c c as ion T o t h i s e n d l et the c lass n ow an d

.
,

then b e o rganiz e d into a c on v ention o r othe r b o d y w it h

a c h ai rm an t o anno u n c e the p ro g ram m e an d int ro d u c e t
, ,

he
sp e aker s S o m e of t h e fo ll o win g exe rc i s e s it wil l be seen are
.
, ,

pl anne d w it h t h i s in v iew .

E XE R C I S E I
S U BJ E CT ! Ex tmp
e or e Sp ea k i ng

What i s E xte m p o r e S p eakin g

T h e D ifferent Way s of P re p arin g an d D e l iverin g an Add re s s .

Ad vantag e s of t h e E xtem p ore M et h o d .

C an E xte m p o r e S p e akin g b e A c qu i re d ?
a E x am pl e s o f G re at O rato r s of t
. h e Pas t .
1

Te sti m ony of C ontem p orary S p eakers .

1

G ene ral P re p aration for E xte m p ore S p eakin g .

a A G oo d G ene ral E d u c ation

. .

5 Gathe rin g S p eec h M ate rial

. .

e R ead in g
. .

a W ritin g
’
. .

e A c qu i rin g a V oc ab u l ary
. .

f P rac tic e in E xte m p o re S p eakin g

. .

1 S ee I n td t
ro i uc on .
 AP P E N D I X

EXE RC I S E II

S UBJ E C T ! Sp ec i a l P p ar a
re t
i
on
f or Ex tmp e or e Sp ea ki ng

1 . An al y s i s of t h e S u bj ec t .

a
. T h e Pri m ary R equ i s ite of a Good S p ee c h .

5 S te ps in An al y s i s an d the Tentative O u t l ine

. .

2. R ead in g f or A m pl i fi c ation .

a
. M et h o ds in R ead in g .

5 Fin d in g Li s t s avai l able in O u r Library

. .

The F in al O u tl ine .

a
. D i s c u ss G ene ral ly .

5 Ty p e s of O u t l ine s
. .

M em o rizin g t h e O u t l ine .

S il ent S peakin g .

EX E RC I S E III

S U BJ E C T Ex tmp e or a n eou s D el i v e ry

Unity an d C l earne ss .

C on c retene ss
P ro p ortion
As t
.

a o the P art s o f t h e S p ee c h

6 As t
. .

. o Len g th .

M ov em ent .

Le av in g D e fi nite I m p re ss ion s .

I m p rove m ent in E xtem p o r e S p eakin g .

a . T h rou gh S el f C ritic i s m an d R e v iew

-
.

M aintainin g a High S tan d ard .

1 58 EX T E M P O R E S P E A K I N G

EX E R C I S E IV

O CC A S I O N A M eet i g of t ko S t u d en t
s Or a tor zea t
A ssoc i at
io n
'
’
n

S U BJ E C T F a m ou I n c i de n t
s s i n a !; H is t
or
y of Or a t
o y
r

1 Add re ss of C hai rm an What i s O ratory ?

D e m o s t h ene s O n t h e C rown
’
.

C i c e r o ag ain s t C ati l in e
An tony at
.

C ae s ar s Fu ne ral
’

Lu t h e r at
.

t h e D iet of W o rm s
S av on aro l a a t th e C hu rc h of S t
.

M ark
' '

. .

T h e Las t S p ee c h of Robert E m m et .

Bu rke s I m p eac h m ent of W arr en H as tin gs

’

O C o n n e ll at
.

’
t h e Hill of T ara
J am e s O ti s att h e O l d S tate h ou s e Bo ston S p ee c h
.

O pp o s ition t
,

o the W r it s of Ass i s t an c e .

P atric k Hen ry befo re the V irg inia Hou s e of D e l e gate s .

E XE R C I S E V
OC C AS I O N AN D S U BJ E C T ! S am e as
'

p r eoedzng

W eb s te r s R e pl y
’
tH
yne o a .

T h e F i r s t Joint D eb ate b etween Lin c o l n an d D o u gl as .

Lam ar s E u l ogy of C h arl e s S u m ne r

’

P renti ss at
.

N ew O rl ean s
Ph i ll ips at
.

Fan e u il H all
Bee c h er at
.

Li v e rp ool
C u rti s at
.

Ph i l ad e lph ia .

In g er s o ll s N o m in ation o f B l ain e
’
.

B l aine s E u l o gy o f G arfi e ld
’
.

”
G rad y in N ew Yo rk ! Hi s N ew S ou th S pee c h
B ry an at
.

C h i c ago .
1 60 E X T E M P O R E S PE AK I N G

EX E R C I S E V I I I
S U BJ E C T ! M aker s oi t
s ory

P e ric l e s
.

C ae s ar
.

C h arl e m agne .

Lo u i s X I V .

Hen ry V II I .

P eter t h e G reat .

N ap ol eon .

Bi s m arc k .

Gl ads tone .

A brah am Lin c oln .

EX E R C I S E IX

S U BJ E C T ! t
G r e a A m e r i c a n Or a t
or s

1 W eb s te r .

Bee c h er .

