Geo Spatial Data

Dr. Arun Kumar Sivaraman

GIS Data

▪ GIS uses and integrates two types of data: geographic data and
attribute data.
▪ Sometimes the source of both geographic and attribute data are one
in the same.
▪ For instance, the US Bureau of Census (http://www.census.gov)
distributes geographic boundary files (e.g., census tract level, county
level, state level) as well as the associated attribute data (e.g.,
population, race/ethnicity, income).
GIS Data

▪ Satellite imagery data from the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration (http://www.nasa.gov)
▪ Land usage data from the United States Geological Survey
(http://www.usgs.gov)
Raster Data Models

▪ The raster data model is widely used in applications ranging far

beyond geographic information systems (GISs)
▪ The ubiquitous JPEG, BMP, and TIFF file formats (among others) are
based on the raster data model
▪ If you zoom deeply into the image, you will notice that it is composed
of an array of tiny square pixels (or picture elements)
▪ Each of these uniquely colored pixels, when viewed as a whole,
combines to form a coherent image
Raster Data Models

Digital Picture with Zoomed Inset Showing Pixilation of Raster Image

Raster Data Models

▪ All liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors are based on raster
technology as they are composed of a set number of rows and
columns of pixels
▪ The neoimpressionist artist, Georges Seurat, developed a painting
technique referred to as “pointillism” in the 1880s, which similarly
relies on the amassing of small, monochromatic “dots” of ink that
combine to form a larger image
Raster Data Models

Pointillist Artwork
Raster Data Models
▪ The raster data model consists of rows and columns of equally sized pixels interconnected
to form a planar surface. These pixels are used as building blocks for creating points, lines,
areas, networks, and surfaces.
▪ Because of the reliance on a uniform series of square pixels, the raster data model is
referred to as a grid-based system.
▪ The data type for that cell value can be either integer or floating-point.
▪ A raster model with pixels representing 10 m by 10 m (or 100 square meters) in the real
world would be said to have a spatial resolution of 10 m; a raster model with pixels
measuring 1 km by 1 km (1 square kilometer) in the real world would be said to have a
spatial resolution of 1 km.
Raster Data Models
CELL
Raster Data Models
COLUMN

ROW
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models (Resolution)
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models

When a raster attribute table is generated, there are three default fields created in the table: OID, VALUE,
and COUNT. It is not possible to edit the content in these fields. The ObjectID (OID) is a unique, system-
defined, object identifier number for each row in the table. VALUE is a list of each unique cell value in the
raster datasets (in a grid, this is an integer). COUNT represents the number of cells in the raster dataset
with the cell value in the VALUE column. Cell values represented by NoData are not calculated in the
raster attribute table.
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models

▪ Cell by Cell Encoding Model

▪ Run Length Encoding Model
▪ Quad Tree Encoding Model (Recursive
Decomposition)
Raster Data Models

Cell-by-Cell Encoding of Raster Data

Raster Data Models

Run-Length Encoding of Raster Data

Raster Data Models

Quad-Tree Encoding of Raster Data

Raster Data Models

Ratser Data Format

▪ Lossy File Format - Informtion loss (JPEG)
▪ Lossless File Format - No information loss (TIFF)
Vector Data Models
Vector Data Models
Vector Data Models

▪ Arc-Node Topology
▪ Polygon-Arc Topology
▪ Polygon Topology
Vector Data Models

Arc-Node Topology
Vector Data Models

Polygon-Arc Topology
Vector Data Models

Polygon Topology
Vector Data Models
Vector vs Raster Data Models
Vector vs Raster Data Models
Map Algebra

- Local
- Focal
- Zonal
- Global
Map Algebra
Map Algebra
Map Algebra
Thank you