Skilling For Livelihood

Table Of Content
Background 4-5
Study Process 8-9
Findings 14-15
Recommendations 28-29
Copyright @ UNDP 2016 Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the observations of the
participants and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This document would not have been possible if it was not for the time and
valuable inputs of a few key stakeholders. We are extremely grateful to all
the community members and leaders, IEC-Mainstreaming Division of NACO,
State AIDS Control Societies, officers of other line departments, especially
the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment and the Department of Social
Welfare, who provided relevant information regarding the progress made
in States. Sincere thanks also goes to the technical consultant and the
organizations SWASTI- Resource Centre and Vrutti- Livelihood Resource
Centre for the scrupulous documentation.

BACKGROUND
Skilling for Livelihood Opportunities for Transgenders in India

1.1 Definitions population, as literate [5]. All of  Lack of livelihood options is a key
these increase their vulnerability to reason for a significant proportion
Transgender people Livelihood poverty. of transgender people to choose
Transgender is an umbrella term for A livelihood comprises the or continue to be in sex work - with
people whose gender identity and capabilities, assets (including both  Few of the central and state its associated HIV and health-
expression does not conform to the material and social resources) and government schemes, including the related risks. For any public health
norms and expectations traditionally activities required for a means of National Rural and Urban Livelihood programmes to be a success,
associated with the sex assigned living. A livelihood is sustainable Missions, to provide livelihood addressing barriers to livelihoods for
to them at birth; it includes people when it can cope with and recover opportunities to economically transgender people is critical.
who are transsexual, transgender or from stress and shocks and maintain weaker sections of the society
otherwise considered gender non- or enhance its capabilities and assets include transgender people as  Ensuring their socio-economic
conforming. Transgender people both now and in the future, while not a beneficiary group. Corporate empowerment and a stigma free
may self-identify as transgender, undermining the natural resource organisations with specifically and equal society will enable the
female, male, transwoman or base. stated policies to employ sexual community to have access to
transman, trans-sexual, or, by a variety minorities and corporate social better education, employment,
of indigenous terms used in specific - Chambers & Conway, 1991 [2] responsibility (CSR) programmes and health services and live a life
cultures, such as hijra (India), kathoey purposively designed to skill and with dignity.
(Thailand), waria (Indonesia), or one employ them also open up formal
of many other transgender identities. employment opportunities for  In this context, the study aimed
They may express their gender in a transgender people in India. to understand the barriers and
variety of masculine, feminine and/ enablers to access to skilling
or androgynous ways.  Despite these measures, and livelihood opportunities for
transgender people in India have transgender people in India, and
- World Health Organisation [1] found it extremely difficult to get document government, private
skill training and jobs due to social sector and civil society measures
taboos and customs, and strong to address the issue
prejudices dominating family and
1.2 Why this study work spaces.
 Transgender people are one of the  Livelihood vulnerability directly

