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‫الكيمياء‏الفيزياوية‬

‫‏باسم‏هاني‏شاكر‏‬:‫االسم‏‬

‫‏ايمن‏علي‏حريز‬:‫االسم‏‬

‫‏جواد‏كاظم‏راضي‬:‫االسم‏‬

The Thermodynamics surface layers.

Definition of thermodynamics:

It is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with the study of changes in

energy associated with chemical reactions.
Or it is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of quantitative
relationships between heat and different forms of energy (potential energy
Movement - nuclear - chemical...) It is concerned with describing matter in
terms of physical properties P, T, V.
Or it is thermodynamics is an experimental science concerned with the
study of everything related to temperature
Thermal energy or heat flow associated with changes in chemical or physical
systems.
 Applications of thermodynamics:

A - Engineering applications: This science is used engineering in the design

of engines and electric power generators Refrigeration and air conditioning
equipment.

B - Chemical applications: There are several applications of dynamics,

including:
* Changes in energy that accompany a chemical or physical change. And in
general
The change in energy between a system and its surroundings.
Studying the possibility of a chemical reaction occurring spontaneously
* Derivation of empirically discovered formulas and laws and their
construction on a theoretical basis, for example:
The laws of chemical equilibrium can be derived and proven
Hess' law for enthalpy can be derived, which is a special case of the first law
of thermodynamics
It is possible to derive the Calperon - Clausius equation related to the
equilibrium between phases.

Basic concepts in thermodynamic:

The definition of a system (System): is the part of the universe in which a
chemical or physical change occurs or is The specific part of the article to
which the study is directed.
* System boundaries: It is the envelope that encloses the system and
separates it from the surrounding medium and represents the walls of the
container for the system.

For example: When a solution of hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of

sodium hydroxide in a glass beaker,

* The system is an acid-base solution * The boundaries of the system are the
walls of the beaker * The perimeter is the remainder

The universe around the system based on the way the system exchanges
energy and matter with the ocean.

Types of systems in thermodynamics:

A - Open System: It is the system that allows the exchange of both matter
and energy between the system‫‏‏‬

and the surrounding medium.

B - Closed system: It is the one that allows the exchange of energy only
between the system and the surrounding medium

In the form of heat or work.

C - Isolated system: It is the one that does not allow the transfer of any of the
energy and matter between the system

and the surroundings.

D. Condensed system: It is the one that cannot exchange matter and heat
with the surrounding medium in any way, or in other words, it
Other types of energy other than heat can be exchanged.
(Properties of a System)
A - Properties Extensive:
They are the properties that depend on the amount of matter in the
system such as mass, volume, heat capacity,
The internal energy, entropy, free energy, surface area and the total
value of these properties are equal to
The sum of their discrete values. They are described as diffusive.

Intensive (intensive) properties:

They are properties that do not depend on the amount of matter in
the system, such as pressure, temperature, density, Surface tension,
electromotive force and electric potential. All of these properties are
characteristic of matter, but do not depend on its quantity.