Name: MARIA CRISTINA S. IMPORTANTE Yr.

& Section: BSED 4 SOCIAL STUDIES

CHAPTER 4

The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900

Section 1
The Beginning of Industrialization

Explain how each factor listed contributed to an Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.

Agricultural revolution  Increased their landholding and let them cultivate larger fields

Abundant natural  they had water and coal to fuel new machines; rivers to transport
resources things; iron to build machinery and tools; harbors to encourage
trade

Political stability  no wars on British soil and a government that supported innovation

Factors of production  they had land, labor, and capital - all of the the factors of production

Technological advances  Flying shuttle; spinning Jenny; Water frame; spinning mule. Were
in the textile industry able to make textiles quickly

Entrepreneurs  invested money to spur innovation

Building of Factories  put all the machinery in one place and made production faster

Railroad boom  more railroad made transportation faster and spurred innovation

 
Section 2
Industrialization Case Study: Manchester

What changes did industrialization bring about for the following groups of people?

Poor city dwellers  Because no plans, sanitary codes, or building regulations

controlled the rampant growth of English cities, the poor
lacked adequate housing and many were forced to live in
dark, filthy, overcrowded slums under unhealthy and
  unsafe conditions.

Negative:
 overpopulation
 debt increase
 high taxes
 workhouses: conditions were bad
 inadequate housing: no plans/sanitary codes/building
regulation

 Positive:
 more jobs
 closer to jobs
 Workhouses: since government wanted to make sure people
feared workhouses, families were split, poor wore
uniforms, everyone had to work, etc.

Factory workers  Because factory owners wanted to keep their

machines running for as many hours a day as
possible, workers were forced to work long hours for
starvation wages, often under dangerous and
unhealthy conditions; later, working conditions and
the standard of living improved.

Wealthy merchants, factory  gained wealth and status and joined growing middle
owners, shippers class of skilled workers, professionals, business
people, and well-to-do farmers world trade with other
countries increased their wealth

Children  as young as 6, began to work in factories for long

hours under brutal conditions; child labor laws later
brought some reforms

Negatives:
child labor
high death rate for children, industrialization creates
need for children to work

Positives:
more family income

Lower middle class of factory  enjoyed a comfortable standard of living opportunity

overseers and skilled workers to have accomplishment upward mobility (rising to
high social class- bourgeoisie)

Large landowners and  lost some status, respect, and power but continued to
aristocrats look down on those who gained wealth in business
ARISTOCRATS: nobility doesn't mean much as any
more control of price of food losing labor of workers
to city jobs mechanization is expensive
 Section 3
Industrialization Spreads

Industrial development in the

United States paralleled
industrialization in Britain.
1. What were some favorable Water power, harbors, iron ore, coal, vast labor force,
conditions that sparked political stability, and a favorable financial system were all favorable
industrialization in both Britain and conditions that sparked industrialization.
the United States?
2. What factors led to the great
expansion of U.S. industry in the A technological boom, expansion of railroads, formation of
late 1800s? corporations, available capital.

Industrialization eventually reached continental Europe.

3. How did the Napoleonic wars affect the development of industry in Europe?

 Because of the Napoleonic wars Intercontinental trade almost came to a stop and
communication was disrupted. All of this resulted in widespread inflation throughout
continental Europe.
 Europeans didn't begin their industrialization process until the 1800s. They tended to call
industrialization the "British Miracle" because they thought that the British were the only
ones who could industrialize.

4. How would you characterize the expansion of industry throughout Europe during the
early 1800s?

 The expansion of industry throughout Europe could be characterized as slow.

 Therefore, most European nations didn't begin the industrialization process until the
early to mid-1800s, and some nations didn't even begin until the late 1800s. Some
countries ended up being a century behind Britain in the industrial progress. We can see
discrepancies through industrialized power and no industrialized weakness.

 The Countries that Industrialized First after Britain and the United States:
1. Belgium
2. Germany- which mostly focused on the development of military industrialization.
Germany was interested in knowing what the British knew. (At one point, Britain banned
industrial information from leaving the country so that other countries would not get the
information. It became illegal to share blueprints for technology.) The Germans sent
children to get information from Britain, return, and inform them.
3. France- Louis Napoleon brought industrialization to France.
 Industrialization revolutionized every aspect of society worldwide.
5. How did industrialization shift the world balance of power?

 The gap between the powerful and the weak widens and hugely ended up in the
industrialized countries growing in power- a lot of times at the expense of the non-
industrialized countries.
 Global competition and global inequality on unprecedented level grew.
 Industrialized nations began to use non-industrialized nations for their natural
resources and people to sell products to. These industrialized nations conquered almost
all of Africa and Asia.

6. In what ways did industrialization benefit society?

 Even more advancements and improvements in agriculture (more food) were

made.
 The production and availability of products continued to increase; there was a
variety in products as people bought more of them.
 Transportation
 Developments in communication were continued.
 The creation of economic power and new wealth grew.
 (This is why we have a strong middle class- The middle class grows in
numbers and strength as all of the new jobs we can have grown. Prior to
industrialization, you had very few people in the upper class, some in middle
class, but the majority in the lower class. People in the lower class were able to
move to the middle class because of industrialization)
 Modern medicine and innovation kept improving. With these improvements,
people were able to keep more people alive, which resulted in a bigger
population.
 The middle class ended up working on expanding educational and democratic
opportunities.
 Comfort and ease

Section 4
Reforming the Industrial World

Answer the questions about the ideas of the philosophers and

reformers of the Industrial Revolution.

The Economic What were the basic ideas of each

Philosophers philosopher?
1. Adam Smith  He defended the idea of free economy of free markets.
 He also made the natural laws of economics. Argued
that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress,
so government should not interfere-(laissez faire)
2. Thomas Malthus  He argued that population tended to increase more rapidly
than the food supply.
3. David Ricardo  Took "An Essay on the Principle of Population" one step
further in, "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation". He
also believed that as population increased wages would be
forced down.
The Social Reformers How did each reformer try to correct the ills of
industrialization?
4. John Stuart Mill  Believed it was wrong that workers should lead
deprived lives that sometimes bordered on starvation.
He wanted to help ordinary people.
5. Robert Owen  He provided free schooling, banned children under ten
from working and rented houses for low rates at his
cotton mill in Scotland.
6. Charles Fourier  Sought to demolish the ill effects of the Industrial
and Henri de Revolution.
Saint-Simon
7. Karl Marx and  They started their belief that economic forces alone
Friedrich Engels dominated society. They predicted that the rich and
poor would separate.
8. William Wilberforce  He led the fight to abolish slavery; he was the one who
ended slavery in Britain.
9. Jane Addams  He ran settlement houses which served poor residents.
(immigrants/women)
10. Horace Mann  He gave his life for Sacagawea.

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