most discriminated high risk groups increases risk and vulnerability to
in India. Census 2011 counted 4.9 HIV. National HIV prevalence is
lakh transgender people in India. 0.31%, whereas HIV prevalence
The proportion of those working in among the transgender community
the Transgender community is much is estimated to be 8.2%. [4]. Limited
lower (38%) compared to 46% in livelihood options adversely affect
the general population. Only 65% their socio-economic well being
of the Transgender Community, as characterised by poor access
compared to 75% in the general to education, housing and food
population, find work for more than insecurity. Census 2011 found only
six months in the year [3]. 46% of the Transgender population,
as compared to 76% of general
10 Skilling for Livelihood Opportunities for Transgenders in India Skilling for Livelihood Opportunities for Transgenders in India 11
STUDY PROCESS
2.1 Objectives  Official statistics from annual  The KIIs were conducted with
reports of government ministries board members and leaders of
The objectives of the study are: and departments community organisations to gain
a deeper understanding of the
 To identify factors affecting the  To provide state wise  Reports from government, non members’ knowledge of livelihood
skills employability and livelihood recommendations for improving skill profits, academia and think tanks opportunities and to understand
opportunities for the transgender development and employability of the barriers to employment
population the transgender population  Journal and mass media articles opportunities.
including broadcast
 To understand the experiences  Interviews via email, facebook,
(success and challenges) of the Secondary research examined and telephone were conducted
community in accessing skill training government poverty alleviation to talk with the Deputy Head,
and employment opportunities programmes, including skill State Partnerships of Deen Dayal
development initiatives, and Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya
their effectiveness in inclusion Yojana (DDUGKY), and various
of transgender persons as trans-activists, community leaders
2.2 Methods beneficiaries. and transgender individuals
working with corporate firms.
The methodology consisted of a mix Language validation and test for
of secondary research and primary flow of questions helped ensure 2.2.2. Primary research
data collection. that interpretation of the questions 2.2.3. Sampling
remained intact throughout the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and
1. Secondary research through translations. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) formed A sampling frame was evolved to
document review helped the primary research methods. capture the voices of both rural
collate the types of livelihood Fieldwork was conducted between and urban Transgender population.
programmes from Central and 2.2.1. Secondary research 1 to 17 November in five states of Transgender groups and key
State governments and private India namely Gujarat, Karnataka, informants representing rural and
sector. Secondary research focused on Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar urban realities of Transgender
understanding the various livelihood Pradesh. community were spoken to. A total
2. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) initiatives - skill building, employment of 111 Transgender persons, from
and Key Informant Interviews (KII) and entrepreneurial - for transgender The fieldwork included visits to the across the five states of Tamil Nadu,
threw light on the barriers and persons from government, private relevant city/town where Transgender Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat
enablers to livelihood access of sector and civil society. population was accessible. and Uttar Pradesh participated in
transgender people. the study.
Information on the number and type of  Two focus group discussions (FGDs)
Tools were pilot tested on 29 and 31 schemes, and the budget allocation were conducted in every state by Sl.No State Sample Size
October 2016 in Chikkaballapur in and uptake of schemes, and success a team of two researchers. Each 1 Tamil Nadu 26
Karnataka. The results were analysed stories were documented using the group had 6 to 10 participants. The
2 Karnataka 20
to check for their efficacy, revisions following sources: group of participants were guided
made based on the results and tools by a moderator from Swasti, 3 Maharashtra 21
were then finalised.  Open data platforms of the who introduced the topics for
4 Gujarat 18
government discussion and helped the groups
to participate in a lively and natural 5 Uttar Pradesh 26
manner.
Majority of the FGD respondents were between 21 to 30 years old. ● There are wide variations in the ● Secondary research did not bring
available uptake data reported forth any aggregate information
by multiple sources and is hence on private sector employment of
inconsistent. transgenders.
● Lack of data disaggregated by ● Shortage of time available for the

state, gender or social group research limited the volume of
meant that information on information sourced on successful
uptake by transgenders could livelihood initiatives for transgender
not be sourced even for those persons in the country.
schemes, where they are listed as
beneficiaries.
● The secondary data was sourced

from varied sources including
media reports as government
data was not always available.
Hence, it is difficult to ensure data
quality for the listing of schemes
and uptake information.
Snowball sampling was used to identify key informants. Social networks of researchers
in the study helped identify key individuals - trans-activists, academics and persons - for
information, insights and recommendations
2.2.3. Data Analysis ● In depth analyses of secondary

data provided insights into the
● For analysis of primary research current landscape of livelihoods
data, the findings were collated for transgender persons and their
and analysed after every field needs for the future.
visit.
● Cross sectional analyses, 2.2.4. Study Limitations