P renti ss .

P hi ll ips .

C u rti s
.

Grad y .

In g er s oll .

B ry an .

Be v eridge .

B ail ey.
 AP P E N D I X 16 1

EX E R C I S E X
S U BJ E C T t
G r ea N a m es i n

Wash in g ton .

Frank l in .

H am i lton .

Jeffers on .

W eb s ter .

Lin c oln .

Lee .

G rant .

M ann .

E d i s on .

EX E RC I S E X I
S U BJ E C T ! A m er i c a n S ttm
a es en

S am u e l Ad am s .

J ohn Ad am s .

Jo hn H an c oc k .

C al ho u n .

C l ay .

Su m ne r .

C l eve l and .

M c K in l ey .

B ry an .

R oo s evel t .
1 62 EX T E M P O R E S P E A K I N G

E XE R C I S E XII

OC C AS I O N ! A N on p a r t
-
i a n M as M eet
s i ng s

S U B J E C T ! Tli e P r es i den t
i a l Ca m p a ign of 1 9

A dd re ss of C h airm an ! P arty G overn m ent in A m eric a .

T h e R e p ub l ic an an d D e m oc ratic Platfo rm s C om p ared .

T h e P ro h ib ition an d P o p u l i s t Platform s C o m p are d .

T h e I ss u e s of t h e C am p aign .

Th e C an d id ate of t h e R e p u bl ic an Party .

T h e C an d i d ate of the D e m oc ratic Party .

T h e C an d id ate of t h e Pro h ib ition Party

T h e C andi d ate of t
.

h e P o p u l i s t P arty
T h e C an d i d ate o f t
.

h e S o c ial i s t Labo r P arty

-
.

A P ro p hec y of the Re su l t .

EX E R C I S E XIII

O CC A SION A t
M ee i ng of /
tY gM
ze ou n en s
’
t
P ol i i ca l Cl u b

S U BJ E C T ! Tne P r es id t
eni l C mp
a a ai
g n o
f 1 9

H A dd re ss of C hai rm an E l ec tion D ay an d the R etu rn s .

N El e m ent s of S t ren g th in t h e V i c to r iou s Party .

J E l e m ent s o f W e akne ss i n t h e V i c to rio u s Party

Q

A E l e m ent s of W e akne ss in t h e D e f eat

.

ed Party
_
.

M E l e m ent s of S tren g t h in the D efeate d P arty

G T h e R e s u l t as affe c te d by t h e V ote of O the r P artie s
\ S p ec tac u l ar Fe atu re s of t
.

I
h e C am p ai gn
The Fu tu re of t
.

O
O h e P ro h ib ition P arty .

O
\
T h e Fu tu re of the D e m o c ratic P arty .

HO Th e Fu tu re of t h e R e pu b l i c an Party .
1 64 EX T E M P O R E S P E A K I N G

EXE R C I S E X V I
O CC AS I O N t
/
! E d u c a i on a l Conf e r en c e

S U BJ E CT ! [ de a l s i n H z
g zer E d u c a i on t
Add re ss of C h airm an ! W hat i s E d u c ati on ?
W h at i s a C o ll e g e ?
Wh at i s a Uni v er s ity ?
A N ation al Univer s ity .

E l e c ti v e vs P re s c r ib e d C ou rs e s of S tu d y
. .

S h ou ld t h e A c ad e m i c D e p art m ent of a C o ll e g e Univ er

s ity grant b u t a S in gl e D e gr ee ?

T h e G o v ern m ent of Stu d ent s .

T h e Hono r Sy s tem I n E xam in ation s .

T h e Qu e s tion of C oe d u c ation .

C o ll e g e S p ir it
.

EX E R C I S E XV I I
O CC A S I O N t
M ee i ng of t
b Fi e n an c e S c h ool

Ad d re ss of C h airm an M oney an d it s U s e s
'

An E x pl an ation of 1 6 t o I w it h t
.

77
h e Hi s to ry of Bi m et all i s m
in t h e Unite d S tate s t
,

o 1 8 3 .

T h e Hi s tory of Bi m etall i s m s in c e 1 8 3 .

Th e I m m e d i ate Free C oin ag e of S ilve r .

A Go ld S tand ard .

Inte rn ation al Bim etall i s m .

G reenbac k s .

P ani c s T h ei r C au s e s .

T h e P arity of S i l ver w ith G o l d .

T h e C u rr en c y Qu e s tion as affec te d b y E v ent s s in c e 1 8 9 6 .

N ee d e d C h an g e s in ou r B ankin g Laws .
 AP P E N D I X 165

EX E R C I S E XV I I I
S U BJ E C T ! E c on om i c Con d i i on s t
S i gn s of D i s c ontent .

C au s e s of D i s c on tent .

The In d u s trial R evo l u tion as a C au s e .

An O p ti m i s tic V iew o f t h e In d u s tr ial R e v ol u tion .

T h e Bad S ide of th e In d u s trial R ev ol u tion .

