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deposits (1):
Classification, distribution, geodynamic settings and intrusions
斑岩型矿床:分类、分布、动力学背景和侵入体
Chuquicamata porphyry Cu‐Mo
deposit, Chile – March 2015
David R Cooke
Porphyry deposits – characteristics
斑岩矿床的特征
Large tonnage and low grade bulk Related to porphyritic intrusions
mineable deposits
与斑状侵入体相关
大吨位低品位适于规模开采
Stockwork and breccia‐hosted ore
网脉状和角砾状矿石
Large volumes of hydrothermal alteration
大规模的热液蚀变
Supergene enrichment
表生富集
Cerro Casale porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, Chile
根据金属含量的分类
Au (*10,000)
• 早期形成的矿脉 钙碱性
和蚀变矿物组合
高钾钙碱性
中磁铁矿含量递
增 碱性
• 侵位深度的
递减 Modified from Kesler (1973)
and Thompson (1994)
Cu Mo (*10)
陆缘弧环境
岩浆中SiO2增加
Magma chemistry Metal endowment of intrusion‐related
deposits controlled by the magma’s:
岩浆化学 • oxidation state
• compositional evolution
• silica content
101
与侵入岩有关矿床中金
属组成端元受岩浆以下
Cu ‐ Au Cu ‐ Mo Mo 条件的控制
100
W ‐ Mo Sn • 氧化态
Fe2O3 / W
FeO
• 成分演化
• SiO2含量
10‐1 Increasing
oxidation
Sn ± W
氧化性增加
Increasing
fractionation
结晶分异作用增强
10‐3 10‐2 10‐1 100 101 102 103
Modified from Rb/Sr
Blevin, 2003
Anhydrite phenocryst with apatite
inclusions, North Parkes, NSW
Porphyry deposits 斑岩矿床
Grade and tonnage data 品位和吨位
10
0.1
1
Au grade (ppm)
Mo 品位 Mo grade (wt %)
1
Cu 品位 Cu grade (wt %)
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.001
Au 品位
0.001
0.0001
富金的斑岩矿床 Gold‐rich porphyry deposits
含有的金品位>0.4 ppm have grades > 0.4 ppm Au
Grade and tonnage data for 423 porphyry deposits
Data from USGS porphyry database: http://mrdata.usgs.gov/porcu/
Porphyry copper deposits 斑岩铜矿床
Location 产出位置
铜矿省 铜矿床
斑岩
沉积岩富矿
层状
铁氧化物铜金
岩浆Cu-Ni
Ray
Behemothian
Super‐giant
最大的25个斑岩矿床-根据Cu金属量(Mt)
Cu‐Au‐Mo deposits
El Salvador
Cu‐Mo deposits
Cu‐Au deposits
Aktogay‐Aiderly
Largest 25 PCDs ‐ based on contained Cu (Mt)
Cuajone
Pima
La Granja
Radomiro Tomic
Resolution
Cerro Colorado
Reko Diq
Morenci‐Metcalf
Lone Star
Pebble
Escondida
Los Pelambres
Grasberg
Cananea
Bingham
Butte
Oyu Tolgoi
Collahuasi
Chuquicamata
El Teniente
204.3 Mt Cu Rio Blanco
– Los Bronces
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Contained copper metal (Mt)
Location: The largest porphyry Cu‐Mo deposits
位置:斑岩型Cu‐Mo矿床
Aktogay‐
Aiderly
Butte
SW Arizona /
Sonora
La Granja
Southern Peru
Northern Chile
Central Chile
Porphyry Cu‐Mo
Map source: http://www.gebco.net
Atlas
最大的25个富Au 斑岩矿床 – 含Au(t)
Frieda River
Cu‐Au‐Mo deposits
Alumbrera
Cu‐Mo deposits
Cu‐Au deposits
Galore Creek
Largest 25 Au‐rich PCD ‐ contained Au (t)
El Teniente
Escondida
Tampakan
Minas Conga
Batu Hijau
Ok Tedi
Elang
Panguna
Cerro Casale
Tujuh Bukit
Kerr‐S‐M
FSE/Lepanto
Dalneye
Kal'makyr
Wafi‐Golpu
Reko Diq
Cadia district
Oyu Tolgoi
Bingham
Pebble
Grasberg
0
800
400
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
Gold (tonnes)
Gold‐rich porphyry districts
富金斑岩铜矿地区 Map source: http://www.gebco.net
Pebble Galore
Dalneye
Creek
Oyu Tolgoi Bingham Canyon
Sar Chesmeh Almalyk
Philippines Cerro
PNG – Irian Jaya Colorado Reko Diq
Minas Conga
East Panguna
Sunda La Escondida Bajo de la
Alumbrera
Cadia Cerro
Casale
Porphyry Cu‐Au Porphyry Cu‐Au‐Mo
斑岩型Cu‐Au 矿床 斑岩型Cu‐Au‐Mo矿床
What characterises the centres of
porphyry deposits?
