Competence of Criminology Students in Finger Mark Visualizationin Usst Colleges

COMPETENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS IN FINGER MARK
VISUALIZATIONIN USST COLLEGES
A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of United School of Science and Technology
Colleges Inc. Tarlac City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By:
Jules D. Urzame
Edizon B. Garcillano
John Henry L. Laurzano
Jean Lester R. Abella
John Vincent Briones
March 2019
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Fingermarks are one of the most important and useful forms of physical evidence
in forensic investigations. However, latent fingermarks are not directly visible, but can be
visualized due to the presence of other residues (such as inorganic salts, proteins,
polypeptides, enzymes and human metabolites) which can be detected or recognized
through various strategies. Convenient and rapid techniques are still needed to provide
obvious contrast between the background and the fingermarks ridges and to then
visualize latent fingermark with a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity.
(www.researchgate.net2016).
Analysis of fingerprint has been used to identify suspects and solve crime for
more than 100 years, and it remains an extremely valuable tool for law enforcement. One
of the most important using fingerprints is to help investigators to track a criminal’s
record, their previous arrest and convictions, to aid in sentencing, probation, parole and
pardoning decisions.
Fingerprints within forensic science are very important even though there is a
very big debate on whether or not is the right way to go about the crime scene. We have
seen the different types of fingerprints, what they are made from, we have gone through a
case where fingerprints, where not substantial evidence and put an innocent man in prison
2|Page
for a while. This I conclude that fingerprints are important the art of fingerprint just needs
to be perfect so that the real criminals get what they deserve. (ukessays.com 2016)
Criminology courses are typically found within degree programs in criminal
justice and related fields. Students who graduate from criminology or criminal justice
degree programs may go on to become counselors, drug enforcement officials,
investigative agents or probation officers. (study.com) hence, it is very important for
every Criminology to understand more and to be more competent about finger mark
visualization for them to be ready for their future job description such as being an
investigator. USST Colleges Inc. was located in Brgy. San Isidro, Tarlac City and one of
the schools in Tarlac that offers the course Bachelor of Science in Criminology, it was
also claimed as number one Criminology school in Tarlac City in the year 2014 with an
overall passing rate of 57.83% and the national rate of 43.44%. Being one of the best
Criminology school in Tarlac, it would raise the question of how competent the
Criminology students in USST was. The researcher will focused their study on one of the
most difficult subject description in the world of Criminology, “Fingermark visualization
or the Fingerprint Personal Identification”. Now the question is, in the academic year of
2018-2019, how well does the competency of Criminology students in the said subject
description in USST Colleges in Tarlac City.
3|Page
Statement of the Problem:
This study will seek to determine the level of competence of the second year and third
year criminology students in USST Colleges regarding fingermark visualization. Specifically it
will seek to answer the following problems.
1. Demographic Profile of 2nd year to 3rd year criminology students in USST Colleges in
terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Regular
1.4 Irregular
2. What is the level of competence of 2nd year to 3rd year criminology students in USST
Colleges regarding fingermark visualization in terms of:
2.1 Powder methods
2.2 Chemical methods
2.3 Fingerprint Identification
3. What is the implication of this study to the criminal justice education of USST Colleges?
4. What are the types of fingerprints?
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Scope and Delimitation
This study will be conducted at USST Colleges Inc., located at Brgy San Isidro Tarlac
City. The respondents of the study shall be the 2nd year and 3rd year Criminology students who
were currently enrolled to the subject description “Personal Identification”.
Significance of the Study
This study entitled “Competence of Criminology student in Fingermark Visualization in
USST Colleges Inc.” would benefit the different groups of people.
To the Students. To give them knowledge about their own competitiveness regarding
fingermark visualization. By such manner, this study could help them measure themselves their
ability in visualizing fingerprints and also to know their weaknesses and to help them improve
their competence in the subject description “Personal Identification”.
To the USST Colleges Inc. This study could be an eye opener for them to further their
attentions about the subjects being taken by their Criminology students especially Personal
Identification.
To the Readers. To give them an idea and to widen their knowledge about the level of
