Unit 2: Motivation and Emotion: Fears and Worries

UNIT 2
Motivation and Emotion: Fears and

Worries
lunes, 27 de junio de 2011

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Nombre del profesor - Tlf: (+34) 968 00
Nombre de la presentación
00 00
Universidad Católica San Antonio deNombre
Murciadel
- Tlf: (+34) 968
profesor - Tlf:27 88 00
(+34) 968info@ucam.edu - www.ucam.edu
00 00 00 - mail@pdi.ucam.edu
MOTIVATION
Definition
The following definitions of motivation were gleaned from a variety of
psychology textbooks and reflect the general consensus that
motivation is an internal state or condition (sometimes described as a
need, desire, or want) that serves to activate or energize behavior
and give it direction (see Kleinginna and Kleinginna, 1981a):
1.internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it
direction;
2. desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior;
3. influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of
behavior.
Franken (2006) provides an additional component in his definition:
the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.
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Nombre del profesor - Tlf: (+34) 968 00 00 00 - mail@pdi.ucam.edu
Vocabulary
State: a mental condition in which the qualities of a state are relatively
constant even though the state itself may be dynamic.
Need: State of deprivation that emerges within the body. Hunger is a
need…Can you think of others?
Desire: In psychology it refers to a wish or long for; crave; want. a wish
or longing; craving or sexual appetite; lust.
Want: Things we believe we must have to live happily.
Needs are something basic, something absolutely necessary. A want on
the other hand is a feeling for something you lack. A desire is the
craving to apprehend your want. Needs are usually physiological,
while wants and desires are more psychological.
EXERCISE ONE: Create a list of five needs, wants and desires. Be
ready to share them in class.
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Arousal: Arousal generally refers to the experience of increased
physiological (inside-the-body) activity. This can include an increased
(faster) heart rate, perspiration, and rapid breathing. In some cases,
the term arousal is used to specifically refer to sexual feelings (and the
resulting bodily changes). In essence, arousal is the bodily sensation
of feeling energized. A person experiencing high arousal is active,
animated, and/or alert, while a person who experiences low arousal is
slow, sluggish, and/or sleepy.
Activation : (also called arousal)
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give
more information about something.
I saw my Psychology professor. He is very tall.
I saw my professor who is very tall.
I bought a Motivation book. The book is highly recommended by the
professor
I bought a book that is highly recommended by the professor.
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Defining and Non-defining
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE:
A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about. We can
use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for
things. We can use 'that' for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the
sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.
She is the woman who talked to us about motivation.
NON- DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE:
A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about
something. We don't need this information to understand the
sentence. We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we
need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers
to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause,
even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
He studies psychology at UCAM where there are other degrees.
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Relative pronouns:
people and sometimes pet

who defining and non-defining
animals
defining and non-defining;
which animals and things clause referring to a whole
sentence
people, animals and things;
that defining only
informal
possessive meaning;
for people and animals
whose defining and non-defining
usually; sometimes for things
in formal situations
people in formal styles or in
writing; often with a
whom preposition; rarely in defining and non-defining
conversation; used instead of
who if who is the object
when the relative pronoun
no relative pronoun defines the object of the defining only
clause
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EXERCISE ONE:
Combine these two sentences into a relative clause. Are they defining or
non-defining:
1. She has a son . Her son is a doctor.
2. He visited a psychotherapist. I recommended a therapist.
3. Jennifer is a psychologist. My sister recommended Jennifer.
4. You are the partner. I want to work with you.
5. I couldn't help the students. Their tests were a failure.
6. She loves books . The books have happy endings.
7. Jimbo is living in Thailand now. Jimbo got divorced last year.
8. The book is about a murder on the Nile. It was written by Agatha
Christie.
9. I can't respect politicians. Their only ambition is to be in power.
10. She loves the teachers. The teachers motivate students.
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EMOTIONS:
Using the vocabulary provided in the introduction describe the following
images according to the feeling they give you. Then write sentences
using relative clauses to describe when and where you feel that
emotion or feeling.
1. 2.
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3. 4.
10
5. 6.
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2. Vocabulary related to emotions. Using your vocabulary sheet
about emotions complete the following sentences with the
appropiate feeling:
1. Our cat is very _______________, and will sit on your lap and purr for
hours.
2. I don't want to change jobs. I'm quite _______________ with my
present position.
3. My daughter didn't go to school today because she had an
_______________ stomach.
4. The child was not _______________ enough to argue with his
teacher when he was blamed for something another child did.
5. Edna has a very _______________ character, so she has lots of
friends.
6. A few more driving lessons should help Marly feel more
_______________ before he takes his test for his licence.
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7. Shawna isn't very _______________ of seafood, so she didn't want
any sushi.
8. She was _______________ by the boys' rude language.
9. If you are _______________ with your new puppy, he will become
afraid of you. You have to be gentle with him.
10. Everyone talks to her about their problems because she is such a
_______________ listener.
11. The old man's voice trembled with _______________ when he
spoke of his experiences during the war.
12. After the death of her children in a car accident, she lost all
_______________ for life.
13. I had to work all weekend on my essay, but I'm _______________ I
finally got it done.
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FEARS AND WORRIES
“I read that fear is an emotional response induced by a perceived threat,