T h e C o m pl aint of t h e Farm e r .

T h e C o m pl aint of t h e C on su m e r .

T h e C o m plaint of t h e W orkin gm an .

S o c i al i s m.

The N ew S oc ial S p i rit .

EXE R C I S E X I X
S U BJ E C T ! A m er i c a n I n d u s ry t
The M e rit s of Lab or O rgan ization s .

T h e E v i ls of Lab o r O rganization s .

C onvic t Labo r
T h e Hou s in g of t
.

h e P oo r .

M u ni c i p al A i d for t h e Unem pl oyed .

The E ight hou r D ay

-
.

G ene ral Boot h s E m pl oy m ent Sy s te m

’
.

A m eri c an Wag e s .

A m eric an W o rkin gm en .

N eede d R efo rm s in In d u s t rial M et h o ds .

1 66 EX T E M P O R E S P E A K I N G

E X E R C I S E XX
OCC AS I O N L a bor D ay

Lab or D ay an d Ho l id ay s .

The Labo r P ro b l e m .

Lab o r O rganiz ation s .

T h e C o u rt s an d Lab o r O rganiz ation s .

Fr ee Lab or .

Labo r an d C ap ital .

T h e R i gh t s of Laborin g M en .

Le g iti m ate S trike M et h o ds

T h e D i s c ontent of t
.

he Ti m e s .

S o c i al i s m of ou r Ti m e s .

EXE RC I S E XX I
O CC A SI O N Tb a n b sg i o i ng D ay

A dd re ss of C h ai rm an ! N ation al Ho l id ay s
The Hi story of T h ank sg iv in g ( s ee M ag A m l i ntXI V
.

. .
, ,

5 5 6 ; XV I ,

T h e P re s id ent s Thank sg ivin g P roc lam ation

’
.

M atte rs f or N ation al T h ank sgiv in g .

T h e U s u al O b s e rvan c e of T h ank sg ivin g D ay .

H ow sh o u ld T h ank sg ivin g be O b s e rve d ?

T h anksg ivin g D inner .

Thank sg ivin g Football

/
.

T h e Tu rkey an d Th ank sg ivin g .

M r D oo l ey on Thank sg ivin g ( H a rp e r s Wee Ply XLI V

.
’
, ,
1 68 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G

E X E R C I S E XX I V
O CC AS I O N A r bor D ay

Th e O ri g in an d A rbo r D ay
S ign ifi c a ion t of .

H ow the D ay i s u s u ally O b s er v e d .

H ow it sh o u ld be O b s e rv ed .

T h e D an g e rs invol ve d in t h e D e s tru c tion of ou r Fore s t s .

V eg etation an d R ainfall .

T h e G e rm an M et h od of Fo re s t C u l ti vation
-
.

T h e A m eric an M etho d of Fore s t C u l tivation .

S c h oo ls of Fo re s t ry .

T ree Plantin g d e s i rabl e in t h i s S tate .

T r ee Pl antin g d e s irab l e in thi s Loc al ity .

EX E R C I S E XX V
S U BJ E C T Th e L i qu or P r obl e m

Hi s to ric al S ket c h of t h e Te m p e ran c e M o v em ent in A m e ric a .

T h e G oo d Te m pl ars .

T h e Wo m an s C h ri s tian Te m p e ran c e Union

’
.

T h e C aree r of Jo h n B G ou gh . .

The Main e Liqu or Law .

P r ohibiti on in V e rm ont .

P rohibition in K an sas .

T h e S ou t h C aro l in a D i sp en s ary S y s tem .

T h e N ew Yo rk S tate Hi gh Li c en s e S y s tem .

Th e A rm y C anteen
T h e S ol u tion of t
.

h e Liqu o r P rob l e m .
 AP P E N D I X 1 69

EX E R C I S E XX V I
S U BJ E C T ! Th e Con s i t
tti u on o
f t ed St
h U it t n e a es

It s O ri g i n an d C o m p ro m i s e C harac te r .

The N ature of the Fe d eral G o v e rn m ent .

It s M e rit s an d P o ss ib l e D efec t s .

As C o m p are d w ith t h e En gl i sh S y s tem .

S tate R i ght s an d C ent ral iz ation .

C h e c k s an d B al an c e s .

A m en d m ent s .

The Fou rteent h an d Fifteenth A m en d m ent s .

D oe s the C on s titu tion foll o w t h e Flag ?

“

N ee d ed C h an g e s an d A m end m ent s .

EX E RC I S E XXV I I
S U BJ E C T Th e M on r oe D oc ti r ne

T h e Holy A l l ian c e .

T h e D oc t rine as P rom u lgated by Pre s id ent M on roe an d

t h e E ff e c t in En gl an d .

R ec e p tion in t h e Unite d S tate s an d G ro wt h of t h e I d ea

Appl ic ation t
.

o M exi c o an d P an am a

Appl ic ation t
.

o H awaii an d C u b a

Appl ic ation t
.

o V ene z u e l a .