competence of criminology students in USST Colleges Inc. regarding fingermark visualization.
To the Future researchers. This will serve as a foundation in the existence of new
knowledge while conducting their purposes and their research study in the line of Fingermark
visualization; furthermore this will also serves as their sources proper guidelines in their studies.
5|Page
Definition of Terms
The researchers will be using certain terms in this study. To enable the reader to have a
clear understanding of this study, the following words were given an operational and technical
definition.
Competence – the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.
Fingermark – a mark left on a surface by a dirt or greasy finger.
Visualization – the representation of an object, situation, or set of information as a chart or other
image.
Powder method – It is the application of finely ground, colored powder to nonporous object to
make latent prints visible.
Fingerprint Identification – Is the method identification based on the different patterns of human
fingers, which is actually unique among each person.
Skin - Fingerprints are only found in human skin.
Fingerprint – It is a reproduction of some smooth surface of the hand form by the ridges and
furrow.
Friction Ridge – Raised strips of the skin on the inside of the end joints of the fingers.
Dactylography – Is the art of fingerprint recording for identification purposes.
6|Page
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATEDLITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
Foreign.
Fingerprints are the most encountered physical evidence at the scene of crime. They are
present in three forms, latent, visible and plastic. The latter two are easy to locate, as they are
visible to naked eye, whereas latent fingerprints need to be deciphered to make them visible
before they could be used as piece of evidence in crime scene investigation. Many new
techniques have been develop for latent fingerprint detection with time but the traditional
fingerprint detection technique for treating latent prints is powdering method depending on the
type of matrix. When fingerprint powder is sprinkled over an affected area, the powder adheres
to the lipids, sweat or other material left in a fingerprints. The quality of developed fingerprints
depends on the particle size, shape and density of the powder used. ( 2016 The International
Association of Law and Forensic Science)
7|Page
Fingermarks are considered one of the most valuable types of physical evidence
recovered from a crime scene. Fingermark casework is the most common casework for forensic
scientist despite the increase in use of DNA to identify/exonerate suspects via bodily fluids.
The ridges patters found in fingermarks are permanent and can be used to individualize or
exclude suspects from an investigation.
Detection of fingermarks on metallic surfaces will be dependent upon the compounds
remaining from the fingermark residue. Several detailed reviews have already been published on
fingermark composition, but none have focused on fingermarks deposited on metallic surface.
Generally, there are two types of fingermarks found at crime scenes; visible fingermarks,
usually formed by finger contaminated by a substance such as oil, fruit, grease, paint or blood,
which are deposited on a surface; and latent fingermarks, which are invisible to the naked eye
and are the most abundant type of fingermarks at crime scenes. Metallic surfaces are also
commonly encountered in crime scenes and are ubiquitous in the environment. Surfaces such as
the door of a car, objects like handles, weapons, and tools are usually made of steel. Cartridge
cases are frequently recovered from crime scenes and are usually made of brass of nickel. There
are number of different techniques that can be applied to a surface to visualize latent
fingermarks. (2018 American Academy of Forensic Science)
The effectiveness of the current UK iron oxide powder suspension formulation, ‘C-IOPS-
09’ (Triton X-100 based), for fingermark or latent fingerprint visualization is shown to be
8|Page
affected by variations between batches of the recommended iron oxide powder from Fisher
Scientific (I/1100/53). When incorporated into the C-IOPS-09 formulation, a 2015 powder batch
resulted in the detection of ∼19% fewer fingermarks, of broadly reduced contrast, when
compared to powder suspension prepared with a 2008 batch of the same product. Furthermore,
the 2015 powder batch was found to be unsuitable in experimental reduced-surfactant
concentration powder suspension, because it caused surface-wide or background staining. The
studies in this paper also investigated the use of Tween 20 surfactant as an alternative to the
currently utilised Triton X-100, in preparation for the potential unavailability of Triton X-100 in
the future. Powder suspensions prepared with Tween 20 surfactant solutions of 4% and 40%
were shown to offer similar effectiveness to the currently recommended C-IOPS-09 formulation,
when compared using the same batch of Fisher Scientific iron oxide powder (2008 or 2015). The
difference between the 2008 and 2015 iron oxide batches was hence also evident with these
alternative surfactant solutions. Particle size distribution analysis of the iron oxide powders in
Tween 20 and Triton X-100 based surfactant solutions show that the more effective powder