• Porphyritic intrusive complexes
• Potassic alteration
• Cu‐Fe sulfide mineralisation
• Quartz vein stockworks
• Magnetite veins and alteration
• What hydrothermal fluids are involved in
metal and volatile transport?
• Brines
• Gases
• Supercritical fluids
石英闪长斑岩, 石英二长斑岩
Diorite porphyry, FSE, Philippines Quartz monzonite porphyry, NorthParkes, NSW Syenite porphyry, Dinkidi, Philippines
Multi‐phase 多相侵入体
intrusions
第一期:斜长石‐角闪石斑岩,Golpu 第二期:角闪石‐斜长石闪长斑岩,Golpu
Stage 1 plagioclase – Stage 2 hornblende‐plagioclase
Quartz monzonite porphyry,
hornblende porphyry, Golpu diorite porphyry, Golpu
Northparkes, NSW Golpu intrusive complex, PNG
Multi‐phase intrusions
多相侵入体
• Multiple pipes, dykes or sills typically comprise mineralised
intrusive complexes
• 矿化侵入杂岩体通常由多个岩筒、岩墙或岩席组成
• Only one or two intrusive phases create significant
mineralisation
• 只有一到两个侵入相产生重要矿化
• A number of factors may affect an intrusion’s
capacity to exsolve abundant volatiles and metals,
including:
• 影响岩浆分出挥发份和金属能力的因素包
括:
• depth of emplacement 侵位深度
• volatile content 挥发份含量
• crystallisation history 结晶史
• seismic activity 地震活动
Early, high grade quartz monzonite porphyry cut by later, lower grade crystal‐rich
Quartz monzonite porphyry, North Parkes porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, NSW
Multi‐phase intrusions 多相侵入体
Bingham Canyon, Utah
Hydrous mafic and felsic magmas
Hornblende quartz diorite
porphyry, Far South East, Hornblende‐megacrystic dyke with chilled margins,
Philippines Liw‐Liw Creek, Baguio district, Philippines
Multi‐phase intrusions 多相侵入体
LEGEND
LP3
Alluvium 冲积层
Post‐Mineralization 矿化后斑岩
Porphyry
N Northwest Porphyry Northwest 斑岩
LA
100 m
LP3 Late P3 Porphyry 晚期的P3斑岩
Quartz Eye Porphyry 石英“眼”斑岩
P2
EP3 Early P3 Porphyry 早期的P3斑岩
-66°36’15
LP3
Northeast Porphyry Northeast 斑岩
Andesite volcanic and 安山质火山岩和
volcaniclastic rocks 火山碎屑岩
-27°20’
from Proffett, 2003
Geology map, Bajo de la Alumbrera
Cu‐Au porphyry, Argentina
Multi‐phase intrusions
多相侵入体
侵入杂岩
闪长岩
二长闪长岩
二长岩
Dinkidi 岩珠
二长岩
脉岩
Quan 斑岩
正长岩
石英碎屑角砾岩
3‐D geology block model
Dinkidi Stock (Wolfe, 2001)
Identifying timing relationships between
intrusive phases (Sillitoe, 2000)
Combinations of any or all of the following:
1. Veins truncated at intrusive contacts
• The older intrusion will contain more vein generations
2. Chilled margins on the margin of the younger
intrusion
3. Narrow zones of flow‐aligned phenocrysts in the
younger intrusions adjacent to the contact
