Soil Mechanics — the study of behavior of soil

Soil = refers to the unconsolidated mineral material at or near the earth's surface which
consist of air moisture and other organic substance which may be incorporated
there in and which has resulted in natural process such as decay, weathering
and chemical action.

importance of Soil Mechanics:

1, To identify the foundation materials

2. Prediction of settlement
3. To distribute the loads or weight of the building to a greater area.

Properties of Soil:

Density
aron->

Velocity
Void Ratio
Porosity
Water Content

Soil Composition

Weight — Volume Relationship

Weight

Wa Aw

Water

Solid

Where:

V,— volume of soil solids

¥,,— volume of water in the voids

V,- volume of voids

Neglecting the weight of air. (Wa = 0)

W = W, + W, (total wt. of soil sample)

3 Distinct Phases of a Typical Element of Soil

1, Solid (mineral / particles)

2. Liquid ( usually water)
3, Gas (air/ voids )
Volume Ratios in Soil Mechanics:

1. Porosity (n) — the ratio of void volume to total volume.

Vo eT
n= x100;n= a

2. Void Ratio (e) = the ratio of void volume to solid volume.

wa oey, *100;e=
e= Wee=

3. Degree of Saturation (S or $,) = the ratio of yolme

of wkrto volume of void. It
indicates the percentage of the void volume which is filled with water.

+ If S=0; dry $oil

* If $= 100% ; saturatedsoil
* If $= 0-100; partially saturated soil
s= %y100:s=
Vp
%e

4. Air Void Ratio (A) — the ratio of volume of air to the total volume of soil.

A= x100;A=n(1-s)

Derivations
of Formula:
1, Porosity (n) =n = — 2. Void Ratio (e)
=e = —

HEE
vee nV
_= eV,

V, = nV + 1h, = ev, +2 “ten

V=Vy\
1=2 e(=) =n
wae e(;-Z)=n
nv
=e e(1-n)=n

n (57) =eV,+V, ba

ee a

V, =) =e
n(7+7
n(1+e)=e

a e

1+e
 = when
S = 1;e
= w6,

4. Air Void Ratio (A) = A = n(1—S)

_ iy _¥,
ye n= A=nſp ye
<

1;:Vv=%
42 A=n(1-S)
als
f

4
JV

n
—

“S
six
i
>|

=|z
ll
>

a= nt
A=n EE]

Unit Weight in terms of Degree of Saturation and Void Ratio = y = EO

1+e

y= pa w=)
14)G.
y=
lve
Ww, aw,

WG. 1aes
at —

yet
§=
* Wll+w)
Y Vv

y= (Se)
y==(1+w)
’ 1+e

y = (6,+Se)yw
ite
 Dry Unit Weight
yu= 4 (1+) — W,
4 ==
V

” HH © Is W,
note:y = 7a +@©) + @ = 0 when dry
w,=Vy,

W.,= V,G;Yu

Us Vw GY,
(1+) —
Ya~T+e
(V—\)
= G,yv(1 + 0) —— 1+ G®w)G
PORES Te note:y = El - © = 0 when dry
y = (1+ @)G,y,v(1—n)

y = (1+ 0)Goy" (15

lte Saturated Unit Weight
l+e-e
y = (1+ w)G,Yv (===) S=1
(6G, + Se)Yw
=—_—ii+e
(1+ 0)G:hs NS Te
= (G, + e)
Ysac = ite Yw

Saturated Unit Weight Specific Gravity; G, = he

S=1 W,

heave (6 * on G, 2
W, + W, = W,
W, - weight of (dry)soit or Substance
_(G+e)
Yeat © TE Iv W, - weight of pycnometer + water

W, - weight of pycnometer + water + soil

Submerged Unit Weight

GeVw+CYw=Ywoer, W,
Ysub = Ysat
© Vw You = ie Gun——
Wdisplaced
(Gs+e)y, — (Gs~1)¥
Your FEE = Vu io ; _»
SY, $
_(G+e)y,-(1+e)
Sub © 1+e W, = yo;

y% ee Ww sssptaced
id scene
displaced a 7

6, _ Vs V.s
ws
Vs
CG, = —
"Is
 Determine he wet dencity
, hy und weight , xreker content and volume ray SI
Coil mechanics for a comple of moist Soil which has amass of 18.19 kg. anol
Oceupies a tote! volume of 0-009 rm. When dried in an oven, the try macs &
16.13 kg. He gpecific gravity of He soil solids tr 2-70

Given* Gp * 4-70 4 Ain (CAS

= 0-

Mr = 18-18 hg
SO Warn /tiawo 3
Y= 6-009
Me = 6-13 kg coup

oO) Wed Denerly b) Dry Un Weight

P* = - gue x We W * 16-0 (9.9 nfeee*)
© .