incorporating findings from all
the sites, revealed information ● Unavailability of information in
on popular livelihood options the public domain, especially
most relevant to the Transgender on government programme
population, barriers that they face uptake among transgenders,
in accessing them and potential significantly affected the sourcing
solutions to increase their access of information on the number of
to existing programmes from the beneficiaries and expenditure.
government.
FINDINGS
3.1 What factors affect the skills public spaces - jobs, education, and Among the Economic Development
the aspect of having families - are schemes, overall 75% of the schemes
employability and livelihood being opened out for them. It does are for livelihood support while 25%
not align other laws - the Protection provide employment opportunities.
opportunities for transgender persons? of Women from Domestic Violence
(PWDVA), 2005, Sexual Harassment
(Prevention, Prohibition and
A. Social and Cultural Factors risky and illegal occupations. Limited Redressal) at Workplace, 2013, the
prospects in formal employment clauses on rape and sexual assault
Transgender persons leave home result in begging, prostitution or in the Indian Penal Code, 1860, the
very early on because their families working with civil society organisations relaxing of gender barriers in laws
do not accept them. Many of them working for the welfare of sexual that determine marriage - to the
are forced out of school because of minorities being the main sources of transgender community
transphobic bullying and violence. livelihood.
Hence, they do not finish education 3.1.1. Government skilling and
and become ineligible to apply for C. Legal and Police livelihood initiatives for transgender
jobs. In addition, some of their beliefs persons: An overview
is rooted deep within the specific Many of the transgender persons
cultural norms of the transgender engage in sex work to earn their
community. The idea of adopting full livelihood. They see it as a livelihood Most of the livelihood schemes (9)
time employment comes as a cultural option, which provides them greater provide interest subsidy or loans to
challenge to many transgender autonomy, with few barriers to entry set up enterprises, skill development
persons, especially from the older and financial stability compared to or assist in income generation.
generation, who has for long lived other workplaces. But being in sexwork
on proceeds from begging. The increases transpeople’s vulnerability Three schemes, one in Uttar Pradesh
younger transgender people, who to harm in many ways exposing them and two in Tamil Nadu, provide
join the Guru-Chela system, often to multifaceted violence from clients employment opportunities. These
feel compelled to beg and follow as well as law enforcement officers. include recruitment as teachers,
the norm to ensure the guardianship Avahan data from May 2016 reports police force or allowing for
and protection of the Gurus. 8.49% of transgender persons faced Transgender persons to use the state
police violence over a period of six employment exchange to search for
B. Economic Factors months in the states of Tamil Nadu, jobs.
Karnataka and Maharashtra [6]. 249 schemes, from national and
Transgender people have very state governments, can potentially Skilling and Livelihood initiatives for
few stable sources of income. D. Policy Factors be accessed by transgenders. transgender persons from the
Discriminatory employment government are little.
practices rarely offer opportunities The Transgender Persons (Protection 43% of schemes (12) in the Economic
for transgender person to seek formal of Rights) Bill 2016 is silent on Development category list At the national level, there is only the
jobs. Even when they get a job, reservations for the community in transgender persons as beneficiaries. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen
stigma and harassment at their work education and employment. It does This makes it the Social Protection Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) that
places often cause them to leave not provide an adequate definition of Category with most number of mentions transgender persons as
work. These render them vulnerable discrimination towards Transgender initiatives that explicitly recognise beneficiaries.
to poverty and predispose them to community, which is necessary when them as beneficiaries.
Out of the five study states, Tamil NSDC works on a market model, 3.1.2. Uptake of government skilling 3.1.2. Uptake of government skilling
Nadu has the most number of wherein the applicant agencies seek and livelihood programmes among and livelihood programmes among
economic development schemes funds for conducting various training transgender persons remains low transgender persons remains low
for transgender persons. programmes for those who can pay
a fee and access them. Unlike DDU- Uptake of programmes, by Out of a total of 550 projects
States of Karnataka, Gujarat, and GKY and DDAY, NSDC has no explicit transgender persons, under the sanctioned in 2015-’16, not one
Uttar Pradesh have one scheme stated mandate to cater to the urban existing government skilling and catered to groups listed under the
each, where transgender persons and rural poor. livelihood initiatives continue to be special category. Deputy Head,
are mentioned as beneficiaries. low. For instance, since the Special State Partnerships of DDU-GKY in his
Groups provision was made under interview said, “Government has the
DDU-GKY in 2013, a total of 8.82 lakh right intention and wants to reach
“Though there are no people were trained and 5.54 lakh out to the transgender community
separate targets for special people placed with a cumulative to improve livelihood opportunities
groups like PWD, victims expenditure of 2,398 crores. None of for them. DDU-GKY has created a
of trafficking, manual the beneficiaries were transgender provision of ‘Special Groups’ for this
scavengers, trans-gender, persons and no organisations purpose. Organisations that apply
accessed the budget for improving for funding under DDU-GKY can
rehabilitated bonded
livelihoods of transgender persons. also include transgender persons as
labour and other vulnerable beneficiaries for projects in the non-
groups, States have to Special Groups category. However,
develop strategies that since the time this was introduced
The Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen address issues of access of in 2013, we have received no
Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) under special groups who usually applications. It may be that we need
the Ministry of Rural Development, get left out. The nature of to create more awareness about
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana this clause. It may also be because
affirmative action that is
(DDAY) under the Ministry of Housing representation of groups under this
and Urban Poverty Alleviation and required to overcome their category in the beneficiary list is not
the National Skill Development challenges and barriers to mandated unlike for women, and
Corporation (NSDC) programmes are participation needs to be individuals from scheduled castes
the three major national government incorporated into the Skill and tribes. But it is also a function of
initiatives to address the skilling and action plan proposed by the marginalisation they face in the
livelihoods of Indian citizens. society that transgender persons are
the State...”
not in the list of beneficiaries for any
Of the three programmes above, project proposals submitted so far.”
DDU-GKY is the only programme - DDU-GKY, Empowering India,
that explicitly mentions transgender Powering the World, Recently, DDU-GKY sanctioned
persons as a beneficiary group Programme three projects under Special Groups
under its ‘Special Groups’ category. Guidelines, July 2016 category to train 2050 Persons with
However, there are no separate Disabilities in the states of Andhra
targets for the number of transgender Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka.
persons to be reached or budget None of the listed beneficiaries are
provisions for ‘Special Groups’ which transgender persons.
include the transgender persons.
In another example, secondary in 154 programmes. The programmes
research revealed that seven conducted for the purpose of
transgender persons were trained providing opportunities to the rural
during the period 2009-’12 by 13 youth for skill upgradation leading to
Rural Self Employment Training self-employment reached a miniscule
Institutes in Tamil Nadu. A total of number of transgender persons [7]
3970 participants underwent training
3.2 What are the experiences of the

