UTILIZATION OF MANGROVE TANNINS IN LOOC SALAY; THE USAGE OF

BARKS AND FALLING LEAVES FOR MAKING DYE

St. Rita’s College of Balingasag

Balingasag, Misamis Oriental 9005, (08822) 333 – 2018 (Cruztelco) S.Y.: 2020 – 2021
Email: srcbignacian@yahoo.com Website: srcb.edu.ph
PAASCU Level II Re-Accredited: High School Department
Basic Ed. Dept. (Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities)

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
FOR THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RESEARH PAPER
PERFORMANCE TASK

BY

Jabagat, Efrielyn A.
Baccaro, Kent Ralf G.
Jalop, Milvic John I.
Tagarao, Orlie Vince H.
Bandoy, Hannah Mae B.
Tinoy, Frances Lynn Marie O.

October 2021
APPROVAL SHEET

This project study entitled UTILIZATION OF MANGROVE TANNINS OF LOOC

SALAY; THE USAGE OF BARKS AND FALLING LEAVES FOR MAKING DYE
prepared and submitted by Efrielyn A. Jabagat, Kent Ralph G. Bacarro, Milvic John I. Jalop,
Orlie Vince H. Tagarao, Hannah Mae B. Bandoy, and Frances Lynn Marie O. Tinoy in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for research paper performance task.

ENGR. Dennis T. Dominguez

GEN.CHEM. TEACHER
 CHAPTER ONE
The Problem and Its Setting

1.1 Introduction

Mangrove, or ‘’Bakhaw’’ as it is known in the Philippines, is one of the vegetation’s

commonly found along the shallow coasts, estuaries, deltas and protected coastal areas and
are still influenced by rising tides. Mangrove plantation was intensively conducted in coastal
areas all over Philippines and was made into a special conservation program by the
government. Mangrove is distinguishable by its big, wooden stilt roots, sharpening tip in the
form of supporting leaves. The roots of the mangrove tree are morphologically
distinguishable into heart root which grows into the ground and the stilt roots which appear to
grabs onto the surface of the ground. Mangrove forests serve several important ecological
roles: they act as filters which turn saline water into fresh water, buffer from seawater
intrusion, prevent erosion and abrasion, hold sediments to form new habitats, feeding ground,
nursery ground, and spawning ground for a number of aquatic wildlife. Mangrove forests also
possess economical functions such as source of income, industrial ingredients for the locals
and as source of new mangrove seedlings. That is why this study is dedicated in considering
Mangrove tannin (barks & falling leaves) as raw material for the output of dye. Tannin is a
polyphenol, an organic compound found in many plants, including mangroves. This
compound is present throughout the various parts of the tree—in the bark, leaves, and roots—
and it is what gives mangroves their distinct colours. It also provides many benefits.

Mangrove conservation at Mangunhardjo Village was conducted through activities of

the program such as mangrove planting, mangrove-based food production, and mangrove
waste management by applications of bio activator bacteria for mangrove composting and
production of mangrove-based natural dye for batik fabric. Mangrove-based natural dye for
batik fabric from Rhizopora mucronata mangrove waste is a quite promising product and
increases people’s income. One of the most valuable and potential natural resources in coastal
areas of Indonesia is the mangrove forest. With a coastal line exceeding 80,000 km,
Indonesia possesses 4.2 million ha total area of mangrove forest [1]. In 2014, the total
coverage area of mangrove forest in Indonesia is 4,227,800 ha, which comprises
approximately 25.79% global coverage area of mangrove forest [2]. However, mangrove
forests in Indonesia continue to be threatened albeit relatively more protected as private
sectors, NGOs, and environmental protection communities strive to preserve what is left.

Mangrove can provide economic benefit as the mangrove restoration project provide
employment opportunity by sustainable planting and selling mangrove seedlings, producing
and selling mangrove-based food, sourcing mangrove as basic materials for bio activator in
compost, and processing mangrove waste into natural textile dye.
1.2 Background of the Study

Natural dye extracted from mangrove bark was applied to a silk fabric by an exhaustion
dyeing process. Aluminium potassium sulphate, ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate, and
stannous chloride were used as mordant. The dyeing was conducted with and without
metallic salt mordant, using three different mordanting methods: pre-mordanting, meta-
mordanting, and post-mordanting. The colour of each dyed material was investigated in terms
of the CIELAB (L*, a* and b*) and K/S values. The colour fastness to washing, crocking,
perspiration, and water of the dyed samples was determined according to AATCC test
methods, whereas the colour fastness to light was tested according to the ISO standard.