Inter p retation by P re s ident C l eve l an d an d A ttitu d e of

En gl an d in the V ene zu e l a C as e
Appl ic ation t
.

o t h e P hi l i pp ine s .

Le g i sl ation c on c e rnin g t h e D o c t rine .

Pr e s ent A ttitu d e of Fo rei gn N ation s toward t h e D o c t rine .

 EX E R C I S E XXV I I I
S U BJ E C T ! Th e Sp i r i tf L i b t
o
y i er n t
tt
A m er i c a n I n s i u i on s

C i v i l Li b e rty
G rowt h of Libe rty am on g t
.

h e C o l onie s .

T h e Free In s titu tion s c h e ri sh e d by t h e C o lonie s .

Li b e rty in t h e D e c l aration of In d e p en d en c e .

O u r He rit ag e of Free d om in t h e C on s titu tion .

Free d o m of T h ou gh t .

Freed om of S p eec h
Free d o m o f t
.

h e P r e ss .

T h e B all ot an d t h e D u tie s of C itizen s hi p

D an g e rs t
.

o o u r F ree In s titu tion s .

EX E R C I S E XX I X
S U BJ E C T R e l igi ou s L iber y t
Freed o m of C on s c ien c e .

R e l ig iou s Lib erty in Rh o d e I sl an d an d M ary l an d

F i r s t A m en d m ent t o t
.

h e C on s tit u tion .

S e p aration o f C h u rc h an d S t ate .

S e c tar ian S c h oo ls an d C o ll e g e s .

A m e ri c an C h u rc he s ! C au s e s of d i v i s ion ; c hu rc h u nity .

R el ig iou s Fo rc e s an d P o p u l ation in t h e Unite d S tate s .

T h e E v an g e l i c al an d N on e v an g e l i c al E l em ent s
-
.

C h arac te ri s ti c s o f A m e ri c an C h ri s tianity .

H ow t h e C hu rc h e s affec t S o c iety .
1 7 2 EX T E M P O R E S PE A K I N G

EX E R C I S E X XX I I
S U BJ E C T ! Law an d L a wy ers

What i s Law ?
T h e Th ree Pr in c i pal M o d e s of Layin g D own the Law
t h i s C ou ntry .

T h e C ou rt s of thi s S tate an d thei r J u risd i c tion .

T h e D u ty of the Lawye rs in C ri m in al Ac tion s

T h e D u ty of the Lawye r t
.

o hi s C l ient in C i v i l A c tion s .

The Lawye r I n P u b l i c Life .

a . As P o l iti c ian .

b As Le g i sl ato r
. .

c . As J u dge .

T h e Po p u l ar E s ti m ate of t h e Legal P rofess ion .

E l e m ent s of Su c c e ss in t h e Le g al P rofe ss ion .

EX E R C I S E XXX I I I
SU BJ E C T Th e Tr a i n i ng f
o t
h L
e a wy er

1 . N eed of a Libe ral E d u c ation .

a In Hi s to ry an d P o l itic al S c ien c e
. .

b In C on s titu tion al Law

. .

c In Intern ational Law

. .

d In t h e S c ien c e s
. .

e
. In Foreign Lan guag e s .

f In En gl i s h Lan gu ag e an d Lite ratu re

. .

g In P u b l i c S p e akin g
. .

Advantage s of S tu d y in a Law O ffi c e .

Adv antag e s of S tu d y in a Law Sc h ool .

C as e vs Text book M et h o d o f In s t ru c tion

.
-
.
 AP P E N D I X 1 7 3

EX E R C I S E XXX I V
S U BJ E C T F a m ou s L eg a l A rg u m en t
s

Lo rd M an sfi e ld A n swe r t o the P ru ss i an M e m o ri al .
1

Th o m as E r skine .

D efen s e of Lo rd G eo rg e G ord on 1
a

b D efen s e of Jo h n S t
. .

l
o c kd al e

in t
. .

c. For t h e P ro s e c u tion h e P ro c eed in gs again st ,

T h om as W i ll iam s 2
.

Al exan d e r Ham i l ton ! O n the C on s titu tional ity of a Bank

of the Unite d S tate s
1
.

C hief J u s ti c e M arsh all .

a . J u d ic ial O p inion in the C as e of M c C u ll oc h again s t

t h e S tate of M ary l an d 1

J
.

b . u d ic ial O p in ion In t h e C as e o f Gi bb on s again s t O gd en .

Wi ll iam W i rt ! A rgu m ent in the C as e o f G ib bon s again st

O gd en 2
.

6 Patric k Hen ry ! T h e R ight of a S tate d u rin g the R e vo lu

tion t
.
,

o c on fi s c ate B r iti sh D ebt s

2
.
,

W i l liam P in kn ey D efen s e of John Hod g es 2

.

E X E R C I S E XXX V
S U BJ E C T F am ou s L eg a l A rg u m en t s

Lo rd B rou gh am D efen s e of John A W i ll iam s . .