which causes a change in brain and organ function, as well as in
behavior. Fear can lead us to hide, to run away, or to freeze in our
shoes. Fear may arise from a confrontation or from avoiding a threat,
or it may come in the form of a discovery.”
-Alex Niles
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FEAR:
noun
1. a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil,
pain, etc., whether the threat is real or imagined; the feeling or
condition of being afraid.
Synonyms: foreboding, apprehension, consternation, dismay,
dread, terror, fright, panic, horror, trepidation, qualm.
2. a specific instance of or propensity for such a feeling:an
abnormal fear of heights.
Synonyms: phobia, aversion; bête noire, bogy, bogey,
bugbear.
3. concern or anxiety; solicitude:
a fear for someone's safety.
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verb (used with object)
7.to regard with fear; be afraid of.
Synonyms: apprehend, dread.
8.to have reverential awe of.
Synonyms: revere, venerate, honor.
9.to consider or anticipate (something unpleasant) with a feeling of
dread or alarm:
It's about to snow again, I fear.
verb (used without object)
11.to have fear; be afraid:

I'll go with you, so do not fear!
12.to feel apprehensive or uneasy (usually followed by for):
In this time of economic instability, I fear for my children's future.
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WORRY:
verb (used without object), worried, worrying.
1.to torment oneself with or suffer from disturbing thoughts; fret.
verb (used with object), worried, worrying.
2.to torment with cares, anxieties, etc.; trouble; plague.
noun, plural worries.
1.a worried condition or feeling; uneasiness or anxiety.
2.a cause of uneasiness or anxiety; trouble.
3.act of worrying.
Synonims: anxiety, trouble, anguish, apprehension,
concern,doubt, fear, headache, misery, misgiving, pain,
problem, uncertainty, uneasines, woe
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Verb phrases
10. worry along /through, Informal. to progress or succeed by constant
effort, despite difficulty:
to worry through an intolerable situation.
Idioms
11. no worries, Informal. Don’t be troubled; it is of no concern:
If you can’t make it to the party, no worries.
Also, not to worry.
Worry does not empty tomorrow of its sorrow, it empties today of
its strength.”
Leo Buscaglia
“Worry often gives a small thing a big shadow.”
Swedish Proverb
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THE FUTURE
Present Continuous to talk about the

