Three Phase Transformer: Berhane D

Chapter 2
Three Phase Transformer

Berhane D.
Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 1 / 52

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Three phase transformer connection
3 Auto-transformers
4 Three phase to two phase conversion
5 Parallel connection of three phase transformers
6 Power and distribution transformers
7 Instrumentation transformers
8 Inrush current and harmonics

Introduction
Generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy is

invariably done through the use of three-phase systems because
of its several advantages over single-phase systems.
As such, a large number of three-phase transformers are
inducted in a 3-phase energy system for stepping-up or stepping
– down the voltage as required.
For 3-phase transformation, three units of 1-phase transformers
or one unit of 3-phase transformer may be used.
When three identical units of 1-phase transformers are used as
shown in Figure 1, the arrangement is usually called a bank of
three transformers or a 3-phase transformer bank.

Figure 1: Three-phase transformer bank
A single 3-phase transformer unit may employ 3–phase core-type

construction Figure 2 or three phase shell type construction.
Figure 2: Three-phase core-type transformer
A 3-phase core-type transformer costs about 15% less than a

bank of three 1-phase transformers. Also, a single unit occupies
less floor space than a bank.

Three phase transformer connection
Three-phase transformers may have the following four standard
connections,
(a) Star-Delta (Y − ∆)
(b) Delta-Star (∆ − Y )
(c) Delta-Delta (∆ − ∆)
(d) Star-Star (Y − Y )
These connections are discussed in the following section, where
V and I are taken as input line voltage and line current
respectively.
Primary and secondary windings of one phase are drawn parallel
to each other, with phase turns ratio from primary to secondary
as N1 /N2 = a.
Each connection type has its own advantage and application
area.
1. Star-Delta (Y − ∆) Connection
This connection is commonly used for stepping down the voltage

from a high level to a medium or low level.
The insulation on the hv side of the transformer is stressed only
to 57.74% of line to line voltage.
Figure 3: Star-Delta Connection

Here primary phase current (I1P ) is equal with the primary line
current (I1L ).
Secondary phase current and secondary line current,
√
I2P = aI1P I2L = 3aI1P (1)
Similarly, secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage,

V
V2P = V2L = √ (2)
a 3
The VA capacity,
V V √
VAin = 3 √ I = VAout = 3 √ aI = 3VI (3)
3 a 3

2. Delta-Star (∆ − Y ) Connection
This type of connection is used for stepping up the voltage to a

high level.
For example, these are used in the beginning of h.v.
transmission lines so that insulation is stressed to about 57.74%
of line voltage.
Figure 4: Delta-star connection of 3-phase transformers

Delta-star transformers are also generally used as distribution
transformers for providing mixed line to line voltage to
high-power equipment and line to neutral voltage to 1-phase
low-power equipment.
Secondary phase current and Secondary line current,
IP
I2L = I2P = a √1 (4)
3
Secondary phase voltage and Secondary line voltage,

V √ V
V2P = V2L = 3 (5)
a a
The VA capacity,
I V I √
VAin = 3V √ = VAout = 3 a √ = 3VI (6)
2 a 3

3. Delta-Delta (∆ − ∆) Connection
This scheme of connections is used for large 1.v transformers. It

is because a delta-connected winding handles line voltage, so it
requires more turns per phase but of smaller cross-sectional area.
The absence of star point may be a disadvantage in some
applications.
Figure 5: Delta-Delta connection of 3-phase transformers

Secondary phase current and secondary line current,
√

P aI L aI
I2 = √ I2 = 3 √ = aI (7)
3 3
Secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage,

V V
V2P = V2L = (8)
a a
The VA capacity,
I V aI
VAin = 3V √ = 3 √ = VAout (9)
2 a 3

In case a bank of three transformers is used, then one
transformer can be removed for maintenance purposes while the
remaining two transformers (called an open-delta or
V-connection) can still deliver 58% of the power delivered by the
original 3-phase transformer bank.
Figure 6: Open delta connection

4. Star-Star (Y − Y ) Connection
With star connection, turns per phase are minimum and the
winding insulation is stressed to 57.74% of line voltage.
This connection is used very rarely for small h.v transformers
because of oscillatory neutral problems.
Figure 7: Star-star connection of three-phase transformers