1

H o rac e B inney T h e G i rard W i ll C as e 1

S ir Al exan d e r C o c kb u rn D efen s e of D anie l M c N au gh t

.

l
on .

Benj am in R C u rti s ! .

a. D efen s e of P re s i d ent Jo h n s on .
1

b J u d ic ial O p inion in the C as e of D re d S c ott again s t

.

S an d fo rd 1

C harg e t
.

c. o the J u ry in t h e C as e o f t h e Unite d S t ate s

again st M c G l u e
1
.

d A rgu m ent in the C as e of G arnett again st t h e Unite d

.

S tate s .
1

C h arl e s O C on n o r
’
.

a. C as e of the B ri g o f W ar G ene ral A rm s t ron g

- -
.

b C as e of O rm sby ag ain s t D ou gl ass

. .
1

c. A rgu m ent before t h e E l ec to ral C o m m i ss ion ,

1 S V d
ee L g l M tp i
ee e r, e a as e r ec e s

G t b y G at
.

2S S yd
ee n Sp h
e r,
“
L wy
re a e ec es re a e rs .
1 7 4 E X T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G

EX E R C I S E X XXV I
S U BJ E C T F a m o L g a l A g m e n t us e r u s

1 . Daniel We b s te r .

a C as e of O gd en again s t S au n d e rs
. .
1

b D art m o u t h C o ll e g e C as e
.
?

c Ag ain s t John F Kn app

. .
?’ 3

d C as e o f Lu t h er ag ain s t Bo rd en ?

C as e o f M ass y again s t t h e M arq u i s of H e ad fo rt

.

l
2. .

a S t ate m ent of Fac t s

. .

b O p enin g fo r Pl aint iff by B art h o l o m e w Hoar

.
,
.

c O p enin g f or D efen d ant by Tho m as Qu in

.
,
.

d C l o s in g f o r D efen d ant by G eo rg e P on s onby

.
,
.

e C l o s in g f or Plaintiff by J o hn Ph i lp ot C u rran .

f Baron S m it h s C h arg e t
.
,

o t h e J u ry
’
. .

E X E R C I S E XXX V I I
S U BJ E CT ! F am ou s L eg a l A rgu m en t s

W en d e ll Ph i ll i ps t h e R em oval of J u dg e Lo rin g
On .

R ic h ard Hen ry D an a ! B r ief of P rize C as e s ?

Je rem iah B lac k In Behalf of Lam bdin P M i ll igan “

! . .
2

D av i d D u dl ey Fie ld In Behalf of W i ll iam H M c c ardle ? 2

.
’

W i ll iam M E vart s . .

a . Th e Le m m on S l av e C as e ?

b O n Be h al f of t h e Unite d S tate s befo re the T r ibu n al

of A rbit ration at
.
,

G ene va?
6 . J am e s C C ar te r
. .

a . O n Be h al f of t h e United S tate s in the Fu r S eal ,

-

A rbitration ?

b Fo r t h e C on s titu tion al ity of t h e Unite d S tate s In c o m e

.

Tax
t
.

Jo s e ph H . C ho ate ! Again s t t h e C on s titu tion ality of h e

In c o m e Tax .

1 S ee S ydn e r, G re a tS p eec hes by G r e atL awye rs

t
.

2 S ee Ve e der “
L lM as e r p i e c e s
—8
e ga

t t ty
, .

”
3 S ee l Shur M as e rp i e c e s o f M o d e rn O ra 61
Fi t
a so e r, or 12
Le c te
, .

al s o P h illi s A dd re ss e s
4 ”
S ee p , S p e ec h e s , ur s, an d , rs

S e ri es , 1 54.
1 7
6 EX T E M P O R E S P EA K I N G

EXE R C I S E XL

S U BJ E C T ! Cu r r en t (t
o b e s u pp l i e d )
 I N D EX

A bb o t tLy m an q u o t,ed 3 1 26

A dd r e s s way s o f p re p ar i n g an d
,
, , 7 , 3 6;
fi
-

ne d,
ac q u s

18
i it
i
—2 0 ;
on

ad
o f,

va n
6—1

t
7
; de
ag e s o f,

—4 2 6 1— t
7
d el ive i n g a r n, 32 6 9 ; g e n e r a p r e p ar a l i on f o r,
t
7
1—

7
86 ; s p e c a p r e p ara i l i on f o r,
B —
7t
eec h e r, He n ry W ard , 1 4, 1 ; 90 10

td
7
quo e , 65 , 4; s o ry o f, 1 32

s p e ec h by , 1 5 0, 1 5 3 Fi nc h , F r an c s i M .
, s p ee c h by , 4
B igh tq td td
7
r ,
uo e , Io F o x, q u o e 9, 8 5
,

B k P h il l ip F td
7
7t
ro o s, s , s p e ec h by , 141 ry e , W illi am P , q u o . e , 15 , 5
Bro u gh am , q u o e d , t 85
Jq
,

