SOLAR BASED AUTO-IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO 2022

Chapter 2: IRRIGATION & AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY

In this chapter we described the Basics of this technology along with the use of its use in rural areas.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Humidity is simply the presence of water vapor in air or other gases, expressed as
relative humidity (RH) or as absolute humidity. Relative humidity is the most common
measurement and is defined as the ratio of the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor
pressure, expressed as a percentage. Absolute humidity, in comparison, measures the mass of
water vapor present in a unit volume of air at a given temperature and pressure. Common
measurement units are dewpoint (°F or °C), grams of water per cubic meter of air (g/m³) or
pounds of water per million cubic feet (lb/ft³).
The presence or absence of water vapor in air or other gas influences a vast range of
physical, chemical and biological processes. Humidity measurements are important for a wide
range of industries and to some they are a critical aspect of business costs, product quality, and
health and safety. The measurement of humidity is also an important element of weather reports
because the presence of humidity indicates the chance of dew, fog, or precipitation. Higher
relative humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in order to cool the body.

If your home is too humid, it creates a better environment for dust mites, mold and
mildew. Allergens also thrive in high humidity conditions. The bottom line is humidity plays a
big role when it comes to indoor air quality, and that air quality directly can directly affect the
health of you and your family. Similarly for industrial unit the humidity affects the equipment
through corrosion over the material surface, electric shock and many more harms.

The Model defines minimum standards for humidity monitoring and alarm systems and
components, and for the operational management of these system Humidity monitoring systems
and devices should be used in temperature-controlled rooms that are used to store TTSPPs that
require a humidity-controlled environment. Monitoring sensors should be accurate to ± 5%
relative humidity (RH) and located to monitor worst-case humidity levels within the qualified
storage volume. They should be positioned so as to be minimally affected by transient events
such as door opening.

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SOLAR BASED AUTO-IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO 2022

2.2 MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

Then temperature is the most important environmental parameter for given industrial
unit. So, an accurate determination of temperature, or the measure of hot or cold, is an important
factor in many industries as follows:

• Food and Beverage Processing: Measurement and control of temperature is of utmost

importance for both food and beverage processing manufacturers. Temperature is one of the
important factors to consider during the bulk production of food items.

• In the beverage industry, temperature plays a vital role in deciding the quality of the final
product. During the wine making or brewing process, the ambient temperature, as well as
fermentation temperature, could have a positive or negative effect. Even in the process of milk
pasteurization, the temperature is important to ensure the removal of harmful pathogens, such
as Escherichia, Salmonella, and Listeria.

• Plastic Production: Temperature plays an important role in the plastic industry. During the
manufacturing stages, for example thermoforming, or injection molding, several temperature
ranges needs to be monitored to ensure a high product quality.

• Metal Processing: Be it any type of metal process plant, temperature measurement is always
high on the list for operational excellence. Temperature measurement and analysis is plays a
key role in metal processing, as well as monitoring. If the temperature measurement
information is not correct, then it can affect quality of the final product, as well as endanger
workplace security.

So, we can say that the Temperature is thus a state variable. Together with mass, heat
capacity and others, temperature describes the energy content of a body, or, as it often expressed
in physics, a system.

This Model defines minimum standards for temperature monitoring and alarm systems
and components, and for the operational management of these systems. Air temperature
monitoring systems and devices should be installed in all temperature-controlled rooms, cold
rooms, freezer rooms, refrigerators and freezers used to store TTSPPs. Electronic sensors
should be accurate to ± 0.5 °C or better.4 Sensors should be located in areas where the greatest
variability in temperature is expected to occur within the qualified storage volume and they
should be positioned so as to be minimally affected by transient events such as door opening.

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SOLAR BASED AUTO-IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO 2022

2.3 ADVANCEMENT IN IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY

We have combined these two monitoring systems in our project i.e. humidity
Monitoring & Temperature monitoring so as to read the readings of both quantities over the
single LCD screen. This hybrid may be useful for comparative studies of these quantities. Also
this enables the single alarm if any of these quantity exceeds over the pre-decided critical value
to avoid harmful effects on the industrial unit.
The Alarm system Temperature as well as humidity (where necessary), alarm systems
should be linked to the monitoring system(s) with high and low alarm set points. There should
be a visual alarm and preferably also an audible alarm, together with automatic telephone dial-
up or short message service (SMS) text warnings to key personnel.
The DHT sensors are made of two parts, a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor.
There is also a very basic chip inside that does some analog to digital conversion and spits out
a digital signal with the temperature and humidity. The digital signal is fairly easy to read using
any microcontroller.

The objective of this model is to achieve a functional system in terms of hardware and
software, to measure temperature and humidity. Also, this system will allow to monitoring the
time. In this, we use an Arduino board with interfacing a sensor placed in local environment to
measure temperature and humidity. We focused to achieve the goal of achieving a functional
system in terms of hardware and software that allows measuring and monitoring temperature,
humidity and the time; using a development board for the communication with the sensor and
clock along-with the implementation a program that allows requirements.