AMBANGEG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ambangeg, Daklan, Bokod, Benguet

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research II

ALNUS CORDATA: SUSTAINABLE NATURAL DYE FOR

TEXTILE APPLICATIONS

Presented by:

BAY-AN, KRIA ZHAIRA

BALAT, MARIELLE

PILI, AIRA CHER

Presented to:

MARIA ELENA ATOS

Date Submitted:
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This study aims to venture into the world of natural dye production. It further explores

the dye producing potential of Alnus Cordata (Italian Alder) and understand its contributions

to sustainable practices of dye making.

Alnus cordata, also known as the Italian alder, is a species of tree native to southern

Italy and Corsica. This deciduous tree is valued for its ornamental qualities, ecological

benefits, and various practical uses. In this review, the researchers will look into the

characteristics, uses, and methods of extraction, ecological importance of Alnus cordata and

potential applications of the natural dye derived from Alnus Cordata.

Alnus cordata (Italian Alder) is a medium to large-sized tree that can reach heights of

20-30 meters. It is characterized by its conical shape, glossy dark green leaves, and

distinctive silver-gray bark. Alnus cordata is well-adapted to a variety of soil types, including

wet and waterlogged soils, making it a valuable species for stabilizing riverbanks and

preventing erosion. . (Caudullo G, Mauri, 2016.)

The wood of Alnus cordata is prized for its durability, resistance to decay, and fine

grain, making it suitable for a range of applications. It is commonly used in the construction

of furniture, cabinets, and interior finishes. The tree's high heat output and low smoke

emissions make it a popular choice for firewood. In landscaping, Alnus cordata is planted for

its attractive foliage, fast growth, and ability to thrive in challenging environments. Its

nitrogen-fixing properties also make it a valuable species for reforestation and ecological

restoration projects.The process of extracting dye from Alnus cordata bark typically involves

boiling the bark in water to release the pigments and tannins. Various mordant, such as alum,

iron, or copper, can be used to modify and enhance the colors obtained from the dye. (Native

Plant Dyes, n.d.)

 The resulting dye bath can be used to color a range of natural fibers, including wool,

silk, and cotton offering versatility in textile dyeing and fiber arts. (Mouli Mondal, n.d.)

Alnus cordata plays a crucial role in ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. As a nitrogen-

fixing tree, it enriches the soil with essential nutrients, promoting the growth of other plant

species. (Vasyl Cherlinka, 2021) The tree's dense foliage provides habitat and food for a

variety of wildlife, including birds, insects, and small mammals. (Rhiannon O’Sullivan,

2023) Alnus Cordata helps to regulate water levels and improve water quality by stabilizing

riverbanks, reducing erosion, and filtering pollutants from runoff.

The natural dye derived from Alnus Cordata has a wide range of potential applications

in textile and fiber arts. Its earthy and warm color palette make it suitable for creating natural,

organic shade in fabric dyeing, yarn dyeing and fiber art projects. (Jenny Bell, 2021)

The use of natural dye aligns with the growing consumer demand for sustainable and

environmentally friendly products, making Alnus Cordata dye an attractive option for eco-

conscious artisans, designers, and manufacturers.

Dyes are natural or synthetic substances used to add color or change the color of

something. It is used to impart color to textiles, paper, leather, and other materials. There are

two primary categories of dye: Natural and Synthetic.

Natural dyes are derived from plant sources, animal sources, or minerals. These dyes

are known for their eco-friendly properties and are valued for their environmental benefits, as

they are biodegradable, renewable, and non-toxic.

Synthetic dyes are chemically manufactured colorants that are widely used in the

textile, printing, and chemical industries. They are made from chemical compounds such as

mercury, lead, copper, sodium chloride, toluene, or benzene.

Textile dyes are a small part of the global textile industry but, are equally as important

as the entire industry. Through the assistance of technology, the development of textile and
dye industries are flourishing in countries with abundant natural resources and cheap labor

costs specifically in the areas of India, China, South Africa, and Brazil. The dyeing industry

is contributing positively to the overall growth of the developing countries.