P = 2,040 hg /m?* 2 [R235

Ce een Dn Sn
= O- ($8255 KN
Yo = 0454235
G— — —

0-009

Vd = (2.57 kn /m* |

C) water cont
/ ent
moisture content

Wee Ws
Oeto or weMs X 100

Mw
. a (od W = Me x10

W=/6:014 = 65
16.45 W= - 7.0¢(9-6')
; Si
le-B 6.13 (3-81)
_ e
W = £2. 21 “he w = 12.31 %
d.
d. Void
Void Ratio
Ratio

) Void Ratio (e) 2) Degree of Saturation (6 o S+)

: V Hoe
ex wa, 4A_ : rit fe Vac
sili. s fu Gs
g = 0-00205
Yw = Mw. 208ho
fy Tm hf?
Go Vs Vo = 16.19 2l 0.006m 3 T0095 l
Vw = 0.00205 m
5
looo (2.70) 6 > 68-33 %
= ©.003» » -
- G:006 W's PENG 3) Poresity (nm)
2 sical ee Ww . 0.003

= ©0-003 m V 0-009

E =» ©-L £ i %
4) Aw Void Ratio (A)

Az Va Va> Vp~ (V+ e

Ww)
V Va = ©.009~ (0. 066 + 6.00205)
A s 0-00005-. Va = 0- 00096 m?
0.009

A * 0.108% * 10-59%

A Wy
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SOIC AS
VOLUME
3 -PhASE SYSTEM SHOWING WEIGHT AND
WITH THEIR. CORRESPONDING VALUES
RELATIONSHIPS

WEIGHT VOLUME
f — — ——_-——_

Ain / GAS Va
aul
We
eng feaXe 3t 5 .“s I. Dp Ww

We [5 sweats /viaini® Var

ak band Shee” tne, ot > *. BS 4,
~~ -Fr eco me © ©
ec > f®# a2 2 - - ©

rast <0L1 tan Vs Vs

VG

= ES +— +
2 = :009
Be
67 5
W= 18-19 (9-81) = O. 195458 KN
= 0.00095- a
W, = l6.13 (9.1) = O-1S8 285 kn
Vw * 0-00 206 m
: = 2.95 (9.81)= 0. 0201108 kn
Wy Ne Gas ae

Wa = L © Vg = 0-006 m?

Legend i
Ain /GAS

wy : Te WA TEX / Lauro
 i) wws Ee xine C,= Be
Ber
Unt Weight A %, = Spd

)
2) W SOL
te Me = Mp Ve Cp Jur

3) Vaumy Vp © —

Wen + PARAFE Fin

Wo © Ws.» 7

+ Yau = Yo Vpn ea erin

5) Yeu
rode Vo
Fw Gs $= wes

We _—
CONSISTENCY
- Is the term use to descnbe the degree of firmness (eg. Sofl, medium, firm or
hard)of a soil

The consistency of a cohesive soil is greatly affected by the water content of the
soil. A gradual increase of the water content may transform a dry soil, from solid state to
a semisolid state, to a plastic state and after further moisture increase, into a liquid
state. The water content of the corresponding junction points of these states are known
as the shrinkage limit, the plastic limit and the liquid limit respectively.

PLASTICITY OF FINE GRAINED SOIL

Plasticity — the ability to undergo changes of shape without rupture.

Plasticity is an important characteristic in the case of fine — grained soils, the

term plasticity describing the ability of a soil to undergo unrecoverable deformation at
constant volume without cracking or crumbling. Plasticity is due to the presence of the
significant content of clay minerals or organic material. In general depending on its
water content, a soil may exist in one of the liquid, plastic, semi — solid and solid state.
Most fine — grained soil exist naturally in the plastic state.

ATTERBERG LIMIT AND RELATED INDICES

increasing LIQUID STATE > Liquid Limit (LL, W,)

water content PLASTIC STATE > Plastic Limit (PL, Wy)

SEMI SOLID STATE __.,, Shrinkage Limit (SL, W,)

Co LID STATE

SOLID INDICES

__INDEX | DEFINITION | CORRELATION|

PLASTICITY PI = LL -PL Strength, compressibility,
—— I nan | compactibility_
LIQUIDITY MC — PL Compressibility and stress
= rate
| SHRINKAGE | SI=PL-SL | Shrinkage potential
| ACTIVITY OF CLAY A _ Pl Swell potential
H
“where: jt = percent of soil finer than 0.002mm (clay size)
 ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION
—== 4. S07 Y——— ——_— Inactive clay
07<A<12 _ Normal clay
A>l2 _ nr ____ Active day _

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL BASED ON LIQUIDITY INDEX

<0 ‘Pas state— high strength, brittle (sudden)fracture is expected.
O<LI<1 Plastic state — intermediate strength, soil deforms like a plastic=
material. —————
| __LI>1 _| Liquid sate — low strength, soil deforms like a viscous fluid.

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL BASED ON PLASTICITY INDEX

PI [ DESCRIPTION _
0 Nonplastic |
1-5 | Slightly plastic =]
5-10 Low plasticity
10-20 Medium plasticity i]
___ 20-40 High plasticity
>40 Very high plasticity

Shrinkage Limit — define as the water content at which the volume of soil reaches its
lowest value as it dries up or the division between the semisolid state and
the solid state.

Plastic Limit — is the smallest water content at which a soil is plastic or the division
between the plastic and semisolid state.

Plasticity — ability to undergo changes of state without rupture.

Liquid Limit — is the water content at which the soil passes from plastic state to liquid
State. Has the capacity to flow as a liquid. The division between the liquid and
plastic state.

