EXCLUSI

ONOFORALEVI
DENCE

BY:PRASHANTMI
SHRA
I
UU17BBL018

Sect
ion91and92def
inet
hecasesi
nwhi
chdocument
sar
eexcl
usi
veev
idenceoft
he
t
ransact
ionwhi
cht
heydealwi
th;Sect
ion93t
odealwi
tht
hei
nter
pret
ati
onofdocumentbyor
al
ev
idence.

Ev
idenceoft
ermsofcont
ract
s,gr
ant
sorot
herdi
sposi
ti
onofpr
oper
ty:

Oneoft
hef
undament
alpr
inci
plesofl
aw ofEv
idencei
sthati
nal
lcasest
hebest
ev
idenceshoul
dbegi
ven.Wher
ethef
actt
obepr
ovedi
sgi
veni
nadocument
,thedocumenti
s
t
hebestev
idenceoft
hef
act
.Suchf
actshoul
dbepr
ovedbyt
hedocument
sit
sel
f,i
tmeans,i
t
mustbepr
ovedbygi
vi
ngpr
imar
yev
idenceorsecondar
yev
idencewher
eiti
sal
l
owedbyl
aw.

Whent
het
ermsofacont
ract
,agr
antoranydi
sposi
ti
onofpr
oper
tyhav
ebeenr
educed
t
othef
orm ofdocumentori
srequi
redbyl
awt
ober
educedt
oadocumentt
hent
hedocument
i
tsel
forsecondar
yev
idenceofi
tscont
ent
smustbeputi
nev
idence.

Thi
s pr
inci
ple ofexcl
usi
on ofot
herki
nds ofev
idence appl
i
es onl
ytof
oll
owi
ng
document
s:

1)acont
ract
,
2)agr
ant
,
3)ot
herdi
sposi
ti
onofpr
oper
ty,
4)anyt
ransact
ionwhi
chi
srequi
redbyl
awt
ober
educedt
oadocument
.
Thi
spr
inci
plei
snotappl
i
cabl
etoot
herki
ndsofdocument
s.I
t‘A’gi
ves‘
B’ar
ecei
ptof
moneypai
dby‘
B’,
oralev
idencei
sof
fer
edast
othecont
ent
soft
her
ecei
pt.Suchor
alev
idence
i
snotexcl
udedbyabov
epr
inci
pleandhenceadmi
ssi
ble.

Except
ions:

Theabov
epr
inci
pleofexcl
usi
onofot
herki
ndofev
idencei
ssubj
ectt
otwoexcept
ions.
I
nfol
l
owi
ngt
wocasessuchot
herev
idence(
thanpr
imar
yandsecondar
yev
idence)i
sal
l
owed.
i
)Appoi
ntmentofpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
s-

Whenapubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
srequi
redbyl
awt
obeappoi
ntedi
nwr
it
ing,andanyof
fi
cerhas
act
edassuch,t
hewr
it
ingneednotbepr
oved.I
tisagener
alpr
inci
plet
hataper
sonact
ingi
na
publ
i
ccapaci
tyi
spr
imaf
aci
eev
idenceofhi
shav
ingbeendul
yaut
hor
isedsot
odo.

i
i
)Wi
l
l-

Awi
l
ladmi
tt
edt
opr
obat
einI
ndi
amaybepr
ovedbyt
hepr
obat
e.Pr
obat
emeanst
he
copyofawi
l
lcer
ti
fi
edundert
hesealofaCour
tofcompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Pr
obat
eissecondar
y
ev
idenceandmadeadmi
ssi
blebyt
hisSect
ion.

Excl
usi
onofev
idenceofor
alev
idence:

Whent
het
ermsofacont
ract
,gr
antorot
herdi
sposi
ti
onofpr
oper
tyhav
ebeenr
educed
t
othedocumentoranymat
teri
srequi
redbyl
awt
obei
nthef
orm ofdocument
,noev
idenceof
anyor
alagr
eementorst
atementshal
lbeadmi
tt
ed.Thi
sSect
iondi
sal
l
owsev
idenceofor
al
agr
eementorst
atementbet
weent
hepar
ti
est
oadeedort
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
vesi
nint
erest
.Ithas
noappl
i
cat
iont
ost
ranger
s.Secondar
y,suchexcl
usi
onofor
alev
idencei
sonl
yfort
hepur
pose
ofcont
radi
cti
ng,v
ary
ing,addi
ngt
oorsubt
ract
ingf
rom t
het
erm ofsuchdocument
.Thi
sist
he
pr
inci
pleofexcl
usi
onofor
alev
idencebypar
ti
es.Fort
hosepur
posesi
ssubj
ectt
ofewexcept
ion.
I
tmeanst
heev
idenceofor
alagr
eementorst
atementmaybeadmi
tt
edi
nexcept
ional
cases-