4. Xenoliths in the younger intrusion
• Either of the older intrusion and/or quartz vein xenoliths
5. Better textural preservation and lower vein densities
in the younger intrusion
6. Abrupt change in metal grades
• Grades are lower in the younger intrusion
Multi‐phase intrusions
多相侵入体
Intrusive contact
between two phases
of quartz monzonite
porphyry, Ridgeway,
NSW Marsden, NSW
黑云母蚀变粗面安山岩中的石英黄铜矿脉,被QMP侵入体截断
Abrupt grade changes –
0.5 cm
intrusive contacts
品位突然变化‐侵入体接触界限
Ridgeway, NSW: Quartz monzonite porphyry
late‐mineral intrusion, NC498, 798.5 m
Intrusion geometries
侵入体形态
Biotite‐altered
trachyandesite
粗安岩被次生黑云
母交代
QMP
石英二
长斑岩
E27 open pit,
North Parkes, NSW
Deposit clusters 矿床群
E27
E22
E48
E26
Endeavour porphyry Cu‐Au deposits, North Parkes, NSW
Batholithic roots – Yerington, Nevada
根部岩基
Ann‐Mason PCD McArthur PCD
Yerington cross‐section from Dilles et al. (2000)
Rio Blanco – Los Bronces E‐W 地质剖面和地震剖面
E‐W cross section and seismic section (6331500N)
Rio Blanco (6 – 5 Ma)
W E
Younger, unexposed
magma chamber
From Piquer et al (2015)
Water content of porphyry magmas
Loucks (2014)
• Varying the amount of water dissolved in a silicate melt strongly
affects the order of mineral crystallisation
• When PH2O = 0 (dry), the
crystallisation order is:
1. Plagioclase
2. Olivine
3. Orthopyroxene
4. Augite
• When PH2O > 350 MPa and > 6.5
wt % H2O dissolved in the melt:
1. Hornblende
2. (Olivine)
3. (Augite)
4. Plagioclase
Magma fertility – Loucks (2014)
Magma fertility – Loucks (2014)
Epochs of porphyry deposit formation
斑岩型矿床的形成时期
Magmatic affinity Tectonic setting
岩浆种类 构造背景
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Age (Ma) Age (Ma)
Calc‐alkaline(钙碱性) Continental arc(陆缘弧)
High‐K calc‐alkaline(高K钙碱性) Island arc(岛弧)
Collision zone(碰撞带)
Alkalic(碱性)
Arc of unknown type(不明类型弧)
Data source: Kirkham and Dunne (1999)
Porphyry provinces
斑岩省
• Porphyry deposits emplaced within a narrow
time interval
斑岩型铜矿就位于一个很短的
时间区间
• Similar magma suites in each event
在每期事件中呈现相近的岩浆组合
• Similar metal suite in each event
在每期事件中具有相似的金属组合
• General relationship to subduction environment
通常与俯冲环境有联系
• Specific relationship to tectonic change
与构造环境转变具有特定关系
Reproduced from Sillitoe (2012)
Arc magmatism and
porphyry deposits
• Most porphyry
deposits form in
subduction‐related
environments
• They form at
discrete moments
in arc evolution
• Not all magmatic
arcs contain
porphyry deposits
• What are the
tectonic triggers?
