FORMULAS SHEET FOR

BASIC STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION TO DATA

(1) Total Number of Classes (groups) = 1 + 3.322 Log (n)

where n is the total number of the observed points

𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
(2) Class Size (width/Interval)= h = 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬
where Range = (Maximum value) - (Minimum Value)

𝐋𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭+𝐔𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭

(3) Mid Point (Class Mark) = X = 𝟐

𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
(4) Relative Frequency = 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 x 100

CENTRAL TENDENCY

For Un-Grouped Data

̅ = ∑x/n
(1) Arithmetic Mean = 𝐗

(2) Geometric Mean = 𝐗 ̅ = (πx)1/n

̅ = Anti Log [ ∑Log(x)/n ]
(Or) 𝐗

̅ = n/∑(1/x)
(3) Harmonic Mean = 𝐗

̃ = [(n + 1)/2]th value

(4) Median = 𝐗

̂ = The most repeated value in data

(5) Mode = 𝐗
QUARTILES

For Un-Grouped Data

First Quartile = Lower Quartile = Q 1 = [(n + 1)/4]th value

Second Quartile = Median Quartile = Q2 = 2[(n + 1)/4]th value

Third Quartile = Upper Quartile = Q3 = 3[(n + 1)/4]th value

General Formula = QN = N[(n + 1)/4]th value; where N = 1, 2, 3

DECILES

For Un-Grouped Data

General Formula = DN = N[(n + 1)/10]th value; where N = 1, 2, 3, ......., 9

PERCENTILES

For Un-Grouped Data

General Formula = PN = N[(n + 1)/100]th value; where N = 1, 2, 3, ......., 99

CENTRAL TENDENCY

For Grouped Data

̅ = ∑fx/∑f
(1) Arithmetic Mean = 𝐗

̅ = Anti Log [ ∑f Log(x)/∑f]

(2) Geometric Mean = 𝐗

̅ = ∑f/∑(f/x)
(3) Harmonic Mean = 𝐗
 ̃ = l + (h/f) [(∑f)/2 - C]
(4) Median = 𝐗

̂ = l + h[(fm - f1)/(2fm - f1 - f2)]

(5) Mode = 𝐗

QUARTILES

For Grouped Data

General Formula = QN = l + (h/f) [N(∑f)/4 - C]; where N = 1, 2, 3

DECILES

For Grouped Data

General Formula = DN = l + (h/f) [N(∑f)/10 - C]; where N = 1, 2, 3, ........, 9

PERCENTILES

For Grouped Data

General Formula = PN = l + (h/f) [N(∑f)/100 - C]; where N = 1, 2, 3,....., 99

Relationship between AM, GM and HM

AM ≥ GM ≥ HM

Empirical Relationship Between Mean, Median and Mode

Mean - Mode = 3(Mean - Median); when data is not symmetrical

Mean = Median = Mode ; when data is symmetrical
DIPERSION

Un-Grouped Data (Absolute Measurements)

(1) Range = (Maximum value) - (Minimum Value)

(2) Quartile Deviation = Q.D = [(Q3 - Q1)/ 2]

where Q1 = [(n + 1)/4]th value and Q3 = 3[(n + 1)/4]th value

(3) Mean Deviation (M.D)

(i) Mean Deviation About Mean

̅∣ / n] ; where X
M.D𝐗̅ = [ ∑ ∣ X - 𝐗 ̅ = ∑x/n

(ii) Mean Deviation About Median

̃∣ / n] ; where X
M.D𝐗̃ = [ ∑ ∣ X - 𝐗 ̃ = [(n + 1)/2]th value

(iii) Mean Deviation About Mode

̂∣ / n] ; where X
M.D𝐗̂ = [ ∑ ∣ X - 𝐗 ̂ = The most repeated value in data

̅)2/ n] (OR) Variance = ∑x2/n - (∑x/n)2

(4) Variance = [ ∑ (X - 𝐗

(5) Standard Deviation = S.D = √𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

Un-Grouped Data (Relative Measurements)

(1) Coefficient of Range = [(Max) - (Min) / (Max) + (Min) ] x 100

(2) Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = [(Q3 - Q1)/ (Q3 + Q1)] x 100

where Q1 = [(n + 1)/4]th value and Q3 = 3[(n + 1)/4]th value
(3) Coefficient of Mean Deviation

(i) Mean Deviation About Mean

̅ ] x 100
Coefficient of Mean Deviation About Mean = [ M.D𝐗̅ / 𝐗
where ̅X = ∑x/n

(ii) Mean Deviation About Median

̃ ] x 100
Coefficient of Mean Deviation About Median = [ M.D𝐗̃ /𝐗
where ̃X = [(n + 1)/2]th value

(iii) Mean Deviation About Mode

̂ ] x 100
Coefficient of Mean Deviation About Mode = [ M.D𝐗̂ / 𝐗
where X̂ = The most repeated value in data

̅] x 100
(4) Coefficient of Variation = CV = [S.D / 𝐗

where ̅
X = ∑x/n and S.D = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Grouped Data (Absolute Measurements)

(1) Range = (Upper limit of last class) - (Lower limit of first class)

(2) Quartile Deviation = Q.D = [(Q3 - Q1)/ 2]

where Q1 = l + (h/f) [ ∑f/4 - C ]and Q3 = l + (h/f) [3(∑f)/4 - C]

(3) Mean Deviation (M.D)

(i) Mean Deviation About Mean

̅∣ / ∑f ] ; where ̅
M.D𝐗̅ = [ ∑ f ∣ X - 𝐗 X = ∑fx/∑f
(ii) Mean Deviation About Median

̃∣ / ∑f ] ; where ̃
M.D𝐗̃ = [ ∑ f ∣ X - 𝐗 X = l + (h/f) [ ∑f/2 - C ]

(iii) Mean Deviation About Mode

̂∣ / ∑f ] ; where X
M.D𝐗̂ = [ ∑ f ∣ X - 𝐗 ̂ = l + h[(fm - f1)/(2fm - f1 - f2)]

̅)2/ ∑f ] (OR) Variance = ∑fx2/∑f - (∑fx/∑f)2

(4) Variance = [ ∑ f (X - 𝐗

(5) Standard Deviation = S.D = √𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

Grouped Data (Relative Measurements)

[(𝐔𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬) − (𝐋𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬)]

(1) Coefficient of Range = x 100
[(𝐔𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬)+ (𝐋𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬)]

(2) Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = [(Q3 - Q1)/ (Q3 + Q1)] x 100

where Q1 = l + (h/f) [ ∑f/4 - C ]and Q3 = l + (h/f) [3(∑f)/4 - C]

(3) Coefficient of Mean Deviation

(i) Mean Deviation About Mean

̅ ] x 100
Coefficient of Mean Deviation About Mean = [ M.D 𝐗̅ / 𝐗
where ̅X = ∑fx/∑f

(ii) Mean Deviation About Median

̃ ] x 100
Coefficient of Mean Deviation About Median = [ M.D 𝐗̃ /𝐗
where ̃X = l + (h/f) [ ∑f/2 - C ]
(iii) Mean Deviation About Mode

̂ ] x 100
Coefficient of Mean Deviation About Mode = [ M.D 𝐗̂ / 𝐗
where X̂ = l + h[(fm - f1)/(2fm - f1 - f2)]

̅] x 100
(4) Coefficient of Variation = CV = [S.D / 𝐗

where ̅
X = ∑fx/∑f and S.D = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