future:
* When we are talking about arrangements/plans in the future, we
employ the Present Continuous, but we should mention the time.
A: What are you doing tomorrow afternoon?
B: I’m visiting my counselor, Tom.
I’m not going out tonight. I’m staying at home.
* It’s also possible to use “going to” in these sentences. But the present
continuous is usually more natural when we are talking about
arrangements
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Present Simple
When we are talking about timetables, programs, public transport and
cinema schedules use the present simple:
- What time does the session starts?
- The session starts at 1.30 and finishes at 14.30h.
- What time does your English for Psychologists class start?
- The class starts at 9.00 o’clock.
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Going to
Use going to to talk about the future in the following instances:
1) Future decisions, taken before the time of speaking –
A: There is a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I’m tired. I’m going to have an early night.
2) Predictions about the future from evidence in the present.
Oh dear! It’s 9 o’clock and I’m not ready. I’m going to be late.
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Will
1) For a sudden decision made at the time of speaking.
A: Don’t forget it’s Jo’s birthday tomorrow.
B: Is it? O.K. I’ll send her a card this afternoon.
2) For promises.
A: Don’t forget to phone us.
B: Don’t worry. I’ll phone you every day.
3) For offers.
Those bags are too heavy. I’ll carry one for you.
4) Asking someone to do something
Will you shut the door, please?
Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate
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5) With clauses of condition and time:
If my marks are good, I’ll get a place at university
I’ll phone you as soon as/when I get home.
6) I think I’ll .... / I don’t think I’ll....
I’m tired. I think I’ll go the bed early tonight.
It’s raining. I don’t think I’ll go out.
7) Predictions about the future:
I think Ruth will pass her exam without much difficulty.
8) We often use “will” with these words or expressions:
Probably: I’ll probably be a bit late this evening
(I’m) sure: You must meet Ann. I’m sure you’ll like her
expect: I expect Carol will get the job.
9) A planned schedule
Classes will begin on the first of the month
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Future Perfect: will have + past
participle
For a completed action at a specific time in the future. To express that
something will already have happened before a certain time in the
future.
Have a look at this situation:
Tom and Ann are going to the cinema. The film begins at 7.30 and it is
already 7.20. And it will take them 20 minutes to get there. When they
get there, the film will have already started. - By the end of next week,
we will have done our half term exam.
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1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION:
1. I …………… you if you say that word again.
am hitting
will be hitting
will hit
2. I think our team …………
will win
would win
will be winning
3. …………….. I help you with the housework?
Will
Would
Shall
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4. This time tomorrow I ……………. a discussion with my boss.
will have
will be having
am having
5. By next Christmas we ……………….. in this city for twenty-five years.
have lived
will have lived
will be living
6. I ………………….. home late tonight.
am
will be
would be
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7. She …………….. before too long.
will arrive
is arriving
would arrive
would be arriving
8. I will phone you when I …………… time.
will have
would have
will be having
have
9. I will discuss your situation with my boss when I …………. him
tomorrow.
meet
will meet
would meet 27
10. I will follow you wherever you ………….
are going
will go
go
11. You can take anything I ……………
will find
am finding
find
12. She ……………. upset when she finds out what you have done.
is upset
would be
will be
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1. Do you worry about the future? What things do you worry about?
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1. In groups write 10 reasons why people shouldn´t worry about the
future:
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COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
1. We use comparative adjectives to describe people and things:
This car is certainly better but it’s much more expensive.
I’m feeling happier now.
We need a bigger garden.
2. We use than when we want to compare one thing with another:
She is two years older than me.
New York is much bigger than Boston.
He is a better player than Ronaldo.
France is a bigger country than Britain.
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When we want to describe how something or someone changes we can
use two comparatives with and:
The balloon got bigger and bigger.
Everything is getting more and more expensive.
Grandfather is looking older and older.
We often use the with comparative adjectives to show that one thing
depends on another:
When you drive faster it is more dangerous
> The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is.
When they climbed higher it got colder
> The higher they climbed, the colder it got.
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How to make comparative adjectives?
Use -er for one-syllable words
For one-syllable words we add -er to the adjective to make it a
comparative. The following are all one syllable adjectives:
Small becomes smaller
Cheap becomes cheaper
Quick becomes quicker
Use more / less for two+ syllable words
Adjectives with two or more syllables take more / less:
Beautiful becomes more beautiful
Sensitive becomes more sensitive
Dangerous becomes more dangerous
Note - If the adjective ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination
(CVC), double the final consonant before adding –er:Big becomes
bigger, Hot becomes hotter, Wet becomes wetter.
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Use -ier for adjectives ending with y
