A.

GROUP

Definition of B-4:
Z ndefined as the set of integers modulo n with the addition operation modulo n, namely
Z n={ 0 , 1, 2 , 3 , …n−1 }or is a group.¿
Example 4:
Z5 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
Z5 with the addition operation modulo 5 is a commutative group ?
Solution:
Z5 ≠ ϕ (From definition)
Since the member of , is finite, the result of the operation can be seen in the following
Cayley table: Z5

Table 2.2. Showing Cayley Tables on the Set Z5

* 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4 0
2 2 3 4 0 1
3 3 4 0 1 2
4 4 0 1 2 3

By looking at the table above, we get:

1) The first axiom (closed property) is satisfied because all the results of the operation are
on the set Z5
2) The second axiom (associative property) of addition modulo 5 is satisfied with
integers, therefore, on is also satisfied. Z5
3) The third axiom (element of identity) is satisfied:
∃0 ∈ Gas an element of identity because ∀ a∈ Z 5fulfilled a * 0 = 0 * a = a
4) The fourth axiom (inverse element) is fulfilled, namely:
0 is the inverse 0; 1 inverse is 4; and 2 the inverse is 3
5) The commutative property is fulfilled, this can be seen from the elements symmetrical
to the main diagonal.
 Thus it can be concluded that Z5 , against the addition operation modulo 5 numbers
form a commutative group. Furthermore, because the number of members of is 5, the
order o Z5 f is equal to 5 or ο ( Z5 ) = 5 dan Z5 merupakan grup finit.

Defenisi B-5 :

Misalkan F adalah sembarang himpunan bilangan Q, R, C atau Zp (p prima). GL (2,

F) didefenisikan sebagai himpunan matriks ordo 2 x 2 dengan entri-entri himpunan F,
determinan tidak sama dengan nol, dengan operasi perkalian matriks merupakan grup.
Secara matematika dinotasikan sebagai berikut :

GL (2,F) = ¿

Sedangkan untuk determinan sama dengan 1 (ad – bc = 1) dilambangkan

dengan SL (2, F ) dengan kata lain

SL (2,F) = ¿

Contoh 5 :

GL (2,R) = ¿

Dengan operasi perkalian matriks, GL (2,R) membentuk grup dengan elemen

identitasnya [ 10 01]
Selidiki sifat-sifat yang lain, apakah G grup abelian ?

Contoh 6 :

GL (2, Z11 ) = ¿

Tentukan invers unsur A = [ 23 65 ] dalam Z 11

Penyelesaian :

A=[ 23 65 ] Det (A )=2.5 – 6.3=−8 ≡3 (mod 11)

A=[
c d] [ a ]
a b 1 d −b
Invers dari A adalah A = −1
det (A ) −c
 1
Invers dari 3 adalah 4 karena 3 x 4 = 12 ≡ 1 (mod 11 ), sehingga : =4
det (A )

A
−1
=
1
[
d −b
det ( A ) −c a ]
A
−1
[ 5 −62 ]
= 4. −3

= 4. [ 8 2 ]
5 5

= [ 32 8 ]
20 20

= [ 10 8 ]
9 9

2 6
[ ]
Periksa apakah benar bahwa invers dari A = 3 5 dalam GL (2, Z11 ) adalah A−1

= [ 109 98 ]
Bukti :

[ 23 65 ][ 109 89]
[ 2.9+6.10
3.9+5.10 3.9+ 5.8 ]
2.9+ 68
=

= [ 77 67 ]
78 66

= [0 1]
1 0

Analog diperoleh untuk [ 10 8 ][ 3 5 ] = [ 0 1 ]

9 9 2 6 1 0

Defenisi B-6:

U n didefenisikan sebagai himpunan bilangan Compleks dinotasikan sebagai berikut

U n ={z∈ C| Z n = 1}. Dengan menggunakan theorema De Moivere’s:

( 2 nkπ )+i sin ( 2nkπ ¿dengan k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..........

1 2 kπ
n n
1 =e =cos
 diperoleh:

U 1= { z ∈ c|z =1 }={1 }
1

U 2= { z ∈ c|z =1 }={1 ,−1}

2

( 1 √3 1 √ 3
U 3= { z ∈ c| z =1 } = 1− + i , − i
3
2 2 2 2 )
Contoh 7:

U n ={ z ∈C| z =1 }
n

Dengan operasi perkalian bilangan kompleks dapat ditunjukkan bahwa < U n , x >
merupakan grup.

Dengan menggunakan tabel Cayley dapat ditunjukkan bahwa baik U 1, U 2, U 3 merupakan

grup. Untuk U 1 merupakan grup Trivial dengan satu unsur yaitu unsur identitas 1.

Sedangkan U 2 = {-1,1} juga merupakan grup, karena memenuhi sifat-sifat grup.

Demikian juga dengan U 3 (coba selidiki)

Ketiga grup tersebut merupaan grup finit.