In the Philippines, the dye industry has experienced steady growth over the years and

has a well-established textile industry that caters to both domestic and commercial markets.

In recent years, there has been an increase focus on sustainable practices within the dye

industry. This includes the development of eco-friendly dyes that minimizes environmental

impact during production and usage. The government even implemented regulations to

ensure compliance with environmental standards and promote sustainable manufacturing

processes.

In the municipality of Bokod located in the province of Benguet, situated in the

Cordillera Administrative Region of Luzon, Philippines. When it comes to dye industries,

Bokod does not have a significant presence or prominence. There is limited information

available regarding the existence or operation of dye production within the municipality.

While there may be small-scale dye production or dye-related activities, large scale dye

manufacturing facilities are not prevalent in Bokod.

Alnus cordata, commonly known as Italian Alder, involves exploring the potential of

this plant species to produce dyes for various applications. Italian Alder is a horticultural tree

native to Italy and Corsica. It belongs to the family Betulaceae and is characterized by its

dark green leaves, smooth gray bark, and cone-like fruits. The tree can grow up to 25 meters

in height and thrives in moist soil conditions specifically near bodies of water. A natural

colouring component could be found in almost all cordata’s tannis, flavonoids, and

anthocyanins.

Therefore, in this study, the researchers aim to extract natural dye from Alnus Cordata

(Italian Alder) using sustainable, cost-effective methods that utilizes the advantages of the
dyeing chemical properties found in the tree

STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE

This study aims to make dyes from Alnus Cordata. It seeks to answer the following

objectives:

A. Determine the color/s extracted from the tree of Alnus Cordata (Italian Alder)

B. Determine the kind/s of fabric that exhibits the highest efficiency in absorbing the

dye

C. Determine the acceptability rate of the usage of natural dye in the municipality of

Bokod.

ASSUMPTION

1. Alnus Cordata bark possesses color properties suitable for use as a natural dye.

2. Potential benefits to the environment are associated with using Alnus Cordata bark as

a natural dye.

3. The Alnus Cordata bark exhibits a dye which is stable and long lasting when applied

to different kinds of fabric.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The researchers explore the potential of Alnus Cordata, known as Italian Alder, as a

sustainable natural dye source, particularly in tie dyeing. The study encompasses

comprehensive investigations into dye extraction, compatibility with tie dyeing,

sustainability, and practicality.

However, the inherent limitations include limited extraction techniques and market
viability factors. Cultural and aesthetic aspects are not deeply explored, and broader

economic implications are not exhaustively examined. To combat such limitations,

researchers may conduct surveys, interviews and questionnaires through the use of

multimedia resources. The data gathered from the research shall be collectedfrom a 1 month

timeframe including field experiments, paper survey questionnaires,and one-to-one

interviews. The experiments on extracting dye and dyeing fabrics will be conducted at the

cooking facility within Ambangeg National high school grounds.According to DepEd Tayo

Ambangeg National High School official Facebook Page, There are a total of 450 students

attending the school year 2023-2024 from junior to senior high school.Using stratified

random sampling as a method of selecting the sample population,the selected respondents

will be students from the junior high grades respectively grade 7A&B, 8A&B, 9A&B, and

10A&B.The surveys are expected to be distributed 10 paper questionnaires to each section.

To further determine the acceptability rate of the usage of natural dye in the municipality of

Bokod, The researchers will organize one-to-one interviews with some local businesses that

has something in relation to the research itself.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers aim to explore Alnus Cordata (Italian alder) as a natural and

sustainable dye for linen fabric. The study would be a reference for the future researchers

who are interested in developing eco-friendly and low cost dyes from natural resources. This

study will also benefit the respondents of the study, who are the textile manufacturers and

consumers.

The significance of the study of Alnus Cordata for dyeing fabric holds several

benefits. It has a positive impact on the environment, as the use of natural dye has a lower

carbon footprint compared to synthetic dyes. This can ultimately reduce the environmental
impact of the textile industry.The study will be significant to the following:

Researchers.Theresearchers study can contribute to the body of knowledge on

sustainable textile production and natural dye, providing insights for further research and

development in this area.