For most adjectives that end with a y we change the y to i and add er:
Dirty becomes dirtier
Smelly becomes smellier
Ugly becomes uglier
Some adjectives take both forms
Some two-syllable adjectives can take either -er or more:
Simple becomes simpler or more simple
Narrow becomes narrower or more narrow
Quiet becomes quieter or more quiet
Irregular forms
Some adjectives don't follow any of the above rules. Here are some of
the most common irregular forms: good becomes better, bad
becomes worse, far becomes farther
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Comparison: comparisons of equality (as tall as his father)
As … as …
If two things are equal in some way, we can use a comparison with as …
as …. The comparisons may involve adjectives (adj) or adverbs (adv)
after the first as, and noun phrases (np) or clauses after the second
as:
-He’s grown so much. He’s as tall as his father now. (adj + noun phrase)
-The team is still as good as it was five years ago. (adj + clause)
-The second game didn’t go as well as the first one. (adv + noun phrase)
-The company is not performing as successfully as it did when Arthur
Carling was the President. (adv + clause)
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When the second part of the comparison is a clause, the clause is often
a reduced clause (a clause with ellipsis) or one with a substitute verb
do or a modal verb:
If the sales figures are as bad as predicted, the company will probably
go bankrupt. (…as bad as economists have predicted…)
I worked as hard as I had ever done in my life for my final exam. (…as
hard as I had ever worked in my life …)
We tried as hard as we could.
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Noun phrases
If we use as … as … with a noun phrase, we must use much or little +
uncountable noun or many or few + plural noun:
-She had as much work as she needed and did not want to take on any
more.
-There are as many students in Class 2A as there are in 2B.
-He spent as little money as he could.
Negative forms
We can form the negative of as … as … with not as … as …, or with not
so … as … The form not as … as … is more common:
He didn’t run as fast as he did in the European Championship.
He didn’t pay as much tax this year as last year because he earned less.
She’s not so shy as she used to be. (less common)
I don’t read so many novels now as I used to. (less common)
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SUPERLATIVE
We use a superlative to say that a thing or person is the most of a group.
When we use a superlative adjective ('the tallest student') before the
noun, we generally use it with 'the'. This is because there's only one
(or one group) of the thing we are talking about. There is one student
who is the tallest in the class, and because it's clear to the listener
which one we mean, we usually use 'the':
* She's the most beautiful girl I've ever seen.
* It's the best café in London.
* John and Lisa are the most intelligent students here.
*This bowl is the biggest one.
Remember, we don't use 'the' when there is a possessive:
He's my best student.
That's our most important goal.
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a. Some people think dogs are ____ cats.
1.gooder than
2.best than
3.better than
4.the best
b. The game was _____. It was _____ game I've ever seen.
1.exciting, the most exciting
2.excited, the most excited
3.exciting, more exciting than
4.exciting, the most excited
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c. That was ____ pizza I have ever eaten.
1.the baddest
2.worse than
3.the worst
4.the bad
d. Frank drives ____ his brother.
1.more careful than
2. most carefully than
3. the most carefully
4.more carefully than
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1. This computer is (new) ______than your computer.
2. Lisa is (old) _________than George.
3. George is (young) _____________ than Lisa.
4. Lucy is (young)___________ in the class.
5. That car is (expensive) _________than this car.
6. That car is (expensive) _________ in the market.
7. Your car is (fast) ________than this car.
8. Your car is (fast) _________in the race.
9. This house is (big) _________than my house!
10. This house is (big) _________in the neighbourhood.
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READING EXERCISE IN GROUP
A) Divide yourself in groups and read about the following disorders and
answer the questions:
1. Anxiety disorders
2. Panic Disorders
3. Social Phobia
B) Present your answers to the rest of the class.
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ANXIETY DISORDER
Read the information about Generalized Anxiety Disorder and do the
following exercises:
1.Paul suffers from GAD. Describe his everyday life.

2.Margaret has been diagnosed with GAD. Describe the treatment that
she is receiving.
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PANIC ATTACK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwIAZKS9t1o
Jean suffers from panic disorder. Describe how her life is affected by
panic attacks (write 4-6 lines) AND the best TREATMENT for her.
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SOCIAL PHOBIA:
Do you enjoy staring at people?
Have you ever made a fool of yourself?
“My heart would pound and I would start to sweat when I thought about
meetings. The feelings got worse as the time of the event got closer.
Sometimes I couldn’t sleep or eat for days before a staff meeting.”
“I’m taking medicine and working with a counselor to cope better with my
fears. I had to work hard, but I feel better. I’m glad I made that first call
to my doctor.”
What role does the counselor play in the treatment of people with social
phobia?
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Unit 2: Motivation and Emotion: Fears and Worries

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UNIT 2

Motivation and Emotion: Fears and

lunes, 27 de junio de 2011

people and sometimes pet

“I read that fear is an emotional response induced by a perceived threat,

11.to have fear; be afraid:

Present Continuous to talk about the

1.Paul suffers from GAD. Describe his everyday life.

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