+ Through this values we can know the soil &workable or not.

| __ Dry to Wet
| 1®trial | 31 - 40 blows
2" trial| 21 = 30 blows
g” trial | 11- 20 blows
en trial [6-10 blows
Relative Density (D,.) Density Index (1p)

- Is used to expressed the relationship between the in — situ void ratio, or the
void ratio of the sample, and the limiting values e,,,.and cn
- Indicates the in — situ denseness or looseness of granular soil
- Expresses the state of compactness
of a natural granular soil
The density index is Gefined as:

D, = 1p = =<©—<,100

D, - relative density usually in per cent or density index

e - in situ void ratio of the soil

€max — VOid ratio of the soil in the loosest condition

€min — VOid ratio of the soil in the densest condition

Thus, the density ofa soil in its densest possible state (e = e,,;,) is 1 or 100%. The
density index in its loosest possible state (e = e,,) is 0.

@ Natural Condition @ Loosest Condition @ Densest Condition

v v v,
guruMe Gmax =,Ye > & == 5 Se
emin
W, w, W,
Yam = Yamin =>) < Ya Vamax = 7 > Ya
[ M M
fn Pamin ® F< Pa Pamax
= > > Pa

Ww Ww
Ww

Vs Vs
Vs

Cmoy « * Bas Cmwi Arnos:

wo Sol max
 The max dry density is determined by compacting a sample under water in a
amold, The soil from the mold is then dried in an oven, enabling the dry density to be
determined.

The minimum dry density can be determined by using a cylinder which is partially
filled with a dry sample of mass 1000g and the top of the cylinder with a rubber stopper.
It is done by shaking and inverting the cylinder several times. Void ratio can be
calculated from a value of dry density using

Pam shy Of Ya=TEvo

Density Description

Relative Density (%) Descriptive Term

0-15 very loose

15-35 loose

35 - 65 35-70 medium

65 — 85 70-85 dense

85 = 100 very dense

Relative Density

Dr or Id x Cmax = ©
= x 100
Cmax = Comm
-

Yamax Yd = Valoun x 100

Yd Sdnax ~ Seoun

> op
Cel every x Pa = Palms x 100

Cl na ” [PE

From the Formula

Sal = Gs Sw e = Gs Vw = L or

l+& Tal

Ydpay = Gs bw J Corn = Gs Nw - L 6r
[49965 Vela

Val A Gs Nu Cmax = Ge Yw = 4 or
Derivation of the formula

XDr = Crazy - ©
X 100
Cma
= x
COnm

4= Gs Sw - Gs——
Sw
-| A GsSu > Gs Sw
| oe | | Nd ) Vol Sd
Gs Yu _ [= ” Gio . Gl
| Bolus 4 Foray Yolo Volroy

Ya (60%) = Velns (Gr%u) Hoh,

Yona Ya a Yd

= ie
—

S CRETE)r= Yn (hnme)ee Velma a Vola

err rr rr ee ere ee eee

Valmax
Yolo Sdmax

+ D+ = Boman x Sol by Solin’ x [00

Xa Velnare = Vole
An undisturbedl Lamp k of fine Sand i tedted 19 the lab. anol frond te have a
Ary weight of Bib , a toto! volume of O-08Ft* I He gpecdié gravity of 270.
Offer lab. tect wer ed le dekrmine the max and mn dengrty thr fhe sand.
At the max dens ity i i dekermned that fe void rete it 0-35 (® the nun
density, He void ratio is 0-95: Dekrmme fe pelative lens ity of the
undisturbed cample

We = @ lb @ densest condition
@ leacest aamnalthio,
WV > 0 63 s Cam
Cmax > 0.95

es Fe
Vs in Cs¥w _ 240(624) . peg [TL
[ Fema [+035
Y, © Me.
Vs Ya > BH 270644) 6 4 lg /G?
14 Crear 1+ 0-95
Vs.» Ws T Ms
bs > Cs Bur
Ya > Gs Bw ~ 270624) 6 Ac Wes fy
Ite [40-489
GB
230(624) Dr er T4 = Bday x Yo = Yam
ai Xo
YA Colpay Yolo
Ve > 0:04% oF = 0.049F 48330082

Ww = Wn ¥s = 124 x 113-15
.v (3.15 == $64
26. rey
= 0.03 ~6 043 13-16 144.4 $64
3 = 36.93%
Vy = 0-02344 or 0-025 1661918
= 07083 _.
2 04447
0.047

E = 0-489 » 0: $4/999995
Dr = 0-9S = 0-483 cis RAs
0-95 - 0-35
SOIL COMPACTION

Compaction - is the process of increasing the density of a soil by packing the particles
closer together with a reduction in the volume of air. There is no significant
change in the volume of water in the soil.

Importance of Compaction Test

1, To determine the max dry density (Pinar) (Yamax)

Dry density of soil (FDT)

% of compaction =
Max.dry density (Pamax)(Compaction Test) HIP

2. To determine the proper amount of mixing water to be used when compacting

the soil in the field in order to obtain the maximum density.
3. To determine the optimum moisture content of the soil optimum = the most
favourable or best quality number.