community in accessing skill training and
employability?
3.2.1. Begging is the main livelihood Respondents from all five states cited numerous instances where required skills, they are unable to
option among transgender persons said that at least half of their peers interviewers do not get back to them turn it into a form of livelihood. This
or friends would be interested in post interviews despite meeting happens mainly due to two reasons.
Figure 7 shows the livelihood profile having full time jobs that will earn eligibility criteria for the jobs applied. (1) Lack of understanding on how to
of the transgender persons who them a stable income, afford them Employers are not comfortable hiring convert existing skillsets to livelihood
participated in the study. a good house and ensure them food someone from the community and opportunities (2) Lack of support from
security. often neglect and reject applications government in terms of training and
52% of the transgender respondents of based on orientation. Even if they employment opportunities to match
the study begged for a living, making 3.2.3. Transgender persons face manage to get jobs, they are not their existing skillsets.
it the main form of livelihood for the multiple challenges to accessing paid enough or not paid consistently.
community across the five states. livelihoods They also said that businesses fear For eg, a skill in stitching can be
This was followed by sex work (14%), that they will lose customers if they turned into a tailoring business with
giving blessings during traditional Transgender people’s effeminate employ members of the community. proper guidance and training
festivities or birth of a child (14%) and behaviour, trans status, real or
working in social development with perceived association with sex work; b. Lack of education and awareness d. Medical issues
community organisations (9%). real or perceived HIV status, dress
About 3% of transgenders engaged code, physical appearance and “Our education is discontinued Transgender people go through
in both sex work and begging to others contribute to the multiple because we leave home. You have a body shock when they get their
make ends meet. forms of discrimination they face to pass at least Class X to get a peon’s sex reassignment surgeries. Thus, it
from families, neighbourhood, job.” becomes difficult for them to do jobs
3.2.2. Transgender persons hold low communities and public and private - FGD with Transgender Persons, that involves a lot of manual labour.
income formal jobs institutions. Gujarat, November 2016 Labour and daily wage jobs that
can be done without educational
‘We are not asking for a good job but a. Discrimination and Stigma Most transgender persons leave home qualification are not suitable for their
can’t we get something which will at an early age and so do not finish bodies.
help us to eat roti twice a day?” “I have as a transperson interacted their education. Most employment
- Interview with transgender person, with various training institutes and find opportunities seek individuals who e. Mismatch of information in identity
Gujarat, November 2016 most such programs pointless. The have completed education upto cards
reason is that transpeople are not Class 10 or 12. Applications get
Study respondents mentioned that lacking in training, they are lacking disqualified because of lack of “It takes six months or more to get the
their peers who held full time jobs in job opportunities to implement that education of the candidate. After documents corrected. Sometimes
worked as caterers, beauticians, training. The programmes that place leaving home, transgender people multiple visits are needed. Most
tailors, fashion designers, school people are few and far between, and live secluded lives. Unless connected people just give up and stop going
peon, office assistants, dancers and I know of only one that has actually to local not-for-profits or community to the government office.”
dance instructors, vegetable vendors delivered.” organisations, their exposure to the - FGD with Transgender Persons, Tamil
and petty shop business. - Interview with Bittu Kondaiah, Trans- affairs of the world becomes limited. Nadu, October 2016
activist, December 2016
Many of their peers, who applied for Discrepancy between their birth
jobs were either not hired or reported Discrimination and stigma poses the c. Mismatch in skills and livelihood certificates and official documents
as having given up the process of biggest challenge for the community opportunities after sex reassignment surgery
looking for jobs due to repeated to access employment or other legal poses a problem for transgender
failures. livelihood options. Respondents In certain cases, even if the women while searching for suitable
transgender persons have the employment. The name and sex