Bry an , W l am i li .
, u o ed , 16 ; on e q ot
G l ad s t ed 1 1 , u ,

s p e ec h by , 28 G r ad y H e n y W s p e e c h
, r .
, by, 112

Ca houn,l 12 H al e , E d w ar d E ve e t ts p e ec h r , by,
tR td ot
e d 85 ; s el c t

7t
C ho a e, uf us , quo e , 83 48 ; q u io f
, e n ro m

C i c e ro , hi s H ow T o D o I t ,
”
1 36

B j
7P ti
C l ay , 12 ; quo ed , 85 H arri s o n, e n am in , s p e ec h b y,
C lea rn e s s , 1 24 1 1

C o n c re t e n e s s , 1 25 He y nr , a r c k, 1 2

t G e o rg e W i l li am wo rt
W en t
7
C ur i s, , s p e ec h H i ggi s n on , T h o m as h ,

by, 4 2 quo td e , 6 , 1 05 , 1 26

td
7 7
C u y l e r, T h e o d o r e L .
, s p e e c h es by , H o l m es , O liv er W e n d e ll , qu o e ,

5 6, 1 1 6, 1 3 6

Da vi s , C u s h m an K .
, quo td 5e , I J e bb , q uo tt
i a on f ro m h i s “
At
tic
t xt t
7
”
D e m o s h e n e s, as an e mp e o O ra o rs , 63
i
r z e r, J e ff e r s o n , J p h p h by o se , s e ec , 22

J or d an , D avi d S t q t
ed ar r , uo 15

l es t
,

E gg on Geo , rg e C ary , sp eec h

by, I 39 Le e , F i th z
gh , s p e e c h b y , 5 2
u

ve e t tE dw a d q o t Li l
7
E r , ed 1 2 I 3 r , u , , nco n, s p e ec h by , 2 4

Ex tem po e p e ak i g 3 ; d s i a
r s n e r L g J h D
on o n q u o e d , 40 t
b i li t t
, , .
,

y o f r ai i g i 1 —3 ; f n n n, or L w l l J am e
o e s R u ss el , q u o l td
e

p re p arat
, ,

o ry an d h i g h s c h o o l s 1 26
1 78 E X T E M P O R E S PEAK I N G
M an s fi lde , as a n e

t
M c K e l w ay , S C l ai r , s p e ec h b y.
xt
em po i r z er ,

,
9
1 08
Pro p o rt
ion , 12 7
t
M e m o r i e r s p e ak i n g 3 3 .
Q uin t
ili an , quo td
e , 1, 36
M i r ab e au , a s an e xt
e m p o ri z e r, 8
M ovem e n t3 , 1 0 R o o se ve l tT h e o d
, o re , s p e e c h by ,
25

Og l e s by R i c h a, rd , s p ee c h by , 5 4
Ou t l i e 96 ; a
n , n rra t
i ve , tt
9 8 ; ex u al , S c h u r z , C ar l , s p e ec h by , 1 38

1 01 ; t
pi o c al , 1 01 ; l og i c a l , 1 0 1 ;
s i ng l e -
m i n d ed , 1 02 ; b la nk ou t T e rr e ll A, . W .
, qu o tde , 15

li n e o f sp e e c h , 1 04 T ill m an , B R . .
, qu o td
e , I 5

P al m tt
i f m hi
er , q u o a 0n s ro s
“
Se f l Un it
y 1 23
,

C lt iv t
7
”
u i i E gl i h 8 a on n n s , 1, 132

Per ci l x tm p i
e s , as an e e o r zer, V an D y k e , He n r y , s p e ec h by , 1 19

t V o c ab u ary , 8 0—
7 7
i li
P h l ps, W e n d e ll , as an e x e m po l ac q u r n g i i a, 84 ,
i e
r z r, I 4, 4; sp e e c h by , 1 35 8 —89
Pit
tas an e
, xt e m p o r z e r, i 8 ; quo td
e ,

W at
t
7
69 e rs o n , He n ry , s p eec h by ,
P re n t
iss , S arg e n tS .
, as an ex 5
tm p i
e o r z e r, 1 3; s p e ec h by , 20 ; W eb st e r , as an e xt
em p o i r z e r, 1 2 ;
quo tde , 6 9, 8 5 quo td e , 41
 E XT E M P O R E S P E A K I N G
By E DW IN D U BO I S S H U R I E R Assoc iat ’

e P rof e s so r o f P u bl i c S p e akin g
‘

,
in t
h e

U n ive rs it
y of T e xas

1 2 m o , c lo t
h 8 p g
,
1 7 a es

TH I S m an u al p rovi d e s an n s o e a aly i s
e f th art
of e x t
o e s p e ak i n g
mp r ,

tog e t h e rw i th s p e c i fi c e x am p l e s an d e x e r c i s e s I ti s d i st
in c t
ly m o d e . rn

i t
n re at me t al t
h ou gh d raw i g al so f rom t
n , h e ric h f
n d of m at e r i al i n un

c l as s i c al an d m o d e r n li te r at
u re .

