1.

Microorganisms
1.1 Microorganisms Are Living Things
- very tiny and cannot be seen by naked eyes
- can be found in air, water, soil as well in human body
- like every living thing, it also breath, grow in different size and shape and moves
- microorganisms can be seen under microscope

microscope

- microorganisms can be catogarize as bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi

Bacteria
- very tiny
- can be found in air, soil, and water
- have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals
- some make their own food and some feed on the bodies of living things

Spherical bateria
Spiral-shaped bacteria
Rod-like bacteria

Comma shaped bacteria

Viruses
- smallest and tiniest of microorganisms
- not a living thing
- too small to be seen with light microscope, need to use electron microscope
- grows inside animal, human, plants,
- feeds on the living things
- causes a number of diseases such as smallpox, the common cold, chickenpox,
influenza, shingles, herpes, polio, rabies

viruses

Protozoa
- can be seen in microscope
- mostly lives in wet enviroment like ponds, lakes, and river
- they feed upon bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms

amoeba paramecium

Fungi
- categorized as plants but cannot make their own food
- cannot make their own food and feed on dead or living things
- they break down dead organic matter into simple compounds that can be
absorbed by the plants around it
- can also be found in expired bread and rotten food

yeast
mushroom
 1.2 Microorganisms Breathe
- microorganisms breathe like other living things
- it breathe oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Experiment
- to show that microorganisms breathe

Prepare

1 cup of flour 1 teaspoon of a cup of warm

dried yeast water

Step

Step1: Mix all the Step 2: Spread Step 3: Leave it in

ingredient above dough evenly in the room temperature
cointainer for some time

Finding

Dough will rise and

become bigger

Conclusion
- Yeast breathes and produces carbon dioxide
- Carbon dioxide will cause the dough to rise when the the surrounding space filled with
 1.3 Microorganisms Grows
- needs food, water, temperature, oxygen and light to grow

Experiment
- to show microorganisms breathe

Prepare

slice of bread plastic water magnifying glass

Step

place the bread in after few days, dark

sprinkle water on
the plastic and
the bread
keep it in the dark
place
spot appears on the
bread.
This can be seen
under magnifying
glass

Finding

dark spot of mould appears at the wet surface and

it'll become bigger from day to day

Conclusion
- water consist of microorganisms
- will grow if there is water, oxygen, suitable temperature and food
 1.4 Microorganisms Moves
- microorganisms moves from place to place
,- movement can be observed under microscope

movement of microorganisms
can be seen
water sample taken from pond
can be observed under
microscope

extend uses cilia to move have a specialized

uses flagellum to
pseudopodium to internal structure
move
move known as the axial
filament

1.5 Useful and Harmful Microorganisms

Useful Microorganisms

- used in food production

- foods such as cheese, bread, yoghurt, alcoholic beverages

bread

yoghurt cheese alcoholic beverages

- used to produce antibiotics

- penicillin is an antibiotics created from microorganisms

penicillin
- used to produce fertiliser
- microorganisms are very important and plays an active role in soil fertility
- microorganisms are responsible for the decomposition of the organic matter
entering the soil such as dead plant, dead animals
- the nutrients will be recycle back to the soil

decomposed decomposed
leaves animal

Harmful Microorganisms

- causes sickness
- once microorganisms enters our body, it'll make us become sick
- sickness such as cough, skin diseases, stomachache, malaria, diarrhea

cough stomachache skin diseases

- causes tooth decay

- acid-producing bacteria that causes damage to hard tooth structure
- it will cause pain. infection, holes in the teeth, tooth loss

tooth decay

- causes food becme rotten

- bacteria will cause food to become rotten after some days

rotten food
- causes food poisoining
- food contains microorganisms will cause food poisoining
- common sickness like vomiting, stomachache, diarrhea

1.5 Ways of Spreading Diseases

- through contact
- when the healthy person comes in contact (touch) with the infected person, the
disease can be spread

touch

- droplet infection
- infected person coughs or sneezes, the droplet of germs released to the air
- flu or influenza and cough spread in this way

cough sneeze

- carried by animals
- mosquito, rats, mice, flies, birbs and pets

mosquito rat mice

- blood transfusion
- AIDS spread in this way

- through consuming contaminated food

- will cause food poisoning
 1.6 Preventation of Disease
- drink boiled water
- boiling water will kill most types of disease-causing microorganisms

boil water
- wash hand
- hand must be washed throughly before and after handling food

wash hand with soap

- use clean water

- clean water should be used during bathing, cooking, drinking

bathing cooking

- inject vaccine
- vaccine injected to prevent infection from microorganisms

inject vaccine

- Cover your mouth

- when you are sneezing or coughing, cover your mouth

cover your mouth

- cover wound
- wounds or injuries should be applied with antiseptic and covered

apply antiseptic and cover

- quarantine patients
- quarantine patients who are infected with diseases

quarantine
patients