exhibits a higher sub-micrometre particle population than the less effective powder. This work
leads to an improved specification for powder suspension formulations. This is demonstrated
with an example powder suspension formulation which uses a 10% Tween 20 surfactant solution
and iron oxide nanopowder (50–100 nm) from Sigma Aldrich, which was shown to visualise
27% more fingermarks than the C-IOPS-09 formulation prepared with the 2015 Fisher Scientific
powder batch, in a comparative study. (2018 Elsevier B.V.)
9|Page
The UK’s recent move to polymer banknotes has seen
some of the currently used fingermark
enhancement techniques for currency potentially
become redundant, due to the surface characteristics
of the polymer substrates. Possessing a non-porous
surface with some semi-porous properties, alternate
processes are required for polymer banknotes. This
preliminary investigation explored the recovery of
fingermarks from polymer notes via vacuum metal
deposition using elemental copper. The study
successfully demonstrated that fresh latent
fingermarks, from an individual donor, could be
clearly
developed and imaged in the near infrared. By
varying the deposition thickness of the copper, the
contrast between the fingermark minutiae and the
substrate could be readily optimised. Where the
deposition thickness was thin enough to be visually
indistinguishable, forensic gelatin lifters could be
used to lift the fingermarks. These lifts could then be
treated with rubeanic acid to produce a visually
distinguishable mark. The technique has shown
enough promise that it could be effectively utilised on
other semi- and non-porous substrates
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clearly
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clearly
other semi- and non-porous substrate
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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clearly
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he UK’s recent move to polymer banknotes has seen
clearly
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The United Kingdom’s decision to change from
traditional
cotton paper banknotes to a biaxially orientated
polypropylene
(BOPP) polymer type note has three principal
benefits. Being
plastic, they are more resistant to dirt making
them a cleaner
alternative. They are harder to counterfeit due to
the incorporation
of advanced security features and they are more
durable, meaning
that, long-term, they are cheaper and more
environmentally
friendly. Despite polymer banknotes being non-
porous, they also
exhibit semi-porous qualities due to the printing
materials and
surface coatings used. In turn, this has the
tendency to result in
increased absorption/wicking of a fingermark
residue from the
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surface. This, coupled with the fact that the
notes often have
complex designs and fluorescent security
features, means that
most traditional non-porous fingerprint
techniques encounter
difficulties developing marks on such substrates.
Fingerprints are one of the most valuable forms of evidence due to their uniqueness. They are
found on objects present at a crime scene and are used to identify the suspect or criminal, and link them to
the crime scene, weapon, or object. Fingermarks are formed by sweat released from pores present on the
friction ridge skin of hands. Finger ridges contain a large number of sweat pores. When the finger touches
any surface, the sweat from these pores gets deposited in form of contours, which are the mirror image of
the ridge patterns. Since sweat is colorless in nature, its deposition on a surface also produces colorless
impressions, which are called latent fingerprints.( Bumbrah GS, Sharma RM, Jasuja OP 2016)
The completed research program was designed to provide fundamental information that
can be used to improve the superglue fuming method of developing latent fingermarks, by
optimizing the acquisition of developed latent fingermarks and enhancing the quality of aged
fingermarks. This has been realized by, first, using our expertise in polymer chemistry to explain
the role of temperature on the superglue fuming of aged fingermarks and developing protocols to
implement temperature control in a forensic laboratory. Our results show that fuming at lower
temperatures improves the rate of polymerization that occurs during superglue fuming and thus,
provides an easy and cost-effective method to improve the quality of aged prints developed by
superglue fuming. More precisely the results of this project indicate that the optimum
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temperature of fuming is between 10 and 15 °C. Furthermore, any protocols that are devised to
control the temperature of fuming must take into account the presence of the warm superglue
fumes. The decrease in temperature also appears to improve the quality of aged latent prints.
Previous results also suggest that rehydration of an aged fingermark is critical to its successful
development by superglue fuming, and thus we have investigated aggressive rehydration
methods of aged latent fingermarks as a method to improve the quality of aged prints.
Unfortunately, simply rehydrating fresh or aged prints by exposure to room temperature or