M AS T E R P I E C E S O F M O D E R N
O R AT O R Y
By E DW IN DU BO S S H U I R TE R

1 2 m o , c lo t
h 3 69 p g
,
“

a es

TH ES E fif t e en o ra t
i on s , ed it h i t
e d w it od c t
io s n r u n an d n o e s , are t in
td
en tf i h m d l
ed o urn s o e s f ort tf s u den s o o ra o r ty , ar g u m e n a tt
i on , an d

d b t Th
e a e t p . e o ra o r s r e td B k
r ese n e are ur e, W ebst
er , Li nco n, l Ph illi p s ,

C t
uri G dy W t
s,t ra , a e rs o n , D i l P t
an e , or e r, R e e d, B v i dg
e er e, C o c k ran ,
S c h u rz , S p a d l ing , an d Van D yk e .

VO C AL E X P R E S S I ON I N S P E E C H
By H RY E V R S G l tP f
EN f P b l i S p ki g
A T O RD ON , a e ro e s s o r o u c ea n

i t h U iv it
y f I w n e n ers o o a

m l t
h iii 3 5 p g 12 o, c o ,
v 1 a es

A S
F RE H an d s t
im l t i gtt i u a n re a se on t
h f e u n d am e n a s o f tl pub li c s p e ak
i n g f ro m it l t l i d
s cu i td
u ra s e, n en ed i
p r m ar ily f or co ll e g e c l as s e s b t u

e asily ada a e o ptb l th i gh h

s c oo u s e l A t h o ou gh p og am of s t u dy 3 r r r 1
-
.

p ovi d e d f o s p e e c h m e l o dy s p e e c h qu ali t
r r y s p e e c h hyt
, h m an d s p e e c h , r ,

dy n am i c s ac c om p an i e d b y e v e al h
, d e d ill st rative s e l e c t
s io sr un r u n .

G I N N AN D C O M PAN Y P U B L I S H E R S
 BO O K S I N PU BLI C S P EA K I N G

T H E M A KI N G O F A R G U M E N T S
By J O H N H AYS G A R D I N E R l at
e o f H arvard U n ive rs i t
y ,

A B RI EF c ou rs e tt i tm t th d f t
inh f t ar g u m e n a on o ee e n ee s o e u u re
v g it
a e ra e i t
h c th f th f w wh g
zen ra tl w p liter i l an o e e o o on o a or o ca
l if e Th x m pl e d the gh a tt h b k d t h
e s u sex i d r ou ou e oo an e e e r c s e s an
t gg t t d w f m m t t i wh i h
.

q ue si d f
on s sug m es e or ar u en ar e ra n ro a e rs n c

y ou ng p p l f m i g h t tt
eo w
e tyt w h v
ro t l liv ly i t t
e ee n o en o a e a n a ura e n e re s
d wh i h t ti l l if T h i m f t k i td
-

an h y c
g b e ar h b ue a ou n rea e e a o e oo s o e
l p h b it f d ff t tt f f tw h i h w ill
.

ve o a ly i s o iv p an a i s s an e ec e re s e n a on o ac s c
ser e v t h td t i t h p
e s u t
i l en f l t li f n 9 p g e r ac ca c o n c e rn s o a er e . 2 0 a es

TH E
P R I N C I P L E S O F A R G U M E N TAT I O N
iti ) ( R evised an d En l arge d Ed on

By G O R P BA K R H v d U i it E y a d GE E ar ar n v e rs n

B w U iv it
.
, ,

H B HU NG O .
y . NTI T N, ro n n e rs

T H I S b ook h ol d a e t ab li s h e d p l ac e as o e o f t
s nh e st an d ard t
s e xt n

b o ok i t h e s b j e c tF
s n d am e t
u al m at te s o f a al yt i c al i ve st
un igat ion n r n n

s if ti g o f evi d e c e b i e f d raw i g a d p s a ive ad ap t at

,
.

n n r i o a e c l e arly n n er u s n r

ill st at e xt ac t m ad e t
-

, ,

u d by n m o
r e s a d a
u er e ac h ab l e b y v a i e d p rac
us r n re r

ti c al e x e c i s e s T h e b o ok a” a w h ol e d e ve l o p s i t
r e ll e c t al p w e r an ds n u o

avo i d s t h at p re d i g e s t t at ive m at
.

ed e i al w h i c h e ab l e s a
“
a gu m
—
r en r n

st tas ily t a d s u e ly t o f o get ow t

7
7
”
ud en o rem em b er
e h o argu e n r r .