Importance
of Fieid Compaction:

1. Increase shear strength

Decrease permeability
Increase density in soil
aon

Increase strength characteristic

Minimum compressibility

Steps in Compacting Soil:

Fill
aaron

Spread
Compact
Add water
Add another layer

Proctor Test

Sampil}is compacted in the mold by a rammer consisting of a 2.5kg mass falling

free. The soil is compacted into 3 equal layer, Each layer receiving 27 blows from the
rammer.

Modified by AASHTO test

The mold is the same as is used in the above test but the rammer is consist of a
4.5 kg mass falling free. The soil is compacted in 5 layer, each layer will receive 56
blows.

ASTM — American Standard of Testing Materials

AASHTO — American Association of State Highway Transportation Official

Using one of the 3 standard methods compute:

1. The bulk density

2. Water content
3. Dry density
 Fora given soil, the process is repeated at least 5 times. Dry density is plotted against
water content and curve of the form shown.

Compaction Test

fl or Ya >
by ie
14 w

where: (od « olry density

Ps density / butk density
re content
WwW * rater content / merctu

Derivation of tHe frmula

-
P = Gs (tw
F al ee
0 = t Mw
Ms

Bl Fi =. tk bur 9)
Ite
we -
from @
My= wMs¢
Pie) = Gs (tw) Be
P= Mg toads
Gs = P(e)
~» subst be
Cw har
V

P= Ms (Hw)
V
CC tte)
(4 us) 2 Geet) Bo
P 2 Pd

X a= f 2
fa = Pie) Ky
al
Ge) Caw) foo
¢ Bat
lt w
 Ex ample. * the result of a Standard Proctor Test ts as follaws

Wakr Content ( %) Mags - of Soil in Proctor Mold (3)

lo (#85
Bl eee POP
14 |: 696
i lr 35T
— h 741
20 __ oF!

[> Determne the maximum dry density \. and the optimum mojSture
the volume of the mold « $4, mo?
content.

iff feral we 10%

1, 485
AA > — ST eon = 1424 9/u
[tur To » Let g/ Se:

2nd trial Ww = 12h

1, c0@
Ais"
Te. [. flG 9 [eu on
f

IT
Aro trial w » 14 1

PA = l; 696

WON = [.533
g [eum
1-14

4th trial W = 16 {
PA = "FSS
S44,0N = 166 9 [eu-cm
[-lG
 SH tral ws: lg *h

aw
[
TH
I «tg = 1.560 g ſeu.cm
ly
CH tral W= Lo %

_ hes
= 1.454 4 /,
1.454 ;
A Ar JIU
1-20

« -
therfore
Poles = 9 /ea. cm
1.600

War = k %
 FIELD DENSITY TEST (For)

: F
O/, of Compaction = _ta (for) _ X 10O
TN A Anas CGCompaction Re)

Works heed for held dene ity test

1) Unit Weight of Ar Dry Sardl

7; Vol of he Container

lol of Water
of = Mw
Z _ 5
1000 kg/m

2) Mass of {andl b fill the funnel

3) Feld Dencrty
22. Volume of hole af

P a Mats of Sand G fill tte bole

AR DRY Sad Volume of hole

Ex S HF or Ty = =
Itur [tum

4) Agtual Moisture Content:

 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Methods of determining % Gravel, Sand, Silt and Clays

1. Massachusetts Institutes of Technology (MIT)

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

> 2mm 2 to 0,06mm 0.06 to0.002mm < 0.002mm

. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

> 2mm 2 to 0.05mm 0.05 ro 0.002mm <0.002mm

3. American Association of State Highway and Transportation (AASHTO)

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

75 to 2mm 2 to 0.075mm 0.075 to 0,.002mm < 0.002mm

. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

Gravel Sand Fines (silt & clay)

75 to 4.75mm 4.75t00.075mm < 0.075

Note:

2mm = Ne. 10 sieve

475mm = No. 40 sieve

0.425 m1 = Ho, #0 gore
0,075rmm = No. 200 sieve
 100

clay loam

loam
10 lo> silt loam
ny Silt
=a
© SSH
oS DS DBD
percent sand
+

USDA Triangular Textural Classification Chart

Where:

F200= percentage passing No. 200 sieve

LL= Liquid Limit, PI= Plasticity Index
 Table 5.1. AASHTO Classification
System
i Silt-clay Materials
General Granular materials
Classification (35% or less passing No. 200 Sieve (0.075 mm) eae NE OR nr
A AZ A
ee : A—3 A AS A—H AS
ification Aa | A A—24 | 2-8 | 2-6 | A227 IS
(a) Sieve Analysis:
Percent Passing
(i) 2.00 mm (No. 10) 50 max
(i!) 0.425 mm (No. 40) | 30 max | 50 max | 51 min
(i) 0.07
mm (No,5200)| 15 max | 25 max | 10 max | 35 max | 35 max | 35 max | 35 max | 36 min | 36 min | 36 min } 36 min
(b) Characterixtics of
fraction passing
0.425 mm (No. 40)
(i) Liquid limit 40 max | 41 min | 40 max | 41 min | 40 max | 41 min | 40 max | 41 min
(ii) Plasticity index 6 max NP. 10 max | 10 max | 11 min 11 min | 10 max | 10 max 11 min | 11 min*
(¢) Usual types of Stone Fragments
significant Gravel and sand | Fine Sand Silty or Clayey Gravel Sand Silty Soils Clayey Soils
Constituent materials

na egaaommn,
subgrade. Jor Excellent to Good Fair 10 Poor
* If plasticity index is equal to of fess than (liquid Limit—30), the sail is A—7—S (ie. PL > 30%)
If plowicity index is greater than (Liquid Limit—30), the 204 is A—T—6 (Ge. PL < 30%)

Gl= Group Index

F= percent finer or passing No. 200 sieve

GI= (F-35)(0.2+0.005(LL - 40)+ 0.01(F - 15)(P.L - 10)

Note

1. If the computed group index is ( - ) value, it is taken as 0.

[> 2. The group index of soils belonging to groups A —-1-aA-1-bA-2-4,

A=-2-5andA - 3 will always be zero because of their NO, 200 and PI.