boiling water vapor is not a sufficient method for improving print quality. In fact, exposure to
boiling water vapor harms prints, presumably by removing initiators by dissolving them into the
steam and releasing them from the print before fuming. Finally, we have completed Fourier
Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) experiments to monitor the molecular level changes
during the polymerization of ethyl cyanoacrylate and the hardening process that occurs after
polymerization, to provide guidelines that can be used to improve the turn-around time of
obtaining a print that can be recorded and compared to a database. Thus, we have completed a
series of experiments that provide fundamental information that forensic scientists in the field
can use to create protocols to improve the effectiveness and optimize the process of the
superglue fuming method to develop, visualize and analyze latent fingermarks.( Mark D. Dadmun,
Ph.D. 2015)
Locale
The acceptance of fingerprint evidence by the courts has always been predicated on the
assumption that no two individuals have identical fingerprints. Early fingerprint experts
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consistently referred to Galton’s calculation, showing the possible existence of 64 billion
different fingerprints, to support this contention. Later, researchers questioned the validity to
Galton’s figures and attempted to devise mathematical model to better approximate this value.
However, no matter what mathematical model one refers to, the conclusions are always the
same: The probability for the existence of two identical fingerprint patterns in the world’s
population is extremely small.
Not only is this principle supported by theoretical calculations, but just as importantly, it
is verified by the millions upon millions of individuals who have had their prints classified over
the past 90 years- not to have ever been found to be identical. (Jesus Bueno Vinluan, PH. D.
CRIM and Jose Mendoza Buenavista Jr. M.S.CRIM)
It is the main task of a criminal investigator to establish the identity of a suspect. Many
times, cases referred to the investigator are the unknown – suspect category where the suspect`s
Actions are known, but personal identification has not been made. A witness can be identified as
a suspect by describing his physical appearance, height complexion, body built, age and other
distinguishing visible marks. This means of identification is termed as Positive identification.
However, such is not an accurate means to identify a person. Tracing information is another
means of identification and this refers to all information indicative of personal identity of an
individual. Fingerprints have traditionally been considered the single most positive indicator of
personal identification and has been proven infallible.
At the end joint of each finger, on the side opposite the fingernail is a rounded area called
bulb that a number of friction which patterns appear.The ridges or each fingertip have definite
contours and appear in several distinctive pattern types, each possessing definite individual
46 | P a g e
peculiar details by which positive identification can be made. (PROF. VENERANDA POSCOR-
DEPAYSO, MSCRIM)
From the earliest times the use fingerprints, as a mark of specific identity, appears to have
acquired acceptance along with the customs of tattooing, clipping, branding and cutting. The
ridges and depressions on the tips of the fingers arouse sufficient interest in pre historic man to
be included among his carvings on the stone cliffs of Nova Scotia and the Petroglyphs found on
Gavrenis Island off the Northwest Coast of France. China is credited with utilizing
fingerprints(about 200 B.C.) as a mark of identification. Chinese successfully applied this facility
in their business and legal enterprises as early as 11th century. (Clarence Gerald Collins)
Every human being carries with him from his cradle to his grave certain physical marks
with do not change their character by which he can always be identified and that without shade
of doubt or question these marks are his signature and this autograph cannot be counterfeited, nor
can be disguise it or hide it away. This signature is each man’s very own – there is no duplicate
of it among the swarming population of the globe. Thus autograph consists of the delicate line or
corrugations with which Nature marks the insides of the hands and souls of feet. ( Mark Twain)
“Negative” fingermarks are developed on paper by the application of gold nanoparticles (gold
circles) that are capped by a bifunctional ligand, and then silver precipitation. In this process,
paper is the substrate and the fingermarks serve as a mask. This approach may contribute to the
successful recovery of latent fingermarks by law enforcement agencies. ( Prof. Joseph Almog)
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF SOURCES OF DATA
This chapter presents the methodology that will be use and a source of data by the
researchers in conducting this study. It includes the research methods, research locale, data
gathering and procedure and statistical treatment of data.
Research Method
In this particular study the researchers will be using the descriptive method. The descriptive is