Optimum results were achieved when dyeing at 90°C for 60 min and at pH 3. Silk fabric
dyed without mordant had a shade of reddish-brown, while those mordant with stannous
chloride, aluminium potassium sulphate, and copper sulphate produced a variety of pale to
dark reddish-brown colour shades. However, duller and darker shade was obtained with
ferrous sulphate mordant. The colour fastness to washing was mostly very poor to poor but
there was no fading of the colour, whereas the colour fastness to light and crocking were
mostly fair to good level. However, the perspiration and water fastness results showed good
to very good levels, except for fabric mordant with ferrous sulphate, whose colour change
rating was poor to fair for perspiration fastness. Tensile strength, tearing strength and
stiffness of the fabrics before and after dyeing were also evaluated.

There are about 80 different species of mangrove trees. All of these trees grow in areas with
low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate. Mangrove
forests only grow at tropical and subtropical latitudes near the equator because they cannot
withstand freezing temperatures.
1.3 Statement of the Problem

Many mangrove forests can be recognized by their dense tangle of prop roots that make
the trees appear to be standing on stilts above the water. This tangle of roots allows the trees
to handle the daily rise and fall of tides, which means that most mangroves get flooded at
least twice per day. The roots also slow the movement of tidal waters, causing sediments to
settle out of the water and build up the muddy bottom.
Yet, parts of mangrove have been known to be used as natural dye in several other areas in
Indonesia such as Papua and Takisung.

The study aim to answer the following questions:

1. Mangrove Tannins can be used to make a dye?

2. What could be the process in making dye from the barks of the mangrove tree?
3. Is it possible to make a dye from mangrove trees?

1.3.1 General Objective

 To produce mangrove dye without using all trees and without harming the mangroves.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To process the outcome of mangrove barks as a raw materials in making dye.

 To know how quality the production of dye with the use of mangrove barks and
falling leaves.
 To assess the usage of the mangrove without destroying it.

1.4 Hypotheses

The bark from several of the mangrove species can be used to extract natural tannin.

Tannin is an important ingredient in natural dyeing and for leather processing,

although both has been significantly replace by man-made chemicals.

Recently however, there is an increasing trend to go back to natural process.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study is basically an exploration on the characteristics of mangrove tannin for the
production of dye. Our team conducted this study in order to know the usage of the barks and
falling leaves of the mangrove trees. Red mangroves can be used for making natural dyes; it
gives red, olive, brown, or slate colours depending on the soaking agent used.

Tannin is a polyphenol, an organic compound found in many plants, including

mangroves. This compound is present throughout the various parts of the tree—in the bark,
leaves, and roots—and it is what gives mangroves their distinct colours. It also provides
many benefits. The results of extraction from leaves, bark, and propagates show brown colour
with different colour density variations. The brown colour indicates the presence of tannin.
Previous studies have found that high levels of tannin produce a dense colour on tea leaves.
Several factors such as the extraction temperature below 100°C, the type of solvent (polar)
used for extraction, particle size, and extraction time are things that need to be taken into
account in producing quality tannins. Tannins are found in the bark, fruit (propagates), and
leaves of R. m.

The study also focuses on the natural preservation especially on the environmental effect
on creating a dye for colouring fabric/ paper bag. The barks and leaves are wastes part from a
mangrove trees, utilizing it for the making of natural dyes. The result of this study will quite
unique compared to the existing studies. In a reason, the application of dye in a piece of
paper/paper bag.

1.6 Theoretical Framework

The dyeing was conducted with and without metallic salt mordant, using three
different mordanting methods: pre-mordanting, meta-mordanting, and post-
mordanting.

Pre-mordanting
MORDANTING Natural Dye
METHODS
BARKS & LEAVES Post- mordanting

simultaneous
A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to mordanting
set dyes on
fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye,
which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used
for dyeing fabrics or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue
preparations.
1.7 Scope and Limitation

This study will only utilized the old barks and falling leaves of mangrove trees
specifically located within our barangay in Looc. Barangay Looc has a mangrove site that
help to venture out the beauty on it. There are personnel’s who has help in maintaining the
mangrove trees to be freely grow, with that, this study will be surely accomplished and
finished through the help of them.

We the researchers, conducted a survey to the member of the organization which

known as “Mangrove Team”. This organization was built in order to help the Mangrove sites
away from being abused by the residence.

1.8 Definition of Terms

MORDANTING - A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set dyes on

fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye.

TANNIN - A yellowish or brownish bitter-tasting organic substance present in some

galls, barks, and other plant tissues, consisting of derivatives of gallic acid.

POLYPHENOL - A compound containing more than one phenolic hydroxyl group.

PRE-MORDANTING - Pre‐mordanting, where the mordant is applied first,

followed by dyeing.

POST- MORDANTING - Post‐mordanting, where the dyeing is done first and then
mordanting is carried out.

SIMULTANEOUS MORDANTING - Simultaneous mordanting, where mordant

and dye are mixed together and applied.