3, When computing the group index for soils belonging to groups A — 2 — 6and

A=— 2 - 7 use the partial group index for Pl which is equal to 0 because of their

NO. 200
 Gras Sure Curve at

{tbe ttre TCL ler

b= SRT tH [ll
PN T Se TT
14.1411 [i
pha bb ace|
\\% ; [2 [|

ch # po tit |
|
Bait me ot i
an ner a i "
Partute Diameter mm
Figure 02.6 - Partie dsinbuton curve for the above example

dixtribiltion curve hows not only the range of particle sizes

in the soil, but also the type of distribution of various-size particles,
ty graded soil is one where mast ot the'soil grits are the sane size.
M grated soul is one in which the particle sizes are distributed over a
wide range. A well graded soil has C greater than about 4 for gravels
and 6 for sands, and C between 1 and 3 for gravels and sands.
graded soil is characterized by two ore more humps in the grading
rve
grain size of the soil is Dy,

2.3.2 UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT, Cy

where Dio = diameter corresponding to 60% finer,

051
In the exanipley G, T7?

» Pay
t Da «Dy P
an
«heme Dy darter comeeprcing (8.27% finer =
In the exatnple © PaL098 > þ—-
am = 6 AMO?) - ——— |: |

; ©
2.34 SORTING COEFFICIENT, Sy .
% = (Dy, ®

: VÞDa +
1» as st ' ©
where : Partice Camater. mm

Dn = dunes coreponding to 75% timer Figure 02.7 - Diflerent types of parecle-zlzn thavtaubon curve
D., = diameter corresporiding to 25% tine
 Table 02.1 UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS)
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND SYMBOL CHART LABORATORY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
COARSE-GRAINED SOILS
(more than 50% of material is larger than No. 200 sieve size.)
Clean Gravels (Less than 5% fines) Deo Dao

GRAVELS
Bas ow | taint gras
whe
aS -
.
gents | | C
Df 4c
DD ee tants
More than 50% Poorly-graded gravels, gravel-sand
of coarse aS GP mixtures, little or no fines GP Not meeting all gradation requirements for GW

fraction larger Gravets with fines (More than 12% fines)

than No, 4 rap ] ; An
sieve size {3}
Sap
GM | Silty gravels, gravel-and-sllt mixtures cam = line
Allerberg limils below "A" |
or P|, less than 4
ve °A* line with PI. between
> 4 and 7 are bordering cases
mes cc Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay ec Atterberg limits above *A* | requiring use of dual symbols
fas mixtures line with P.L greater than 7
__ Clean Sands (Less than 5% fines) c 6 30
be Weill-graded sands, gravelly sands, The greater than 4; Uo = ——— between
1 and 3
- ow ite no fines wu SW Dio Diy * Dn
a mi |[| | Poorly y graded
graded sands,
sands, g gravelly sands,
sand: | |
Pesce SP little or no fines SP Not menting all gradation requirements for Gu
a © Sands with fines (More than 12% fines)
sieve size ET Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures sm Allerberg limits below “A” | Limits plotting in shaded zone
line or P|. less than 4 with P|. between 4 and 7 are
Attert limits above "A" borderline
cases requiring use
-1 SC Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures
SC line with PL greater than 7 of dual symbols.
FINE-GRAINED SOILS
(50% or more of material is smaller than No. 200 sieve size.) Determine percentages of sand and gravel from grain-size curve, Depending
On percentage of fines (fraction smaller than No. 200 sieve size),
Inorganic silts and very fine sands, rock coarse-grained soils aro classfied as follows:
ML flour, silly of clayey fine sands or clayey .... GW, GP. SW, SP
STE silts with slight plasticity 00000000000000000000s Gn, GC, SM, 5G
Borderine cases requiring dual symbols
CLAYS Inorganic clays of low to medium
Liquid limit CL plasvcily, gravelly days, sandy clays,
less than silty clays, lean clays PLASTICITY CHART
| or Organic sits and organic silty clays of
| low plasticity
PLASTICITY INDEX (PI) (%)

Inorganic silts, micaceous or

MH diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soils,
40
SILTS clastic silts
AND t
CLAYS cy | Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat
s

Liquid limit clays

50% 1 20
IT TE on | Organic days of medium to high ne
plasticly, organic silts _ MLL
040 20 30 40 50 60 70 B0 90 100
cog. | PT Peat and other highly organic soils LIQUID LIMIT (LL) (%)
SOILS
 USDA Hemrp
Ex: Given He goll having the particle size aistn bution as Lifows :
fond — 8%
Gravel — 20%
Ut = 48%
Coy © 24 %

