WUTIVE UNIVERSITY - UNITIVA

DISTANCE COURSE
COURSE: LEADERSHIP ENGLISH I/B TEST
Name: ……………………ANSWER KEY………………………………………………………Marks…20 (1 MARK EACH)………….
Running Time: 2 Hours Date: 29th May 2021

FORMING A CONTRACT
FORM OF CONTRACT
A binding contract must be: in the form required by the law, between parties with the capacity to
contract – that is, legally capable to contract – or made by agents or representatives of the contracting
parties with the authority to act.
It should be: - enforceable in the event that one of the contracting fails tp perform the contract.
It may be: made in writing, made orally, implied from conduct, that is, by the behavior of the contracting
parties.
However, the law does require that some agreements are made in writing. This is usually because
registration is required for the agreement to be effective and the relevant registry requires a written
agreement. Examples of agreements to be made in writing include: - Contracts for the sale of land,
contracts of guarantee, contracts for transfer of shares, contracts which must be made by deed, for
example a lease for more than three years.
A simple contract requires consideration – the price in exchange for a promise to do something – and
becomes effective on execution, generally when it is signed. In contract, a contract by deed does not
require consideration. A deed has different formal execution requirements depending on the
contracting parties. For example, a deed may need to be fixed with a seal – a printed company stamp – if
one party is a limited company. Common law requires that a deed a deed is delivered. This determines
the date from which the parties are bound. It must be clear on the face of a deed that it is executed by
the parties as a deed. Deeds may contain standard wording about execution, for example.
AVOID OR VOIDABLE OR UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS
Sometimes a contract may be defective and may consequently be avoid or voidable or unenforceable.
A contract may be void – that is, no contract exists – if one, or both, of the parties is not recognized in
law as having legal capacity to consent to a contract, for example minors – young people under 18 – or
persons with certified mental incapacity.
A contract is voidable, that is, it may be voided, or cancelled, by one of the parties if there is some
defect in its formation. For example, if the contract for the sale of land is not in writing, the parties can
both ignore the defect and treat the contract as fully binding, or one of the parties can use the defect as
a means for setting the contract aside. Some contract may be neither void nor voidable but cannot be
enforced in a court of law, for example payment of a gambling debt. Lapse of time may render a
contract unenforceable. The limitation period for a legal action brought under a deed is usually 12 years
from the date of occurrence of the cause of action. An action on a simple contract is barred from being
raised after six years.
Complete the sentences with words from the box. Look at the texts to help you.
Barred delivered performed required bound enforced recognized
brought executed rendered treated consented implied set aside

1. The contract was……………RENDERED…………………………..….unenforceable after 12 years.

2. The contract was technically voidable but the parties………TREATED………….it as binding.
3. Because of the limitation period, you are………BARRED…………..from bringing an action.
 4. The other party has……………CONSENTED…………………………..to the terms of the contract.
5. The contract was……………SET ASIDE……………………..by the court because it was defective.
6. Although there was no written agreement, the court decided the conduct of the
parties…… …………………………IMPLIED………………………………..…………………………..a contract.
7. Registration of the transfer of land is……REQUIRED…………………………………..by the law.

II.Complete the definitions. Look at the texts to help you.

8. …DATE OF OCCURRENCE OF THE CAUSE OF ACTION… - time when an actionable event
happened.
9. …LIMITATION PERIOD….- amount of time which is available for someone to start legal
proceedings.
10. …LAPSE OF TIME………………………………………………………- the passing of a period of years.
GRAMMAR
Use second conditional. Start a sentence with “what would you do if….?”
11.(Imagine -you win a lot of money)…… what would you do if you won a lot of money?………………
12.(Imagine-You lose your passport)… what would you do if you lost your passport?……………………
13.(Imagine-there’sfirein the building)… what would you do if there was fire in the building?…………
Write a sentence with If…for each situation. Use second conditional.
14.This book is too expensive, so I am not going to buy it. I would ………………………………………………
…………………I would buy it if it wasn’t too expensive ………………………………………………………………………………
15.We don’t go out very often-we can’t afford it. We………………..……………………………………………………………
………we would go out very often if we could afford it…………………………………………………………….
16. I can’t meet you tomorrow – I have to work late. If……………………………………………………………………………..
………If I didn’t have to work late, I could meet you tomorrow……….………………………………………………
17. It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch outside. We………………………………………………………………………………….
………We could have lunch outside if it wasn’t raining……………………………………………………………..
Put the verb into the correct form (Third conditional)
18. It’s good that you reminded me about Ann’s birthday…I would have forgotten…….…..….(I/forget)
If……you had not reminded ………………………………….………(you/not/remind) me.
19. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York. If…I had
had….…(I/have) your address,…I would have sent………………………..…(I/send) you a postcard.
20. A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?
B: It was OK, but…we would have enjoyed……(we/enjoy) it more if ……the weather had been better….…
(the weather/be/) better.