change after transformation results the changes and most people give 3.2.4. Diverse, disconnected initiatives colleges. The students also hired
in confusion regarding whether to up while in the process of getting provide skilling and livelihood access designers from National Institute
enrol them for employment under documents corrected. Without to transgender persons of Fashion Technology to train
the women’s or men’s quota. The proper documents, individuals are transgender people. (Hindustan
processes involved in applying for a unable to apply for jobs and choose In India, there are no consolidated, Times, November 24, 2015) [9]
change in gender in all certificates any job that is able to give large scale efforts to reach the
is tedious. There is delay in making them an income. transgender community to enhance ● Aishwarya Rutuparna Pradhan
their livelihood opportunities. hails from the district of
However, there have been Kandhamal in Orissa. After
disconnected and divergent initiatives spending five years giving exams
from state governments, civil society for the civil services, she applied for
Ayesha, a graduate transwoman could not organisations and private sector
towards skill building, employment
an affidavit to change to her name
after the Supreme court ruling of
pursue higher studies and supporting entrepreneurship April 15, 2014 and became the
among the community. first person from the transgender
“A major hurdle hindering our “The issues do not end there.” Ayesha Community to become a civil
opportunity for a decent livelihood continues,“When we apply for jobs, Below is a list of success stories from servant in India. (Centre of social
is the high level of discrimination in people will ask what our background across the states. research· July 9, 2016) [10]
educational institutions” Ayesha says. is, what our income is, questions about
She is a graduate transwoman who our identity proof etc. My ID card says ● The Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL) ● Kajol is a transgender person
wished to have a career in performing that I am male. So, they think I am decided to employ transgender who heads the Social Action for
arts. She went for an admission in the faking the documents.” According to people for customer care, crowd Emancipation. She arranged
Government school of Performing arts Ayesha, many transgender people do management and housekeeping funding from tamil actor Karthi
initially as male candidate. Seeing the not have a valid identity proof because in July 2016. These services are Sivakumaran for juicer machiners
performance they denied admission of their change in gender are facing outsourced and do not come (costing Rs. 28,000) for members
stating that she was acting feminine. similar issues. This stops them from directly under the KMRL’s payroll. But of the transgender community to
Although she was disappointed, she accessing higher education or better it is one of the few initiatives taken help set up juice stalls. (Inclusion
wanted to give it another try. She went jobs and thus they end up in begging by government led organisations of transgenders: A small step
there again after her sex reassignment or sexwork. “Government has made to include transgender individuals ahead,IRJBM) [11]
surgery. She remembers “I performed a separate column for third gender. in their work force. (The Hindu, July
well and also gave 3 aptitude tests. But how many third gender people 14, 2016) [8] ● Padmini Prakash became the first
They said that I was not eligible. Later, have gotten admission? How many transwoman news anchor in India
I got the call from another private third gender people have successfully ● In the year 2015, a group of students in the year 2014. (Better India,
college that I can join there. But why gotten jobs? If no one gets through any from Ramjas College in Delhi September 20, 2014) [12]
couldn’t I get the admission in the job or course applications, you need University arranged for professional
government college? I tried applying to consider why this is happening?” training for 20 transgender people ● Corporate organisations have
for jobs after that. Even if they had that would make them financially also taken initiatives to have
vacancy, they would reject me after independent. They contacted a workforce that is inclusive of
hearing my voice. Now I need to do a various not for profits that work the transgender community.
voice change surgery.” with the transgender community Companies have groups within
and executed the training the organisation that address
through Enactus, a not for profit gender sensitive issues and helps
that works with student groups in create a safe workspace for the
LGBTQ community. Some of these
groups include Gayglers (Google),
Employee Alliance for Gay,
Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender
Empowerment aka EAGLE (IBM).
(Indiacsr.in, December 26, 2012)
[13]
Voluntary Health Services Chennai trains