Chas sify the type of foil using USDA method

cfo of sand 2 xm = 10%

£0

of, of alk » WW. > > 60%

g0

of of day = 2, > 50%

go

Clagsi fication of fol * Using the trrangular textural classification chart

Draw lines from 10% Cpencentage of cand’), G0 (percentage of silt)
and 30% ( percent e of cla ) . The mtetsectio 4 ont is the
Classrfication 4 Meeeil. L P
THE Solu IS SILTY CLAY LOAM

Note: The lined\alraum Should be parallel bo the sides ¢f the triangle

Example: A Sample of inorgame soil has He follauing grain sire
characterictics
>
Size (mm) Percent Finer
2.0 loo

þ- OSD —— oS
0.005 32

0.002__ 1s

USDA: Grayel > 2mm Sard 2% & 0-05 mm

Gilt 0.05 0.002 Clay < 0.002

Ofo of day = IS Lf

ofo of Sand [00- 65

u

35 %

Frm te triangular textural claccifreation chart

THE SOIL IS LOAM 1 SICTYS LOAM

 AASHTO MEND

Soil & be used as highuny subgrade

Frample : Clasctty the given
material by using the AASHTO method

Sieve Analysis Yo finer

No 10 sieve = 100%
No 40 Sieve = F2%
No ROO Sieve » 39%

Plastieaty for the minus No. 40 fraction R

Liquid Limt = 44
Plactieaty Index = 2
LO
Refer jhe table AASHTO Classification Systm

fo passing the Ho 200 Seve ic 39% > 35% — Silt -day metenols
ofp finer 2002 36mm UWfAlmm PI=Uma —» Am7

If PI Ut -36 7 A-F-S
pr.be ue -30 2A -7 -G
PI = 24
LE: 36
44 - Bo = /4
PI > LL-30
24 > [4 THE Solr Kk A=F=G&

DETSERMING THE GROUP TNDEx

GI. = (F-35) [02+ 0.c05 (1t-40)T t 0.01 (R-15) (p1. -10)
G.1. 7(89- 38) [6-2 + 0-008(44-40)] & 9.01 (99-15) (24-10)
= JL 84_
# Us] + =
GT » 4-24 > 4
Therefore the soil 15 designated as A-7 -C (4)
 AASHTO) Monro
Example: Classify fhe given coil to be ured as highway subgrade
material using the AASHTO method

Sieve Analysis % Finer

No. 10 seve —— 4*%
No 40 Sieve 28%
Ne. 200 Steve —— 9%
[>
Plastiaty for He minus No. 40 fraction
Liquid Limit = © .
Plactraty Inckx = 2 %

Refer lo Ye table AASHTO Claxcrfication Syctem

oo passing He No 200 Seve is 9% < 35% —> Granular Materols

No 1 Steve = 43% < 50%

No 40iew = 28% 4 39%
No 200 sieve * GA < 15%
Plastiuty Index = 2< &
The Soil belongs G A-{-a@ chasstficatson

Note | The GT. of coils belonyngG grevps A-i-a@ , A-L-b,

A-2-4 , A-2-S and 4-3 willaluays be ren
because of their No 200 and PI

THE Sow ceassiFicatinn 1s A~i ty (0)

 Macs METHDO

FXAMPLO: The fable belne shove te la results of the sieve

Ofa sample. The soil has a ligne haut of ane
35% and plastics
Index of 26%. - Classify the soit according fs
USCS Methool
Siac Gan) Weight Retnnoof
0-25 8
re ae tL* >
3s*/°
0.085 45° bs P.I * 26%,
0-682 54.8]
0.02 —n=HHHF— 21.6%
0-0of i. es b
0.004 4-74
0- ool er 4.74

Pan 2.433

Solution

Stae Com) Weight Retamed Weight Passing “Percent Passing

0-25 I$-96 212-04 92 %
6-143 33. je 124-26 19 %
0-075 As: 03 19. 83 ——— 5%%
0-052 | re
0-02 42.66 —— _—— 42-66 18%
4 0-01 ems l1-Lc
30-8] ——— 134
0 4k 26. 0F fl Pf
0- 001 4. #q 2 - 33 — *f,

Pan —— 2.33 O
Totan 233. OO

. ,
= 0.0FSwor i 200 Sieve Percent Pascing or Percent finer SY A > sr"
$ Fine Granet Soi/ | l

- Ligand lunil > 35% < 83 þ 0 Silts and Clays ligundl Limit 5d or lags
LL = 35% 4 So (UL, oro)
— From the placticaty chart wrth 236% and PI > 2c

THE SOIL Ic CL [>

PAAMMGS The Table beloar Shams He laboretony resule of te reve.
Analycic of @ sample. Claceify He soll according & He
Unified Clacstfication Lyckm (USCS) Hethed)
Sieve No Diameter om) Percent Passa or Finer
4 4.16 30
g ——, 2.38 —— G4