Secondary phase current and line current,
I2P = I2L = kI (10)
Secondary phase voltage and line voltage,

V V
V2P = √ V2L = (11)
3k k
VA capacity,
V V √
VAin = 3 √ I = VAout = 3 √ kI = 3VI (12)
3 3k

Auto-transformers
In principle and in general construction, the auto-transformer
does not differ from the conventional two-winding transformer.
It does differ from it however, in the way the primary and
secondary windings are interrelated.
In the normal two winding transformers, the secondary induced
voltage is obtained from a separate winding linked with the core.
But it is also possible to induce a secondary voltage from a
portion of the primary turns.
When the primary and secondary voltage are derived from the
same winding, the transformer is called an auto-transformer.
An ordinary two-winding transformer may also be used as an
auto-transformer by connecting the two windings in series and
applying the impressed voltage across the two, or merely to one
of the windings. It depends on whether it is desired to step the
voltage down or up, respectively.
Figure 8 below shows the connection diagram for
auto-transformer,
Figure 8: Autotransformers: (a) step-down; (b) step-up
In Figure 8 (a) the input voltage V1 is connected to the

complete winding (a-c) and the load RL is connected across a
portion of the winding, that is, (b-c).
The voltage V2 is related to V1 as in the conventional
two-winding transformer, that is,
Nbc
V2 = V1 (13)
Nac
where Nbc and Nac are the number of turns on the respective
windings.
The ratio of voltage transformation in an auto-transformer is the
same as that for an ordinary transformer,
Nac V1 I2
k= = = (14)
Nbc V2 I1
Assuming a resistive load for convenience, then,

V2
I2 = (15)
R

Assuming a loss less transformer, the power output is,
Po = V2 I2 (16)
Note that I1 flows in the portion of winding ab, whereas the

current (I2 –I1 ) flows in the remaining portion bc.
In an autotransformer, the secondary induced current is,
I2 = I1 + (I2 − I1 ) (17)
The ampere-turns due to section bc,

Nac 1
(I2 − I1 )Nbc = (kI1 − I1 ) = I1 Nac 1 − = I1 Nab (18)
k k
Thus, the ampere-turns due to sections bc and ab balance each
other, a characteristic of all transformer actions.
To see how the power is delivered to the load, let’s re-write the
power equation as,
P = V2 I2 = V2 (I1 + (I2 − I1 )) = V2 I1 + V2 (I2 − I1 ) (19)
Equation 19 shows that the power delivered to the load has two
components; the first component,
Pc = V2 I1 (20)
is conducted power to load through ab.

The second component,
Ptr = V2 (I2 − I1 ) (21)
transformed power to load through bc.

To see the proportion of Pc and Ptr from the total power Po ,
Pc V2 I1 I1 1
= = = (22)
P V2 I2 I2 k
and
Ptr V2 (I2 − I1 ) (I2 − I1 ) k −1
= = = (23)
P V2 I2 I2 k
Following reasons similar to those above, for a step-up

auto-transformer,
Pc
=k (24)
P
Ptr
=1−k (25)
P

Example: Auto-transformer
A standard 5-kVA 2300/230-V distribution transformer is connected

as an auto-transformer to step down the voltage from 2530 V to
2300 V. The transformer connection is as shown in Figure 8 (a). The
230-V winding is section ab, the 2300-V winding is bc. Compare the
kVA rating of the autotransformer with that of the original
two-winding transformer. Also calculate Pc , Ptr , and the currents.
Solution
The rated current in the 230-V winding (or in ab) is,

5000
I1 = = 21.74 A
230

The rated current in the 2300-V winding (or in bc) is,
5000
I2 − I1 = = 2.174 A
2300
Therefore,
I2 = 23.914 A
The output power will be,
P = V1 I1 = V2 I2 = 2530 × 21.74 = 55 kVA
2530
For k = 2300
= 1.1, the conducted power is,
P
Pc = = 50 kVA
k
and the transferred power is,
k −1
Ptr = P = 5 kVA
k
Important notes:
An auto-transformer can handle much more load power than an

equivalent two-winding transformer. These great gains are
possible since an auto-transformer transforms, by transformer
action, only a fraction of the total power; the power that is not
transformed is conducted directly to the load.
It should be noted that an auto-transformer is not suitable for
large percentage voltage reductions as is a distribution
transformer.
They are cheaper than a conventional two-winding transformer
of similar rating.
They also have better regulation (i.e., the voltage does not drop
so much for the same load), and they operate at higher
efficiency.

