Q1.

Answer (A) 245.248.136.0/21 and 245.248.128.0/22 

Since routing prefix is 20, the ISP has 2^(32-20) or 2^12 addresses. Out of
these 2^12 addresses, half (or 2^11) addresses have to be given to
organization A and quarter (2^10) addresses have to be given to
organization B. So routing prefix for organization A will be 21. For B, it will be
22. If we see all options given in question, only options (A) and (B) are left as
only these options have same number of routing prefixes. Now we need to
choose from option (A) and (B). 
To assign addresses to organization A, ISP needs to take first 20 bits from
245.248.128.0 and fix the 21st bit as 0 or 1. Similarly, ISP needs to fix 21st
and 22nd bits for organization B. If we take a closer look at the options (A)
and (B), we can see the 21st and 22nd bits for organization B are considered
as 0 in both options. So 21st bit of organization A must be 1. Now take the
first 20 bits from 245.248.128.0 and 21st bit as 1, we get addresses for
organization A as 245.248.136.0/21 

Q2.
ANSWER (D) 255.255.255.224
The last octets of IP addresses of A and B are 113 (01110001) and 91
(01011011). The netmask in option (D) has first three bits set in last octet. If
netmask has first 3 bits set, then these bits nmust be same in A and B, but
that is not the case. In simple words, we can say option (D) is not a valid
netmask because doing binary ‘&’ of it with addresses of A and B doesn’t
give the same network address. It must be same address as A and B are on
same network.

Q3.
Answer  2046
The binary representation of subnet mask is
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000. There are 21 bits set in subnet.
So 11 (32-21) bits are left for host ids. Total possible values of host ids is
2^11 = 2048. Out of these 2048 values, 2 addresses are reserved. The
address with all bits as 1 is reserved as broadcast address and address with
all host id bits as 0 is used as network address of subnet.
In general, the number of addresses usable for addressing specific hosts in
each network is always 2^N – 2 where N is the number of bits for host id.

Q4.

Answer 62 subnets and 1022 hosts. 

Maximum number of subnets = 2^6-2 =62. 
Note that 2 is subtracted from 2^6. The RFC 950 specification reserves the
subnet values consisting of all zeros (see above) and all ones (broadcast),
reducing the number of available subnets by two. 
Maximum number of hosts is 2^10-2 = 1022. 
2 is subtracted for Number of hosts is also. The address with all bits as 1 is
reserved as broadcast address and address with all host id bits as 0 is used
as network address of subnet. 
In general, the number of addresses usable for addressing specific hosts in
each network is always 2^N – 2 where N is the number of bits for host id. 
Q5.

Answer: 255.255.255.224.

Explanation: Last octet of given DBA is 0001 1111. So, in Subnet mask

address all should be 1’s except last 5 digits, i.e., 255.255.255.224.

Q6.
Answer: 64

Explanation: Number of network can be joined is 2^n , n is the number bits

borrowed from network bits.
Default Subnet mask 255.255.0.0 .i.e
11111111.11111111.00000000.0000000
Given Subnet mask is 11111111.11000000.00000000.0000000
Number of bits taken from network bits = 6
Number of subnets = 2^6 =64

Q8.

Answer: 3

Explanation: Given IP addresses are of Class C

default Mask for class C = 24
Here given mask is 27 bits ( 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000)
subnet ID: 3 bits
existing subnets: 011, 010 and 100
Alternative approach –
Each link which connects a router-router, or a router-host(s) has a different
subnet. In this case, there are 3 subnets,
1. One connecting Host X to Router R1
 2. One connecting Router R1 to Router R2
3. One connecting Router R2 to Host Y
We can also find the number of subnets by counting the number of network
prefixes as each network ID corresponds to a subnet. Subnet Mask –
255.255.255.224 or /27.
In the following table, Network ID only displays bits 24 to 26 since bits 0 to
23 are the same for all subnets. Subnet ID is obtained after AND’ing the IP
address with the subnet Mask.

Q10.

 ANS. human-readable domain names (in URLs or in email address)