FO me «208 58
20 —_ 084 as
40 — 0-47 22

200 ____ 6.0%5 —————_—-

[>
= More than 30% retened on No Re0 Seve of 0.0F5mm (4% pasting 0.08%,
So Coarse - Groinecd Sorle
- More than 50°/o pacung Ho 4 cieve (90% pacing No 4 Steye)
So it « Sande Y
- Less fhan 5A pass Mo 200 sieve
So esther SW of SP

2
Cu * Deo Ce ON

No Di 0,

Dis = 0.149 mm

Dos 2 LEE Dy, 024-042 , 35-22

0 Dzo - 2-492 G0 -22
Ply = 2-8 D3. = ©. GR

2sre 2 Od _ . Oe
2 2

Co ee
Di
28
0.145 Dio Deo ©-143 (2.1

Ce 3 1-5 between [+3

þ
ely Sarde htHe of no fines)
* THE Sol ke SW (Well graded sands and grav
 Stresses
Stresses in
in Soil
Soil

1) Intergranular
1) Intergranular stress
stress (Effective
(Effective Stress a)
Stress 𝝈)
-- Is
Is the
the stress
stress resulting
resulting from
from particle
particle to
to particle
particle contact
contact of
of soil.
soil.
′
o'=o-U
𝜎 =𝜎−𝜇
2) Pore
2) Pore water
water Pressure
Pressure (Neutral
(Neutral Stress
Stress 𝝁)
1)

-- Is
Is the
the stress
stress induced
induced by
by water
water pressure.
pressure.

L=Ywh
𝜇 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ
3) Total
3) Stress (𝝈)
Total Stress (a)

-- The
The sum
sum of
of effective
effective and
and neutral
neutral stress.
stress.
= 𝜎′ + 𝜇
o=0'+Uu
𝜎

Stress in Soil Without Seepage

Surcharge,q (kPa)

vey vo bevy
4

Ym hy . alk,
Y water table Vv
>

h hg
es. —

Ysat \ ha B
*

x” .
Ysat c

* At point A * At pointB

Total stress,0 = Yah + q Total stress,9 = Ysarhs + Ynlt + q

Neutral stress, = 0 Neutral stress, = yyhs

Ef fective stress,a' = Ymbts, + q Ef fective stress,o' = (Ysa — Yw hs + Yinty + 9

+ At point C A i
Total stress,0 = Yah + Yaarttz + Ymlh +49

Neutral stress,þ = Yuhy

Ef fective stress,a' = (Yar — Yw)h3 + sar — Ywhz + Ynys +4

 Fixess IN $olu WITHOUT SEEPAGE

At Powit A
: At Pomt B
0, » 0 = oF, = | - 4

0, * Spm hy fg -o = Vurhet Shi + ~ She

0%, = Yin hg +4 b, (Vs - du) by + uh, TY

At Pont ©

0cNY = 0-
= he = hatha
= Soars + Your hy + Sah #q ~ Surhg
I
(Fur =) by
Oc 4 (hw “Xw)h, + inh, + @&

Stress in Saturated Soil with Seepage

A. Upward Seepage

ty
_F i hq If£2
YL*x —————————————————— |

Z\
H:
a <= Yeat

a jo ~
* At point A * At point B

Inflow + — O= Yull F = VsatzZ1 + Ywlly

H=Ywlty H= Yw(2i
+ Hy + hy)
a, =0 o'n = (sat ~ Yw)%1 = Vl

* At point C

T = YsacHlz + Ywhhy

= Yulth + 1H, +h)

ae = (Ysat = YwH, — Ywh

 WITH SEErAvy
Sole
GTRess TN SA TURATED
(Upsrard Seepage)

At Point B
At Point A

0's s O-4 VU, = 0 - Av

= Vwi) = Sw H, =
= Scar ee + Swh, - Yw (2, +H, th, )
b, . oO > Sear 2, + Nh, ~ Sw 2; - Sort = wht

6 = (Seer = Su) Z, _ Wh,

At Point ©

be = O- uh
Sear He + Suh = Yu (Hat ly +b)
Yar Ha tt, = No bs = Toki — oh
n

0 & (Near = vw) a, = uh

B. Downward Seepage

= !
| F hy
oo ——————<——— h1
4
Hy — * At point A * At point B
4 a
B Ysat a= Yoll, 0 = Yoautr + Youlll

{= Voll = Yw (2, +H, — h)

Gs ,
- a,=0 0’» = (Ysat — Yw41 + Ywh

« outf, Ge]
* At point C

T = Youth + Yulls
= Yw(H, + H, — hy)

0's = (Yaat = YH + Yolh

 STRESS IN SATURATED Soi WITH SEEPAGE
( Domward Seepage)

At Point A At Point B

0,> 0- ua Dp > 0-4

= Swi, ~ Suhr = Meer + Sut ~ Bur(2.
+ Hi ~h )
6,2 0 > Hark + Jt = Ow 2 Bath + Swh
Op, = (Kear ~¥w) 3, + Surh

A4 Point C
0, s 0 - 4

= Yeehe + Yel, = Nw (oth -b)