Three phase to two phase conversion
The voltages in a 2-phase system are equal but displaced from
each other by 900 . There are several ways to create a 2-phase
system from a 3-phase source.
One of the simplest and cheapest is to use a single phase
auto-transformer having taps at 50% and 86.6%.
We connect it between any two phases of a 3-phase line, as
shown in Figure 9.
EAT
ENC
Figure 9: 3φ to 2φ conversion using auto-transformer

If the voltage between lines A, B, C is V, voltages EAT and ENC
are both equal to 0.86V. Furthermore, they are displaced from
each other by 900 .
EAT Load1
N T
A B
G 50% tap 86% tap
ENC Load2
C
EAN EAT EAB

EAT
ECA
ENC
ENC
EBC
Figure 10: Schematic and phasor diagram of 3φ to 2φ conversion

Notes from the phasor diagram,
? Phasors EAB , EBC and ECA are fixed by the source.
? Phasor EAN is in phase with phasor EAB because the same ac
flux links the turns of the auto-transformer.
? Phasor EAT is in phase with phasor EAB for the same reason.
? From Kirchhoff’s voltage law, EAN + ENC + ECA = 0.
Consequently, phasor ENC must have the value and direction
shown in the figure.
Loads 1 and 2 must be isolated from each other; such as the two
windings of a 2-phase induction motor.
The ratio of transformation (3-phase voltage to 2-phase voltage)
is fixed and given by EEAB
AT
100
= 86.6 = 1.15.
Except for servomotor applications. 2-phase systems are seldom
encountered today.

Parallel connection of three phase transformers
When a growing load eventually exceeds the power rating of an

installed transformer, we sometimes connect a second
transformer in parallel with it.
To ensure proper load-sharing between the two transformers,
they must possess the following characteristics,
? The same primary and secondary voltages
? The same per-unit impedance
Particular attention must be paid to the polarity of each
transformer; so that only terminals having the same polarity are
connected together (Figure 11). An error in polarity produces a
severe short circuit as soon as the transformers are excited.

H1 X1
A RL
H2 X2
H1 X1
B
H2 X2
Figure 11: Connecting transformers in parallel to share a load
In order to calculate the currents flowing in each transformer

when they are connected in parallel, we must first determine the
equivalent circuit of the system.
Consider first the equivalent circuit when a single transformer
feeds a load ZL . (Figure 12).
Zp1
1 3
I1
Ep a:1 ZL
Figure 12: Equivalent circuit of a transformer feeding a load ZL
The primary voltage is Ep and the impedance of the transformer

referred to the primary side is Zp1 .
If the ratio of transformation is a, the circuit can be simplified to
that shown in Figure 13.

Zp1
1 3
I1
Ep a2ZL
Figure 13: Equivalent circuit
If a second transformer having an impedance Zp2 is connected in

parallel with the first, the equivalent circuit becomes that shown
in Figure 14. In effect, the impedances of the transformers are in
parallel.
The primary currents in the transformers are respectively I1 and
I2 .
Zp2
I2
I1
1 3
Zp1
Ep a2ZL
Figure 14: Equivalent circuit of two transformers in parallel
Because the voltage drop E13 across the impedances is the same,
we can write,
I1 Zp1 = I2 Zp2 (26)
or
I1 Zp2
= (27)
I2 Zp1
The ratio of the primary currents is therefore determined by the
magnitude of the respective primary impedances; and not by the
ratings of the two transformers.
But in order that the temperature rise be the same for both
transformers, the currents must be proportional to the respective
kVA ratings. Consequently, we want to fulfill the following
condition,
I1 S1
= (28)
I2 S2
From Eqs. 27 and 28, it can readily be proved that the desired
condition is met if the transformers have the same per-unit
impedances. The following example shows what happens when
the per-unit impedances are different.

