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Tutorials & Solutions: High Energy Impact

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Design Guidelines for Dynamic Compaction for Case Study
Dynamic Compaction (DC) is only suitable for densifying loose granular soil.
Dynamic Replacement (DR) which involves the pounding of sand column into
the soft ground to replace the soft silty clay is deemed to be a suitable high
energy impact scheme. The DR sand columns will provide support to the
columns and floor areas.

DR for the treatment of the general floor areas to enforce settlement SE= 0.6 m

Lo et al. (1990) method

For SE = 0.6m, Fig. 1.1 of lecture notes, Is = 400 tm/m2
For Is = 400 tm/m2, Fig 1.2 gives EB/PL = 14 m3
Energy per blow, EB = 14 x PL = 14 x 20 = 280 tm
Use say W = 20 t pounder (size = 1.83m x 1.83m)
1.83 m x 1.83 m pounder will effectively give a sand column with diameter of
about √(2 x 1.832) = 2.59 m (equivalent to diagonal of square pounder). Use
print spacing of 5 m x 5 m.

EB= WH  Drop height H =EB/ W = 280/20 = 14 m.

Use 20 m drop height to pound sand columns deeper into soft silty clay. This
give EB = WH = 20 x 20 = 400
Case Study: Compaction of sand fill at Changi Airport (Choa et al. 1979)
Thickness of hydraulic fill = 6.5 m. Required to achieve relative density of 75%.
Gradation of sand fill between 0m to 6m suitable for dynamic compaction (see
Fig. 2)
In Changi field trial, W = 20t, H = 11m; WH = 220 tm (assumed also applied to
main works). Using D = α √(WH) = 0.5 x √(20x11) = 7.4 m (> 6.5m)
(Correction: Changi field trial: W = 11t, H = 20m)
Step 1: Depth of improvement, D = α √(WH) = 6.5m
With α = 0.5, WH = (D/α)2 = 169 tm (W = 17t, H = 10m) < 220 tm
α = 0.5 is based on “average” value (see Figure from Mitchel)
For design assume 85% of average α, α = 0.425
Revised WH = (D/α)2 = 233 tm > 220 tm; (use W = 20t, H = 11.7m)
(Alternative is to keep α = 0.5 and increase depth of improvement by say 15%,
i.e. 1.15 x 6.5 = 7.48 m, which would give WH = 223 tm, similar to Changi)
Pounder size: 1.83m x 1.83m; W/A = 200/1.832 = 59.7 kN/m2 (within range)
(Changi: W/A = 110/1.832 = 32.8 kN/m2 (less than 40 kN/m2 in guidelines)
Step 2: Table 9, Applied energy normally used = 20 – 25 tm/m3
Multiply by deposit thickness,
Range of average energy, I : 20 x 6.5 = 130 tm/m2 to 25 x 6.5 = 162.5 tm/m2
Changi: After field trials, I of 160 tm/m2 reduced to 125 tm/m2 (total for 2 passes)