* Wear ba + Bo, — Voky
- Fert, + Fr by
Oe = (New : Sw) Hs + Uh,

Example! From the given soil profile chown, compute the cifective
Ctfress at C

Soil Vora Ratio Specific Gravity

Dry fand 0:40 2.62
Sond 0.60 2-62

Cay 0.9] 2-73

RN
DRY SAND

Gand wokr jolie

SAND
Solution ;
Dry Land

Yd = Ge Yu _ 2.62 (9.m) = [8-36 KN gs

14 e It 0.46

Sand

Bear * (Gat)Yu _ (261+ 040) 94 _. ,,,

ite
[+ 0.60
LY

day
Year > (Get) Yu _ _ (2.33 t 0-81) 9.81 = 19.19 KW /m?
Ite 14 0-81
| [>
0c = 3(18-36)+ 4(2on-9.n) + 2(1949-9-m)
0s = NS. 04 Knj/w*
 Example © Given the Soil strata shown in the figure,
Determie tHe Allowing
1) Total Stress at A

2) Effective Stress at A if'a plezometer Racls 12m. atA

3) Effective Stress at B

SANDY CLAY
"MT
5m Ps 2050 ko fo

_ h=12 2
MEDIYM DENSE SAND

Sm Gar = (940 ky fo?

=. Sl
CoMPRESSIBLE SIL™ CLAy

O'= 1420 ky fm?

a I
4) 0, = 2050(s) + 1940(s) L) 0, * 1918 Lon (ie) 3) 0 = 7,95d +1220(20)

g, 350 kg /m* By > 2850 ky /m® & = 42, 35D kg /m™

Op

”
>
 Effective Stress in the Zone Capillary Rise

Capillary rise: h/ þ rone of cepiltary rise

SE
hinm = — Ysat

where:

hmm = Capillary rise inmm

c = constant that varies from 10 to 50 mm?

Dio = ef fective size (mm)
e = vold ratio

of Rise Sod T
1-02m coarse Sand
0.3 — 1.2m tne Sand
13-75m silt
7.5—23m

Pore Pressure at a point in a layer at soil partially salurated caused by capillary action

= wh

where:

ji = pore pressure of a soil caused by capillary action in kPa

S$ = degree of saturation in percent

Ye = unit weight of water in RN).

h = capillary rise in m
 EFFECTIVE STASSS JN THE ZONE CAPILLARY RISE

Capillary ~ He rising of flu 15 tiny hair hike Spaces. (capitlarities)

above he level of the, fluid tn anopen Vessel
E xample

GROUND SURPAcE

An Vony © lo KH /m?
+ A

gad eee ONE. GA NE

Gn
Sear © 19. KN?

Ko —

Effective Stress at A

6 = (4g) > - @0)(3n)(12)

loo
H-06 KPa).
>

n
>

Effective Stress at B

Oy = WG)+ 12002)
On = 94.4 KPa

Effective Stess at C
be = 16(4) + 126-2) +@e-9-¢1)G@)
De = 133-54 KPa
Neve > The pore water pressure (&)at a point in the layer of Soi
fully coturated Ho apts rite it it Poet (s ay oe
Exampk: A dense cit ayer has He tollnumg properties |
Void Ratio & © 0-40
Effective ohameneter al}, or Dy = 10 um
Capillarity conctant © = 0-20 em*
Free ground water level is 8.0m below te grund surface

1) Find the height of capillary rise 1 the silt « Capillary rice & given h=
eto
2) Find He vertical effective «tress ji) KPa at Sm depth. Acsume
Ye = 26.5 KN/m3 and Hat the coil above tHe capillary action rise
and ground surface i« partially saturated of 50%.
ele pth ; Assume X= 2-5 KN/n?
3) Find the vertical effective stress at 10m
and that He soil above He capillary action rise and ground! curfece
Is partially Saturated at Þ%

of

| DENSE Slur LAYER

Sm

$+ 100/>
[prone

DENSE Sur YER

ST 100%,
Seee ee a

Solutions

{) Height of Capillary Rise

Ave = Diy =l0 “4m = O-oolcm

h: ¢_ . o-20
eh, 0.40 (0-001)

h = 500«n = 5m
 DENS® SILT LAYER 5
mn
S= 55%, Sm
Sm At Ss Sr ee Ee be ees okey 2

teh ete EG
mer} 726 a ay ie AP De l “40 2s 8%, + [KP
. Pr 4 on oe 8 La 4 A +» . ton

- g wat tane, 7 r

DENSE SILT LAYER

g= 100%

ASS ELIE er na

Spaxraccy saturaten = Sp
Sp © (ew) (Gs Xw) w= Se _ _(-s50)(0.40)
Ite Gs 2-70

G = Ss 5 ee
Sur 9-81 we: 007g = 7:4%
Gs = 2.70

= (1 # 0-044) (2.70) (9.81)

RaARe! eA
4s
t
>

Seat = Gs te Sur
1+ 0.40 Ite
* 20-32 KN /m? -6ur = (2-0 04d) 9.4
oc
r
9

[t0.40

Mat = 21.32 KN/m? —> sur

Oy = 20.3203)+ 21.92(2) = 104.4 KPa
Un= - S¥wh _ -12. (31G) - 29.43 Kea
ls» 17>
‘

O, = 104.4 - (- 29-43) Op = 20-92(8)+ 21-32 (4)= 219 kPa

f Mg = 2(9.81) = 19.62 KPa
On = 133-83 KPa
Op > 213- 19.02
Oss 193.32 KPa