Example: Transformers in parallel
A 100 kVA transformer is connected in parallel with an existing 250

kVA transformer to supply a load of 330 kVA. The transformers are
rated 7200/240 V. But the 100 kVA unit has an impedance of 4%
while the 250 kVA transformer has an impedance of 6%.
Calculate,
(a) The nominal primary current of each transformer
(b) The impedance of the load referred to the primary side
(c) The impedance of each transformer referred to the primary side
(d) The actual primary current in each transformer

Solution
(a) Nominal current

VA1 250000
I1n = n
= = 34.7 A
Vp 7200
VA2 100000
I2n = n
= = 13.9 A
Vp 7200
(b) Load impedance referred to the primary: Since the transformers
are fairly big, it’s reasonable to assume that the transformer’s
impedance are purely reactive.
Ep2 72002
ZL = = = 157 Ω
Sload 330000

(c) Transformer impedance
Base impedance of the 250 kVA unit,
72002
Z1base = = 207 Ω
250000
? Transformer impedance referred to the primary side is,
Zp1 = 0.06 × 207 = 12.4 Ω
Base impedance of the 100 kVA unit,

72002
Z2base = = 518 Ω
100000
? Transformer impedance referred to the primary side is,
Zp2 = 0.04 × 518 = 20.7 Ω

(d) Actual primary current,
? The approximate load current,
SL 330000
IL = = = 46 A
Ep 7200
? The load current divides in the following way,

20.7
I1 = 46 × = 28.8 A
12.4 + 20.7
12.4
I2 = 46 × = 17.2 A
12.4 + 20.7
The 100 kVA transformer is seriously overloaded because it

carries a primary current of 17.2 A, which is 25 percent above its
rated value of 13.9 A.

The 250 kVA unit is not overloaded because it only carries a
current of 28.8 A versus its rated value of 34.7 A. Clearly. the
two transformers are not carrying their proportionate share of
the load.
The 100 k VA transformer is overloaded because of its low
impedance (4 percent) compared to the impedance of the 250
kVA transformer (6 percent).
A low-impedance transformer always tends to carry more than
its proportionate share of the load. If the percent impedances
were equal. the load would be shared between the transformers
in proportion to their respective power ratings.

Power and distribution transformers
Power transformers used in power distribution systems are

sometimes referred as follows,
1. Unit Transformer
? It is connected to the output of a generator and used to step its
voltage up to the transmission level (110 kV and higher)
2. Substation transformer
? Used at a substation to step the voltage from the transmission
level down to the distribution level
3. Distribution transformer
Converts the distribution voltage down to the consumer level
(380 V, 220 V, etc.)

Instrumentation transformers
Transformers are often used in instrumentation applications to

match the magnitude of a voltage or current to the range of a
meter or other instrumentation.
For example, most 50-Hz power-systems’ instrumentation is
based upon voltages in the range of 0-120 V rms and currents in
the range of 0-5 Arms.
Since power system voltages range up to 765-kV line-to-line and
currents can be 10’s of kA, some method of supplying an
accurate, low-level representation of these signals to the
instrumentation is required.
One common technique is through the use of specialized
transformers known as potential transformers or PT’s and
current transformers or CT’s.

If constructed with a turns ratio of Nl : N2 , an ideal potential
transformer would have a secondary voltage equal in magnitude
to NN21 times that of the primary and identical in phase.
Similarly, an ideal current transformer would have a secondary
output current equal to NN12 times the current input to the
primary, again identical in phase.
In other words, potential and current transformers (also referred
to as instrumentation transformers) are designed to approximate
ideal transformers as closely as is practically possible.
The equivalent circuit of Fig. 2.21 shows a transformer loaded
with an impedance Zb = Rb + jXb at its secondary.
For the sake of this discussion, the core-loss resistance Rc has
been neglected; if desired, the analysis presented here can be
easily expanded to include its effect.