Future Researchers. For future researchers the study can serve as a foundation for

future research endeavors related to natural dyes and sustainable textile production methods.

The potential breakthroughs resulting from this study can contribute to the scientific

understanding of natural dye properties.

Students. This study for students can be valuable a resource for students and learners

interested in sustainable fashion, Eco-friendly dyeing techniques.

Professionals.The study holds importance for professionals as it can serve as a

valuable reference guide for projects that require collaboration across various fields of

expertise.

Teachers.Teacher can utilize this study as an educational resource to introduce

students to the practical application of natural dyes, emphasizing the eco-friendly aspects of

Alnus Cordata bark.

FRAME WORK OF THE STUDY

The framework of this study introduces the sequence of the study in chronological

order through the use of illustrative diagram below.

ALNUS CORDATA: SUSTAINABLE NATURAL DYE FOR

TEXTILE APPLICATIONS
Figure 1:

The paradigm of this study specifies an in depth guide in determining the research results of

making dye from Alnus Cordata. It also involves sequences in ascertaining the acceptability
3. Determine the
1. Determine
rate theof Alnus Cordata as
of the usage 2. aDetermine
dye in thethe
locality
kind/sof Bokod,acceptability
Benguet. rate of
color/s extracted of fabric that exhibits the usage of natural
from the tree of thehighest efficiency in dye in the
Alnus Cordata absorbing the dye. municipality of
(Italian Alder) Bokod

4. Determine the
Cite the shades 3. Determine the acceptability rate
of color kind/s of fabric of the usage of
extracted from that exhibits the natural dye in the
the dye using highest efficiency municipality of
the boiling in absorbing the Bokod
method of dye.
extraction.
1. Dye a fabric
Observe the: using the boiled
Measure the:
1. Dye absorption parts of
time of boiling,
of the fabric/s AlnusCordata
soaking of fabric,
2. Color (Italian Alder).
setting the dye
consistency of
dyed fabric
3. Color intensity 2. Create a
survey about the
acceptability rate
of the usage of
natural dye in the
Gather Data
municipality of
Bokod using the
Alnus Cordata
Compile Data (Italian alder) as
an example.

Make a conclusion 3. Using quota sampling and questionnaires,

determine the acceptability of Alnus Cordata
as a textile dye in the municipality of Bokod.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Alnus Cordata- Also known as Italian alder is a horticultural specie that is native to Italy and

Corsica.

Anthacyanins- a blue, violet, or red flavonoid pigment found in plants.

Benzene- a solvent has been reduced because of its carcinogenic properties.

Betulaceae-the brich family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs,

including the birches, alder’s hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hot.

Commercial market- The sales of products and services to end users and public and private

companies, but not to governmental agencies.

Dyes- are natural or synthetic substances that is used to impart color

Flavonoids-a large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar to that of

flavones.

Horticultural- relating to art or practice of garden cultivation and management.

Natural Dyes- are dyes derived from plant sources, animal sources, or mineral sources.

Synthetic dyes- are chemically manufactured colorants that are made from lead, mercury,

copper, sodium chloride, toluene, or benzene.

Tannins- a yellowish or brownish bitter-tasting organic substance present in some galls,

barks, and other plant tissues, consisting of derivatives of Gallic acid, used in leather

production and link manufacture.

Textile dyes-are substances used to color fabrics.

Toluene- a colorless liquid hydrocarbon presents in coal tar and petroleum and used as a

solvent and in organic synthesis.

REFERENCES:

Angelina, G. and Sylvia, M.2012.Philippine Native Trees 101-Up Close and Personal.

Volume I.ABS-CBN Publishing Inc.

BillyNuo. (2021, April, 22).HOW TO NATURALLY DYE WITH ALDER CONES|

BOTANICAL COLORS|SHADES OF

BROWN.[Video].YouTube.https://youtube.com/watch?v=4vh_kjiRm$l&si=ubbPvnEj-

gZxnNZ

Caudullo, G., Mauri, A., 2016. Alnus cordata in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage, and

threats. In: San-Miguel-Avanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A.

