PREPARED BY

DR. ENG. KARIM EMARA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HEAT ENGINES, COMBUSTION, ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE.
MECHANICAL POWER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, MATARIA- CAIRO- HELWAN UNIVERSITY

2021
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 LECTURE STRATEGY

Please

1- Smile

2- Respect the lecture time 3- Make your mobile Silent

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 Human Interactions with the Environment

- Humans need to interact with the environment to obtain our food, water, fuel,
medicines, building materials and many other things.
- Advances in science and technology have helped us to exploit the environment for our
benefit, but we have also introduced pollution and caused environmental damage.
- The impact of environmental problems on humans is significant, affecting all human
activities, including health and socio-economic development.
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 Human activity damages the environment
Over-Population, destruction of habitats for agriculture and mining, pollution from
industry and transportation, and many other activities all contribute to the damage of the
environment.
Air Pollution
Primary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance that is emitted directly into
the atmosphere
Secondary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere
when a primary air pollutant reacts with
substances normally found in the atmosphere or
with other air pollutants 5
 Global Warming
Global warming mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to
rise.
• Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change local climate
conditions.
• Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.
• This could also affect human health, animals…etc.
• Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit
warming in some areas. 6
Global Warming

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 Acid rain cycle

The burning of fossil fuels (such as

coal) and other industrial processes
release into the air pollutants that
contain sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide. When these substances react
with water vapor, they produce
sulfuric acid and nitric acid

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 Deforestation

Clear-cutting of forests causes erosion,

flooding, and changes in weather
patterns. The slash-and-burn method
of clearing tropical rain forests for
agriculture increases atmospheric
CO2, which contributes to the
greenhouse effect.

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 Indoor Air Pollution

Indoor Air Pollution Pollutants

can be greater than outdoors,
namely; cigarette smoke,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, formaldehyde
pesticides, lead, cleaning
solvents, ozone, and asbestos.

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 Water Pollution
Two types of water pollutants exist; point
source and nonpoint source.
I. Point sources occur when harmful
substances are emitted directly into a
body of water.
II. A nonpoint source delivers
pollutants indirectly through
environmental changes. An example of
this type of water pollution is when
fertilizer from a field is carried into a
stream by rain, in the form of run-off
which in turn effects aquatic life. 11
 Land Pollution
Soil pollution is mainly due to chemicals
in herbicides and pesticides. Litter is
waste material dumped in public places
such as streets, parks, picnic areas, at bus
stops and near shops. The accumulation
of waste threatens the health of people
in residential areas.

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