a)Anyf
actwhi
chwoul
dinv
ali
dat
eanydocumentorent
it
ledanyper
sont
oanydecr
eeoror
der
r
elat
ingt
her
etomaybepr
oved.Suchf
act
smayber
elat
ingt
ofr
aud,
int
imi
dat
ion,
il
legal
i
ty,
want
ofdueexecut
ion,
wantofcapaci
ty,
fai
l
ureofconsi
der
ati
ons,
etc.

b)Anysepar
ateoror
alagr
eementort
erm ast
oanymat
teronwhi
cht
hedocumenti
ssi
l
entand
whi
chi
snoti
nconsi
stentwi
thi
tst
erm maybepr
oved.

Exampl
e-

‘
A’or
der
sgoodsof‘
B’byal
ett
eri
nwhi
chnot
hingi
ssai
dast
oti
meofpay
mentand
accept
sgoodondel
i
ver
y.‘
B’sues‘
A’f
orpr
ice.‘
A’mayshow t
hatt
hegoodswer
e
suppl
i
edont
hecr
edi
tfort
ermsst
il
lunexpi
red.

c)Anysepar
ateor
alagr
eement
,const
it
uti
on,conv
ent
ionorpr
ecedencet
otheat
tachi
ngofany
obl
i
gat
ionundert
hedocumentmaybepr
oved.
 Exampl
e-

‘
A’appl
i
es‘
B’f
oradebtduet
o‘A’
bysendi
ngar
ecei
ptf
ort
hemoney
.Inasui
tfort
he
amount‘
A’maypr
ovet
his.

d)Anysubsequentor
alagr
eementt
oresci
ndormodi
fyanysuchcont
ract
,gr
ant
,ordi
sposi
ti
on
ofpr
oper
tymaybepr
oved.Butsuchor
alagr
eementcannotbepr
ovedwhensuchmat
teri
s
r
equi
redt
obei
nwr
it
ing.Apr
iorwr
it
tencont
ractmayber
esci
ndedbyasubsequentv
erbalone,
i
nacase,
inwhi
cht
hel
awdoesnotr
equi
ret
hecont
ractt
obei
nwr
it
ing.

e)Anyusageorcust
om bywhi
chi
nci
dent
snotexpr
essl
yment
ionedi
nanycont
ractar
eusual
l
y
annexedt
osuchcont
ractmaybepr
ovedi
ftheyar
enoti
nconsi
stentwi
thi
tsexpr
esst
erms.

f
)Anyf
actwhi
chshow i
nwhatmannert
heexi
sti
ngf
actmaybepr
oved.Wher
ethet
ermsof
cont
ractr
equi
redexpl
anat
iont
henev
idencecanbel
edwhi
chi
snoti
nconsi
stentwi
tht
he
expr
esst
erms.

g)I
nter
pret
ati
onofdocument
sbyor
alev
idence.Wehav
eseent
hatSect
ion91and92def
inet
he
casesi
nwhi
cht
hedocument
sar
eexcl
usi
veev
idenceoft
het
ransact
ionwhi
cht
heydealwi
th.
ThesubsequentSect
ions93t
o100deal
swi
tht
her
ulesofi
nter
pret
ati
onofdocument
sbyor
al
ev
idence.

I
fther
eisambi
gui
tyi
nthewor
ds,
thequest
ionofi
nter
pret
ati
onorconst
ruct
ionar
ises.
Ther
ear
etwoki
ndsofambi
gui
ti
esordef
ect
swhi
char
e-

i
)Lat
ent
,

i
i
)Pat
ent
.

Pat
entambi
gui
tyi
sadef
ectwhi
chi
sappar
entont
hef
actoft
hedocument
.Inot
her
wor
lds,
thedocumenti
sappar
ent
lydef
ect
ive.

Lat
entdef
ecti
sadef
ectwhi
chi
snotappar
entont
hef
aceoft
her
ecor
d.Ther
eis
not
hingappar
ent
ly.Wr
ongwi
thi
tsl
anguage,
butwhenanat
tempti
smadet
oappl
ytot
hef
act
s
st
atedi
nit
,itcomesoutt
hati
tisnotaccur
atel
yappl
yi
ngt
othosef
act
s.