(Eds), European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publ. Off. EU, Luxembourg, pp. e015443+

Ducci F. and Andrea T.2009.EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and

use of Italian Alder (Alnus Cordata).euforgen.org.

https://www.euforgen.org/uploads/tx_news/1370_Italian_alder__Alnus_cordata_.pdf

Paula, C.2024.Italian Alder CALOUSTE GULBENILIAN FOUNDATOION.

https://gulbenkian.pt/jardim/en/garden -flora/Italian-alder/

San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo., Caudullo G., et.al.2016 (reprinted 2021). European Atlas of

Forest Tree Species. European Commission

 CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the discussion on the research methodology the study, the

research design, participants of the study, locale of the study, sampling technique, data

gathering procedure, research instrument/s, and data treatment analysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN:

The method used in this research is the mixed method, a combination of quantitative

and qualitative research.

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT:

The research experiment will be conducted within the grounds of Ambangeg National

High school. The Alnus Cordata bark will be sourced from Bila, Bokod Benguet.
SAMPLE/POPULATION OF THE STUDY:

The participants of the study are citizens that are currently residing within the

municipality of Bokod. Preferably 1444 respondents with the age ranging from 20 years old

to 40 years old.

DATA GATHERING TOOLS:

This study will use surveys, field trial experiments and one-to-one interviews as a way

to gather more data analysis. These tools were chosen for this research since it is cost-

effective and simple to conduct and manage. Additionally, it assures flexibility for

respondents and reduces partiality. The survey will use a Likert scale which will consist of 5

questions that will collect informational data from respondents to determine the acceptability

of the research. The field trial experiment will involve researchers experimenting with the

dyes’ potential effects and with the selected respondents for the one-to-one interviews, they

will be asked questions regarding their knowledge and expertise with the dye extraction,

along with fabric dyeing.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE:

The researchers will conduct surveys, interviews and questionnaires through the use

of multimedia resources. The data gathered from the research shall be collectedfrom a 1

month timeframe including field experiments, paper survey questionnaires,and one-to-one

interviews. The experiments on extracting dye and dyeing fabrics will be conducted at the

cooking facility within Ambangeg National high school grounds. According to DepEd Tayo

Ambangeg National High School official Facebook Page, There are a total of 450 students

attending the school year 2023-2024 from junior to senior high school.Using stratified

random sampling as a method of selecting the sample population,the selected respondents

will be students from the junior high grades respectively grade 7A&B, 8A&B, 9A&B, and

10A&B. The surveys are expected to be distributed 10 paper questionnaires to each section.

To further determine the acceptability rate of the usage of natural dye in the municipality of

Bokod, The researchers will organize one-to-one interviews with some local businesses that

has something in relation to the research itself.

TREATMENT OF THE DATA:

The researchers plan to provide a descriptive analysis of data for all independent and

independent variables in the study.The color outcome of the natural dye produced using

Alnus Cordata will be compared with other natural dyes made from various plant sources to

evaluate its effectiveness and potential applications.The data gathered will be analyzed using

descriptive statistics to presents the result. The researchers will oversee the information

about the number of the members of the sample who did and did not return the survey and it

will be listed in a table with numbers and percentages describing respondents and non-

respondents. The researchers will review and summarize the collected data. The type of

quantitative data analysis used is the survey methodology since the researchers used surveys

and questionnaires. The final step in the data analysis is to present the results in tables or

figures and interpret the results from the statistical test. An interpretation with the results

means that the researchers concludes the results of the research questions, hypothesis, and the

larger meaning of the results

 Questions Strongly Slightly Neutral Slightly Strongly

disagree disagree agree agree

1. Do you think Alnus Cordata dye offers a

viable alternative to synthetic dyes in terms of

color variety?

2. To what extent would you agree that Alnus

Cordata dye is eco-friendly compared to

synthetic dyes?

3. Do you believe the use of Alnus Cordata bark

as a natural dye aligns with sustainable and

eco-conscious consumer choices?

4. Would you be more likely to use Alnus

Cordata dye if it were proven to be

environmentally sustainable?

5. Are you likely to recommend Alnus Cordata

dye as a natural alternative to others in your

community?