Definition of B-7:
U(n) is defined as the set of all integers position less than n and relatively prime to n. U(n)
represents the multiplication operation modulo n.
Example 8:
U(10) = {1, 3, 7, 9}, with the multiplication operation modulo 10. U(10) is a commutative
group.
Consider the following Cayley table:
Table 2.3. Showing Cayley Tables on the Set U(10)

1 3 7 9

1 1 3 7 9

3 3 9 1 7

7 7 1 9 3

9 9 7 3 1
By looking at the table above, we get:
1. The first axiom (closed property) is satisfied because all the results of the operation are
on the set U(10)
2. The second axiom (associative property) in multiplication modulo 10 is satisfied in
integers, therefore in U(10) it is also satisfied.
3. The third axiom (element of identity) is satisfied: 3 1∈U(10) as an identity element
because ∀ a ∈ U(10) is filled with a*1 = 1*a = a
4. The fourth axiom (inverse element) is fulfilled, namely:
1 is the inverse 1; 3 is the inverse 7; 7 the inverse is 3; 9 and 9 the inverse is 9
5. The commutative property is fulfilled, this can be seen from the elements symmetrical
to the main diagonal.
Thus, it can be concluded that U(10) for the multiplication operation modulo 10 forms a
commutative group.
If n is prime then U(10) = {1, 2, 3, …, n-1}

Definition of B-8:
Himpunan <Rn,*>
Aksioma 1 : Sifat tertutup (A*B ∈ Rn) ∀ A, B ∈ Rn)
Ambil sembarang A, B∈ Rn dengan A = (a1, a2, a3, …. an) ∈ R dan
B = (b1, b2, b3, …., bn) ∈Rn
A*B = (a1, a2, a3, …. an) + (b1, b2, b3, …., bn)
= (a1 + b1, a2 + b2, a3 + b3, …., an + bn), karena pada bilangan real berlaku sifat tertutup
maka a1 + b1, a2 + b2, a3 + b3, …., an + bn ∈R sehingga A*B ∈ Rn
Aksioma 2 : Sifat Assosiatif (A*(B*C)) = (A*B)*C, ∀ A, B, C ∈ Rn
Ambil sembarang A,B,C ∈ Rn , B = (b1, b2, b3, …., bn) ∈Rn , dan C = (c1, c2, c3, …., cn) ∈Rn
(A+B) + C = ((a1, a2, a3, …. an) + (b1, b2, b3, …., bn)) + (c1, c2, c3, …., cn)
= (a1 + b1, a2 + b2, a3 + b3, …., an + bn) + (c1, c2, c3, …., cn)
 = (a1 + b1 +c1 , a2 + b2 + c2 , a3 + b3 + c3, …., an + bn + cn)
Karena berlaku sifat assosiatif pada bilangan Real bulat maka :
= (a1 + (b1 +c1), a2 + (b2 + c2), a3 + (b3 + c3), …., an + bn + cn))
= (a1, a2, a3, …. an) + (b1 +c1, b2 + c2, b3 + c3, bn + cn)
= A + (B+C)
Aksioma 3 : (∃ e ∈ Rn dengan ∋ A * e = e * A = A, ∀ A, ∈ Rn)
Pilih e = (0,0,0, ….0) ∈ R n
Ambil sembarang a = (a1,a,a, ….an) ∈ R n
A * e = (a1, a2, a3, …. an) + (0,0,0, ….0)
= (a1 + 0, a2 + 0, a3 + 0, …., an + 0)
= (a1, a2, a3, …. an) = A
e * A = (0,0,0, ….0) + (a1, a2, a3, …. an)
= (0 + a1, 0 + a2, 0 + a3, …., 0 + an)
= (a1, a2, a3, …., an) = A
Aksioma 4 : ( ∀ A ∈ Rn , ∃ A −1 ∈ Rn ∋ A∗A−1=A−1∗A=e)
Ambil sembarang A ∈ R n
Pilih A−1 = (-a1, -a2, -a3, …., -an)∈ R n
A * A−1 = (a1, a2, a3, …. an) +(-a1, -a2, -a3, …., -an)
= (a1-a1, a2 –a2, a3 –a3, …. an –an)
= (0,0,0, ….0) = e
A-1 * A = (-a1, -a2, -a3, …., -an) + (-a1, -a2, -a3, …., -an)
= (-a1+a1, -a2 +a2, -a3 +a3, …. -an + an)
= (0,0,0, ….0) = e
A * A−1 = A−1 * A = e (Terbukti A−1 invers dari A)

Definition of B-9:
T(R2) didefinisikan sebagai himpunan dari suatu translasi di R2 dinotasikan sebagai
berikut: T(R2) = {Ta,b|a , b ∈ R }
Didefinisikan Ta,b : R2  R2 | Ta,b(x,y)  (x+a,y+b) dan Ta,b o Tc,d = Ta +c,b+d
Dapat ditunjukkan bahwa < T(R2),o> merupakan grup dengan unsur identitas adalah T0,0
dan T-a,-b unsur invers dari Ta,b.