Following conventional terminology, the load on an
instrumentation transformer is frequently referred to as the
burden on that transformer.
To simplify our discussion, we have chosen to refer all the
secondary quantities to the primary side of the ideal transformer.
Figure 15: Equivalent circuit for an instrumentation transformer

1. Potential transformer
Ideally it should accurately measure voltage while appearing as

an open circuit to the system under measurement, i.e., drawing
negligible current and power. Thus, its load impedance should
be ”large”.
First, let us assume that the transformer secondary is
open-circuited (i.e., |Zb | = ∞). In this case we can write that,

V2 N2 jXm
= (29)
V1 N1 R1 + j(X1 + Xm )
From this equation, we see that a potential transformer with an

open-circuited secondary has an inherent error (in both
magnitude and phase) due to the voltage drop of the
magnetizing current through the primary resistance and leakage
reactance.
To the extent that the primary resistance and leakage reactance
can be made small compared to the magnetizing reactance, this
inherent error can be made quite small.
The situation is worsened by the presence of a finite burden.
Including the effect of the burden impedance, Eq. 2.41 becomes,
Zeq Zb0

V2 N2
= (30)
V1 N1 (R1 + jX1 )(Zeq + Zb0 + R20 + jX20 )
where
jXm (R1 + jX1 )
Zeq =
R1 + j(Xm + X1 )
and 2
N1
Zb0 = Zb
N2
is the burden impedance referred to the transformer primary

From these equations, it can be seen that the characterstics of
an accurate potential transformer include a large magnetizing
reactance (more accurately, a large exciting impedance since the
effects of core loss, although neglected in the analysis presented
here, must also be minimized) and relatively small winding
resistances and leakage reactances.
Finally, as will be seen in the following example, the burden
impedance must be kept above a minimum value to avoid
introducing excessive errors in the magnitude and phase angle of
the measured voltage.

Example: Potential transformer
A 2400:120-V, 60-Hz potential transformer has the following

parameter values (referred to the 2400-V winding):
X1 = 143 Ω X20 = 164 Ω Xm = 163 Ω R1 = 128 Ω R20 = 141 Ω
(a) Assuming a 2400-V input, which ideally should produce a
voltage of 120 V at the low-voltage winding, calculate the
magnitude and relative phase-angle errors of the secondary
voltage if the secondary winding is open-circuited.
(b) Assuming the burden impedance to be purely resistive
(Zb = Rb ), calculate the minimum resistance (maximum burden)
that can be applied to the secondary such that the magnitude
error is less than 0.5 percent.
(c) Repeat part (b) but find the minimum resistance such that the
phase-angle error is less than 1.0 degree.

Solution
(a) Using equation

N2 jXm
V2 = V1
N1 R1 + j(X1 + Xm )
j163 × 103

120
V2 = 2400 = 119.9∠0.0450 V
2400 128 + j(143 + 163 × 103 )
(b) Using equation,
Zeq Zb0

V2 N2
=
V1 N1 (R1 + jX1 )(Zeq + Zb0 + R20 + jX20 )
we can write a MATLAB script to calculate the percentage error

in the magnitude of voltage V2 as compared to the 120 Volts
that would be measured if the PT were ideal.
The resistive burden Rb can be initialized to a large value and
then reduced until the magnitude error reaches 0.5%. The result
of such an analysis would show that the minimum resistance is
162.5 Ω, corresponding to a magnitude error of 0.50% and a
phase angle of 0.220 . (Note that this appears as a resistance of
65 kΩ when referred to the primary)
(c) The MATLAB script of part (b) can be modified to search for
the minimum resistive burden that will keep the phase angle
error less than 1.0 degrees. The result would show that the
minimum resistance is 41.4 Ω, corresponding to a phase angle of
1.00 and a magnitude error of 1.70%.