6 p ag es

O RA L E N G LI S H
By J O H M BR W R L A g l S ttN m l S h l
N . E E ,
os n e es a e or a c oo

TH I S text b o k tat al E gli h a a s b j t

o i d p en de t
re b t
h f
s or n s s u ec n e n o o

l it t
e r a u re d f w it t m p it
an i o It f ih t rh td tb i e f
en co os on u rn s es e s u en r

di e t d t gg e t iv li t f tp i
.

r i c ail d e x
on s, i e d e f v ye r c s e s , an su s e s s o o cs o e er

d ay i t t w h i h w ill p vi d m ti l f
n e re s c d i g w ith c i di ro e a er a or o n o n sc ou s re c

t i on of t h gh t th th i g wh i c h
ou i ly a d
e i t h p nit s u n c o n s c ou s re on e n e u r su

o f ev y t her st dy — g i g
o er x p l i i g a d tlli g I tm b d i
u ar u n e a n n n e n e o es

t h l att id a i t h t hi g f t t b t i tti g f im it
.
, ,

e es e shi bjn by e a
e ac n o s su ec su s u n or

t i o of m a tp i
n f l q e
s er a di t d ff t
ec es o iv w y f s p e k i g e o u nce re c an e ec e a o a n

wi t ho t u e y ad
u nn ec m tm fit td tb f p t
s s ar i l u t o orn en o re e o e o rac ca se

td
,

m e n an d w om e n of o -
ay .
3 06 p ag es

G I N N AN D C O M P A N Y P u B L I s H E R s
 BO O K S IN P U BLI C S P EA K I N G
By RO R BE T I F U LT O N , l a
. t f Oh i W l y U iv it
e o y o e s e an n e rs an d

U OO D U iv it
,

TH O M AS C . TR E BL y f M i hig ,
n ers o c an

E S S E N T I A L S O F P U B L I C S P E A KI N G
it
i ) ( S ec on d Ed on

T H I S b o ok s h o w s t h e e l at i o of i t e ll e c t f e e li n g an d g e s t
r u re t o t he n n

e le m e t iv e e x p i i o at
t o i c al a d d am at i c a tI t te at
, ,

s o f e ff
n ec re s s o n s n r r n r r r

th e ele m e t f e xp e s i i t h e i s i m ple st a d m os tatal o d e r

.

n s o r s on n r n n ur r

s h ow i g t h e i app li at i o tt e t im e t s a d e m ot
,

n r h va i s c n io s a d
o e r ou s n n n n n

t t o f v i e a d ac t n i ll strat
,

p o
rvi d e s x e c i ei h e
r e c h nise s n i on I i o n of c o c n u

th e p i c i ple s f ll e le c t i o s a w l l a ill t at
.

r n u s ive p assag e s a e g ive n

n s e s us r r

toge t he r w it h t h e e c e s ary e x p l a at
,

i n xi 5 p g s n on . v 2 0 a es

BR I T I S H A N D A M E R I CA N E L OQ U E NC E
t
AC C O U NT S
h liv d p b li of f tw ty t
e w td B i t
ih
e s an u c c are e rs o en o no e r s

t tg t w it l t f m t tt
-

an d Am i e r c an h h i
o r a o rs h i g o e er se ec on s ro e r re a e s

sp h
eec Th p p es i tp i t t by
e urt x m pl t h b t t
o se s o o n ou c on c re e e a e e a s rac

i pl f p bl i p k i g w h i h h l d g i d t
.

p i r nc es o u h b gi
c s Th beak n c S ou u e e e n n er. e oo

ai m t l td p t d t
s o se e c ili i i gl v l m
a a h h l p f l m ti l
an u ze n a s n e o u e su c e u a er a

t td tf p b li p k i g
, ,

as h e s u en fi d o l wh ly i m y
u c s ea n c an n e se e re on n an

se p tv l m
ar a e 4 3 p g i ll tt
o u d es . 0 a es , u s ra e

CH O I C E R E A D I N G S F R O M
P O P U L A R A N D S T A N D A R D AU T H O R S
TH mb E nu y d i t tf t
v i t h l t
e r, i tw t
ar e hy an n e re s o e se ec o n s are no e or

f w it S l t
.
,

Th y i l d p dv f m wid i on s
j t
e nc u e g r o s e an e rs e ro a e r an e o r e rs e ec

t t t t t
.

t ix 7
ar e
g p d i f
r ou d ivi i e d i g
n h f h b
ou r e e n s o n s , ac c o r n o e n a u re o e su ec

m t a 9p g
er . x 2 a es

S T A N D A R D S E L E CT I ON S
E dit d by R O
e RT I F U LT O N T H O M A S C T R U E B LOO D
BE .
,
.
,

a d E D W I N P T R U E L OO D n . B

t t vi
T H E p u rp o s e o f h e b o ok i s o p r o d e m a e r ti l i p ty d ty
a n oe r an ora or

tt v
h a h as n e e r b e f o r e app e ar e d i n b o o k s o f h s ti h t d t tc im ar ac e r , an o s u

l ti t t t t
a e n e re s i n t h e au h o r s r e p re s e n e d N e ar ly t
w h d d l t
i o un re se e c on s

t i l
.

ofv yi
ar n g c h ar ac e r ar e n c u d e d 5 1 0 p ag es .

G I N N AN D C O M P AN Y P U B L I S H E R S
 U N I V E R S I TY O F C ALI FO R N IA A T LO S A N G E L ES
T H E U N IV E R S IT Y LIB RA R Y
T hi s b ook is DUE on h l st
t e d ts t
a mp a e a ed b e l ow

SEE A 198 3