otherwise known as “normative survey”. This method is concern the prevailing or existing status
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of an event or problem, under this method, the researchers employs the following data gathering;
questionnaire, interview and observation.
Research Locale
This study will be conducted in United School of Science and Technology (USST), The USST
Colleges is located at San Isidro Tarlac City. USST Colleges is one of the criminology schools in
Tarlac City with overall passing rate of 57.83% and national rate of 43.44%.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study will be from the total number of student enrolled in personal
identification (crim 1) with a total number of 116 students and currently enrolled in the USST
Colleges. The data gathered were from the administration office of the said institution.
Sampling techniques
Sampling helps a lot in research. It is one of the most important factors which determine the
accuracy of your research or survey result. Population is the collection of the elements which has
some or the other characteristics in common. Number of elements in the population. Is the size of
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the population. Sample is the subset of the population. The process of selecting a sample is
known as sampling. Number of elements in the sample is the sample size. The researcher will be
using simple random sampling: Every elements has an equal chance of getting selected to be the
part of a sample. It is used when you don’t have any kind of prior information about the target
population.
Statistical Treatment
The data to be gather in this study will be treated accordingly and statistically for the purpose of
proper application of statistical treatment. All the data to be gather form the respondents will be
organize, tallied, and will be presented in a table form.
The researcher will be using the frequency distribution and the weighted men. The use of
statistical data provides a guide in the interpretation of the data.
In statistics, a frequency distribution is a table or graph that displays the frequency of various
outcomes in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences
of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the
distribution of values in the sample.
Below is the formula of the weighted mean.
WM = TWF
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_______________
N of Respondents
Where:
WM = Weighted Mean
TWF = Total Weighted Mean
N of Respondents = Total Number of Respondents
The researcher also used the formula for the percentage in this study. Percentages
are used widely and in many different areas. Percentages are useful way of comparing fractions
with different denominators. Percentages give information which is often easier to understand
than fractions. The symbol for percent is % and its similarity to 100 remind us of its meaning.
Below if the formula for the getting the percentage of a data:
%=n x 100
_____
Where :
% = the total percent
n = number of data
N = total number of data
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DATA GATHERING TOOL
The questionnaire will use as the main tool used in gathering data. The questionnaire is the basis.
This part deals with the competence of criminology students in fingermark visualization.
The mode of response shall be evaluated with the use of the following rating scale:
Scale Interval Verbal description
4 3.50-4.0 Highly competent
3 2.51-3.49 Competent
2 1.5-2.49 Less Competent
1 1.0-1.49 Not Competent
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The researchers prepared request letter addressed to the Head of the USST, requesting
permission to allow the researchers to collect data on the research. After the approval of the
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letter, the researchers will conduct interview. Questionnaires will be distributed to the
criminology students of USST. Afterwards all of the gathered data will be analyzed , interpret
and tallied.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
To determine the correct analysis of data of the study, researchers will used the following
statistical: Weighted mean.
Frequency, refers to the number of times a response occurs.
Percentage, the value of anything in relation to a hundred? It actually prevents the
portion of a particular response to the total number/s of respondents.
Percentage% = No. of times response occurred (Frequency) x 100
Total number of respondents (N)
Where%= percentage
F=frequency of each items or response
N=total numbers of respondents
Total weighted mean in the computation of weighted mean the following formula will be
used( Sevilla, 1994 )
Formula:
TWF
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WM=_______
Where: WM= weighted mean
TMF=total weighted frequency
N=number of respondent
According to Heiman (2009), responses scale is the number and type of the choices to provide
each question. To alternate the problems of the restricted range, sensitivity and guessing,
increasing the number of response choices. Multiple choices questions are most appropriate for
measuring factual information discrete responses.
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COMPETENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS IN FINGER MARK