2. Current transformer
An ideal current transformer would accurately measure voltage

while appearing as a short circuit to the system under
measurement, i.e., developing negligible voltage drop and
drawing negligible power. Thus, its load impedance should be
”small”.
Let us begin with the assumption that the transformer secondary
is short-circuited (i.e., |Zb | = 0). In this case we can write that,

I2 N1 jXm
= (31)
I1 N2 R2 + j(X20 + Xm )
0
In a fashion quite analogous to that of a potential transformer,

Eq. 2.45 shows that a current transformer with a shorted
secondary has an inherent error (in both magnitude and phase)
due to the fact that some of the primary current is shunted
through the magnetizing reactance and does not reach the 20 .
To the extent that the magnetizing reactance can be made large
in comparison to the secondary resistance and leakage reactance,
this error can be made quite small.
A finite burden appears in series with the secondary impedance
and increases the error. Including the effect of the burden
impedance, Eq. 2.45 becomes,

I2 N1 jXm
= (32)
I1 N2 Zb + R2 + j(X20 + Xm )
0 0
From these equations, it can be seen that an accurate current

transformer has a large magnetizing impedance and relatively
small winding resistances and leakage reactance.
In addition, as is seen in Example 2.11, the burden impedance
on a current transformer must be kept below a maximum value
to avoid introducing excessive additional magnitude and phase
errors in the measured current.
Example: Current transformer
A 800:5-A, 60-Hz CT has the following parameter values (referred to

the 800-A winding):
X1 = 44.8 µΩ X20 = 54.3 µΩ Xm = 17.7 mΩ
R1 = 10.3 µΩ R20 = 9.6 µΩ
Assuming that the high-current winding is carrying a current of 800
amperes, calculate the magnitude and relative phase of the current in
the low-current winding if the load impedance is purely resistive with
Rb = 2.5Ω.
Solution
Using equation,

I2 N1 jXm
=
I1 N2 Zb0 + R20 + j(X20 + Xm )
I2 = 4.98∠0.3460 A
Inrush current and harmonics

Three Phase Transformer: Berhane D

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Chapter 2

Three Phase Transformer

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 1 / 52

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 2 / 52

Generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy is

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 3 / 52

A single 3-phase transformer unit may employ 3–phase core-type

A 3-phase core-type transformer costs about 15% less than a

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 5 / 52

This connection is commonly used for stepping down the voltage

Figure 3: Star-Delta Connection

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 7 / 52

Similarly, secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage,

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 8 / 52

This type of connection is used for stepping up the voltage to a

Figure 4: Delta-star connection of 3-phase transformers

Secondary phase voltage and Secondary line voltage,

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 10 / 52

This scheme of connections is used for large 1.v transformers. It

Figure 5: Delta-Delta connection of 3-phase transformers

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 11 / 52

Secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage,

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 12 / 52

Figure 6: Open delta connection

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 13 / 52

Figure 7: Star-star connection of three-phase transformers

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 14 / 52

I2P = I2L = kI (10)

Secondary phase voltage and line voltage,

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 15 / 52

Figure 8: Autotransformers: (a) step-down; (b) step-up

In Figure 8 (a) the input voltage V1 is connected to the

Assuming a resistive load for convenience, then,

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 18 / 52

Note that I1 flows in the portion of winding ab, whereas the

The ampere-turns due to section bc,

P = V2 I2 = V2 (I1 + (I2 − I1 )) = V2 I1 + V2 (I2 − I1 ) (19)

is conducted power to load through ab.

Ptr = V2 (I2 − I1 ) (21)

transformed power to load through bc.

Following reasons similar to those above, for a step-up

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 21 / 52

A standard 5-kVA 2300/230-V distribution transformer is connected

The rated current in the 230-V winding (or in ab) is,

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 22 / 52

An auto-transformer can handle much more load power than an

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 24 / 52

Figure 9: 3φ to 2φ conversion using auto-transformer

EAN EAT EAB

Figure 10: Schematic and phasor diagram of 3φ to 2φ conversion

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 27 / 52

When a growing load eventually exceeds the power rating of an

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 28 / 52

Figure 11: Connecting transformers in parallel to share a load

In order to calculate the currents flowing in each transformer

Figure 12: Equivalent circuit of a transformer feeding a load ZL

The primary voltage is Ep and the impedance of the transformer

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 30 / 52

Figure 13: Equivalent circuit

If a second transformer having an impedance Zp2 is connected in

Figure 14: Equivalent circuit of two transformers in parallel

Three Phase Transformer (Berhane D.) Chapter 2 33 / 52

A 100 kVA transformer is connected in parallel with an existing 250