Whenadocumenti
sambi
guoust
hequest
ionmayar
isehowf
art
heor
alev
idencecan
beal
l
owedt
ocl
ari
fyorr
emov
ethedef
ect
s.Suchor
alev
idencei
sal
l
owedf
orf
ewpur
poses.

A)I
nadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofor
alev
idence:
 Or
alev
idenceast
ocont
ent
sofdocumenti
sinadmi
ssi
blei
nfol
l
owi
ngt
wocases:

1)Whent
hel
anguageoft
hedocumenti
sappar
ent
lyoront
hef
aceofi
tdef
ect
ive,
oralev
idence
cannotbegi
venoft
hef
actwhi
chwoul
dshow i
tsmeani
ngorr
emov
eit
sdef
ect
.Wher
eifa
documentcont
ainsl
and,ev
idencecannotbegi
venoff
act
swhi
chwoul
dshow how t
heywer
e
l
i
kedt
obef
il
ledup.

2)Whent
hel
anguageusedi
nthedocumenti
spl
aini
nit
sel
fandwheni
tappl
i
esaccur
atel
yto
exi
sti
ngf
act
s,or
alev
idencecannotbegi
vent
oshow t
hati
twasnotmeantt
oappl
ytosuch
f
act
s.

B)Admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofor
alev
idence:

Anor
alev
idencef
ort
hei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hedocumenti
sadmi
ssi
blei
nthef
oll
owi
ng
f
ivecases:

1)Whent
hel
anguageoft
hedocumenti
spl
aini
nit
sel
fbuti
sunmeani
ngi
nref
erencet
oex
ist
ing
f
act
,ev
idencemaybegi
vent
oshownt
hati
twasusedi
npar
ti
cul
arsense.

Exampl
e-

‘
A’sal
est
o‘B’
bydeed“
myhousei
nCal
cut
ta”
.‘A’
hadnohousei
nCal
cut
tabuthehasi
t
atHawr
aofwhi
ch‘
B’wasi
npossessi
on.Si
ncet
heexpl
anat
ionofdeed,
thi
sfactmaybe
pr
ovedt
oshowt
hatt
hedeedr
elat
est
othehouseatHawr
a.

2)Wher
ethedescr
ipt
ioni
nthedocumentappl
i
esequalt
oanyoneoft
het
woormor
esubj
ect
s,
ev
idencet
oexpl
aini
tsl
anguagei
sadmi
ssi
ble.

Exampl
e-

‘
A’agr
eest
osel
l‘B’f
orRs.10000/
-“mywhi
tehor
se”
.‘A’hast
wowhi
tehor
ses.Or
al
ev
idencemaybegi
venoff
actwhi
chshowst
hatwhi
choft
hoset
wowhi
tehor
sewas
subj
ectofcont
ract
.Her
ethel
anguageofdocumenti
scer
tai
n,butt
her
eisadoubtast
o
appl
i
cabi
l
ityoft
hedocumentt
ooneoft
het
wosi
mil
art
hings.

3)Whent
hel
anguageappl
i
espar
tl
ytoonesetoff
act
sandpar
tl
ytoanot
her
,butt
hewhol
eofi
t
doesnotappl
ycor
rect
lyt
oei
theroft
hem,ev
idencemaybegi
vent
oshowwhi
choft
het
woi
t
wasi
ntendedt
oappl
y.
 Exampl
e-

‘
A’agr
eest
osel
lto‘
B’“
myl
andat‘
X’i
ntheoccupat
ionof‘
Y’”
.‘A’hasl
andi
nthe
occupat
ionof‘
Y’,buti
twasnotat‘
X’.Or
alev
idencemaybegi
venoff
act
sshowi
ng
whi
chhemeantt
osel
l
.

4)Ev
idencemaybegi
vent
oshow t
hemeani
ngofi
l
legi
ble(
notr
eadabl
e)ornotcommonl
y
i
ntel
l
igi
ble(
notabl
etounder
stand)
char
act
ers.

5)Thepar
ti
est
oadocumentort
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
vesi
nint
erestcannotgi
veev
idenceofor
al
agr
eementf
orv
ari
edt
ermsoft
hedocument
.Thi
sdi
sabi
l
ityoft
hepar
ti
esi
snotat
tachedt
othe
st
ranger
s.I
tmeansor
alagr
eementcanbepr
oved,
byat
hir
dpar
tyi
fhei
saf
fect
edby
it.

Ther
ulesast
otheconst
ruct
ionofwi
l
lscont
entundert
heI
ndi
anSuccessi
onAct
,1925
shal
lnotbeaf
fect
edbyabov
erul
esofconst
ruct
ionofdocument
s.