4000 transgender persons
“Voluntary Health Services (VHS), Chennai has successfully trained around 4000 Training in folk arts is very popular and sought after among the transgender
transgender individuals”, said Vijayaram (Deputy director of VHS). persons. The folk arts program is linked to the state government and works
with an aim to raise awareness for different issues, including raising awareness
VHS identifies candidates through district non-government organisations and about the transgender community.
community organisations. It has identified few main courses for training through
the assessments - housekeeping, beautician, catering, fashion design and VHS has also invested in community enterprises. It has helped open a chain of
garment design, textile trade to name a few. Assistance with self branding and hotels to promote catering among the community. To encourage participation,
application for potential jobs are also provided. a stipend (that would cover average daily wages) and accommodation are
provided.
CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary of Findings b. Focus should be on functionality, 4. Demand based modifications
not form; No one size fits all of mainstream education and
Transgender persons cannot Skilling and Livelihood initiatives for (Transgender Welfare Board is skill development schemes for
participate in social, economic, Transgender persons, across the NOT the only solution) Transgender community (Focusing
cultural and political activities, nor are country, are largely clustered in the on uptake)
they associated with the mainstream civil society realm (dispersed efforts c. Options include Transgender
social systems and institutions, including of organisations in different states) Welfare Board, CBO of
health. They face discrimination, and in the private sector, where Transgender people, NGO a. Focus on demand based
humiliation, and deprivations at urban, upwardly mobile transpersons led Transgender persons schemes
home; are excluded from their break the barriers because of Commission, Ombudsman,
home, school, and employment their education, upward mobility Lokayukta kind of mechanisms b. Modify existing skill development
settings; and have restricted access helped on by their class and friendly etc. and employment schemes to
to service facilities, including health, organisation policies towards sexual ensure they are Transpersons
social and legal matters. Most times, minority individuals. 2. Transgender community specific friendly
they do not have the rights to enlist education and employment
as a transgender person beyond Limited prospects in formal services coordinated through c. Facilitate access to these
male-female dichotomy, and face employment result in begging, welfare mechanisms (point 1) schemes
severe economic deprivation of prostitution or working with civil society
earning livelihood from mainstream organisations working for the welfare a. Reservations in jobs
occupations. of sexual minorities being the main 5. Facilitation of employment for
sources of livelihood. Government b. b. Non-stigmatised employment Transgender persons
Stigma associated with transgender programmes, even the ones that list services
identity results in a narrow window transgender persons as beneficiaries, a. Prioritising areas where
of livelihood opportunities for large have been ineffective due to the c. Counselling and mental Transgender community is likely
numbers of the community. Many of absence of targeted reach of these health support in educational to be employed (Transpersons
them discontinue education as they programmes within the community. institutions and employers intersect)
leave home, and join the ‘Guru-Chela’
system, engage in sex work and/or b. Dialogue with employers for
begging to ensure the guardianship 3. Policy changes at National and uptake
and protection of Gurus. State level to address Transgender
identify and address proof issues c. Counselling, education and
preparedness
4.2 Recommendations a. Inclusion of Third Gender in all
applications/ forms
Joint efforts by the government and 1. Effective and functional institutional
non-government sectors should work mechanisms for welfare of b. Space for changing gender
to ensure a supportive and congenial transgender community identity over time
environment where transgender
persons in India can live fulfilling lives a. Which aggregates demand
by upholding their human, gender, and supply for transgender
and citizenship rights. community welfare
comprehensively

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Study Process 8-9

valuable inputs of a few key stakeholders. We are extremely grateful to all

the community members and leaders, IEC-Mainstreaming Division of NACO,

State AIDS Control Societies, officers of other line departments, especially

Welfare, who provided relevant information regarding the progress made

organizations SWASTI- Resource Centre and Vrutti- Livelihood Resource

Centre for the scrupulous documentation.