Name: Armie Rose G.

Faldas Course, Year and Section: BSEd Science 3A

Date: April 08, 2022

Assessment in Chapter 8: Central Dogma

I. Answer the following comprehensively.

1. What is Central Dogma?

 Central Dogma is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted
into a functional product. This simply means that, it explains the flow of genetic
information from DNA to RNA to make a functional product called, protein. It
was first proposed by in 1958 by Francis Crick, discoverer of the structure of
DNA.

2. The central dogma states that the pattern of information that occurs most frequently in
our cells is: DNA replication, Transcription and Translation. In your own words,
explain what happen during each process.
 DNA replication- is the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated.
When a cell divides, it must first duplicate its genome so that each daughter cell
winds up with a complete set of chromosomes. In a cell, DNA replication
begins at specific locations, or origins of replication, in the genome which
contains the genetic material of an organism. Unwinding of DNA at the origin
and synthesis of new strands, accommodated by an enzyme known as helicase,
results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin. A number
of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and
continuation of DNA synthesis. Most prominently, DNA
polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement
each (template) strand. DNA replication occurs during the S-stage
of interphase.
 Transcription- is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This
copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and
enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it
encodes.
 Translation- is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA
(mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The
genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell
cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. In this case, what is being carried across is
information that originally was in the genome, enshrined in DNA, then gets
transcribed into messenger RNA. And then that information is translated from
the messenger RNA to a protein.

3. What is a nucleotide?
 Nucleotides is a molecule consisting of a nitrogen-containing base
(adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or
cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose
in RNA).
4. Explain the structure of nucleotides.
 A nucleotide consists of three units, which are covalently linked. They are:
 Nitrogenous bases – Purine and Pyrimidine - They contain purine or
pyrimidine base. DNA contains adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T)
and cytosine (C), whereas RNA contains adenine, guanine, uracil (U)
and cytosine.
 Pentose Sugar – Ribose and Deoxyribose- A nucleotide contains a
pentose sugar. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) contains deoxyribose
sugar and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) contains a ribose sugar.
 Phosphate – monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate- Phosphate is
attached to the sugar of nucleoside by an ester bond with the 5thC
hydroxyl group. Nucleotides at least contain one phosphate group.
Phosphate of one nucleotide attaches to the 3rd C-OH group of the sugar
of the 2nd nucleotide, thereby forming 5’ → 3’ linkage.

5. Draw the different types of nitrogenous bases.

6. Describe the DNA replication.
 DNA replication is the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated.
When a cell divides, it must first duplicate its genome so that each daughter cell
winds up with a complete set of chromosomes. The replication of DNA occurs
during the synthesis phase, or S phase, of the cell cycle, before the cell enters
mitosis or meiosis.
Name: Armie Rose G. Faldas Course, Year and Section: BSEd Science 3A
Date: April 08, 2022

Activity in Chapter 8: Central Dogma Activity Title: The DNA

Objective: To describe the DNA Double Helix.

Procedure: Watch the video about the DNA using this link https://youtu.be/4gFF1-VHHmk ,
and answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. What does double helix mean in DNA?

 The double helix is a description of the molecular shape of a double-stranded
DNA molecule. The double helix describes the appearance of double-stranded
DNA, which is composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other,
or anti-parallel, and twist together.

2. Who discovered the DNA double helix?

 From the video, it’s commonly believed that James Watson and Francis Crick
discovered the double helix shape of DNA. But in fact, they based their work
on Rosalind Franklin work.

3. What is the function of DNA?

 The function of DNA is to store all of the genetic information that an organism
needs to develop, function, and reproduce. It is stable and is capable of storing
the genetic information in the form of gene sequences. So, it serves the function
of being genetic material in organisms, except for some viruses. It undergoes
replication and provides chances for the mutations. These mutations serve as
raw material for the evolution. It can combine with the positively charged
histone proteins and can be packed within the nucleus of the eukaryotic cells. It
codes for proteins and allows the formation of polypeptides in the cells through
RNA.
4. Draw the DNA structure and label each parts.

Conclusion:
 Therefore, I conclude that DNA is very important for life. DNA replicates
semi-conservatively. This means that during replication, the strands
separate, replication occurs and when the two daughter DNAs are
formed, each one contains one parental strand and one new strand.
DNA is necessary for the inception of life. Main tasks carried out by this acid
involve the transfer of hereditary information from one generation to the next,
and controlling the production of proteins. DNA also plays an important part in
determining the structure and functionality of cells. It is known to store
information coded in the form of biological molecules. Indeed, upon doing this
activity, I became more knowledgeable about the structure, function and
characteristics of DNA.