VISUALIZATIONIN USST COLLEGES

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

John Henry L. Laurzano

Jean Lester R. Abella

John Vincent Briones

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

polypeptides, enzymes and human metabolites) which can be detected or recognized

visualize latent fingermark with a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity.

of the most important using fingerprints is to help investigators to track a criminal’s

Criminology courses are typically found within degree programs in criminal

degree programs may go on to become counselors, drug enforcement officials,

investigative agents or probation officers. (study.com) hence, it is very important for

most difficult subject description in the world of Criminology, “Fingermark visualization

description in USST Colleges in Tarlac City.

year criminology students in USST Colleges regarding fingermark visualization. Specifically it

will seek to answer the following problems.

Colleges regarding fingermark visualization in terms of:

2.1 Powder methods

2.2 Chemical methods

2.3 Fingerprint Identification

4. What are the types of fingerprints?

were currently enrolled to the subject description “Personal Identification”.

Significance of the Study

This study entitled “Competence of Criminology student in Fingermark Visualization in

USST Colleges Inc.” would benefit the different groups of people.

their competence in the subject description “Personal Identification”.

competence of criminology students in USST Colleges Inc. regarding fingermark visualization.

Competence – the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.

Fingermark – a mark left on a surface by a dirt or greasy finger.

Visualization – the representation of an object, situation, or set of information as a chart or other

make latent prints visible.

fingers, which is actually unique among each person.

Skin - Fingerprints are only found in human skin.

Dactylography – Is the art of fingerprint recording for identification purposes.

REVIEW OF RELATEDLITERATURE AND STUDIES

Association of Law and Forensic Science)

exclude suspects from an investigation.

Detection of fingermarks on metallic surfaces will be dependent upon the compounds

fingermarks. (2018 American Academy of Forensic Science)

the 2015 powder batch was found to be unsuitable in experimental reduced-surfactant

concentration powder suspension, because it caused surface-wide or background staining. The

leads to an improved specification for powder suspension formulations. This is demonstrated

powder batch, in a comparative study. (2018 Elsevier B.V.)

development by superglue fuming, and thus we have investigated aggressive rehydration

Unfortunately, simply rehydrating fresh or aged prints by exposure to room temperature or

population is extremely small.

CRIM and Jose Mendoza Buenavista Jr. M.S.CRIM)

distinguishing visible marks. This means of identification is termed as Positive identification.

personal identification and has been proven infallible.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF SOURCES OF DATA

gathering and procedure and statistical treatment of data.

questionnaire, interview and observation.

Respondents of the Study

organize, tallied, and will be presented in a table form.

statistical data provides a guide in the interpretation of the data.

distribution of values in the sample.

Below is the formula of the weighted mean.

TWF = Total Weighted Mean

N of Respondents = Total Number of Respondents

Below if the formula for the getting the percentage of a data:

% = the total percent

N = total number of data