• Complexity…
Reproduced from Richards (2011)
80°W 70°W 60°W
Ridge subduction 洋脊俯冲 0°
Triggered Miocene porphyry and HS mineralisation ‐ Inca N
La Granja
central and northern Peru (10 Ma)
Plateau
— 秘鲁中北部 Peru
Yanacocha (11 Ma)
Pierina 10°S
(14.5 Ma) 150 km Benioff
contour
7.8 cm/yr
South
American
Nazca
Plate
Ridge Chile
20°N
Trench
Cerro Casale
(13.5 Ma)
Bajo de la
Nazca Alumbrera
(8‐7 Ma)
Plate Pascua‐Lama
(9–8 Ma) 30°S
El Indio (8–5 Ma)
Los Pelambres
(10 Ma)
Juan Fernandez Ridge Río Blanco (6 Ma)
Triggered Late Miocene – Pliocene porphyry and HS
mineralisation ‐ Central Chile El Teniente (5 Ma)
触发了晚中新世-上新世的斑岩
400 km
和HS矿化-智利中部 40°S
Peruvian flat slab segment
秘鲁的平板俯冲带
Nazca Ridge 15°S 10°S 5°S
Philippines district
(2 – 1 Ma) Baguio district
~8 Mt Cu, (3 – 1 Ma)
37 Moz Au ~3 Mt Cu,
35 Moz Au
Philippine
Plate
Eurasian
Plate
Source:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2 200 km
minrelief.html
Source:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2
minrelief.html
Mankayan district Northern Luzon, Philippines
(2 – 1 Ma) 吕宋岛北部构造背景
8 Mt Cu & 37 Moz Au
Baguio district
(3 – 1 Ma)
3 Mt Cu & 35 Moz Au
Aseismic Scarborough
Ridge
Subducted part of
Scarborough Ridge
部分Scarborough洋脊俯冲
Image courtesy of Paddy Waters, AngloAmerican (Philippines)
Gandese belt, Tibet – Post‐collisional porphyry deposits
Wang et al. (2014)
Magma fertility indicators – new exploration tools?
Zircon crystals from Auvergene, France. Image source: http://www.
johnbetts‐fineminerals.com/jhbnyc/mineralmuseum/picshow.php?id=11146
Porphyry Cu‐(Au‐Mo) deposits 斑岩Cu‐(Au‐Mo)矿床
Central Asian Orogenic Belt 中亚造山带
• The largest porphyry Cu deposits in the CAOB
are associated with the most oxidized magmas
Zircon geochemistry and fertility
Dilles et al. (2015)
Zircon geochemistry and fertility
Dilles et al. (2015)
Apatite cathodoluminescence – Porphyry indicator mineral?
Bouzari et al. (2016)
Altered apatites Unaltered apatites
Volatile exsolution
• ‘Slushy’ textures are features of the transition from
magmatic to hydrothermal conditions:
• Unidirectional solidification textures (USTs)
• Miarolitic cavities
• High temperature alteration patches
• Vein dykes
• Pegmatite pods and pegmatite veins
• These textural features provide evidence for
volatile exsolution and concentration in the top of
granitoids
• Fertile magmas crystallise in batches
• They may release volatiles episodically through a
significant part of their crystallisation history
Comb quartz layers (USTs) in intra‐mineral monzonite, Ridgeway
成矿期二长岩中的梳状石英层 porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, NSW
Magmatic‐hydrothermal transition
岩浆-热液过渡
3 cm
Unidirectional solidification textures (USTs)
单向固结结构(USTs)
二长岩中的梳状石英层
Volatile accumulation and UST growth
挥发份聚积和UST结构的生长
• Buoyant hydrothermal fluid migrates upwards through the melt and accumulates
in the roof of the inwardly‐crystallizing magma
热液流体向上运移,穿过熔体,聚集在向内结晶的岩浆房的顶部
Quartz USTs, North
Parkes, NSW • Bands of distinctly prismatic crystals (e.g., quartz, magnetite) grow downwards
from the roof of the volatile pocket 柱状晶体(如石英、磁铁矿)从挥发份囊的
顶部向下生长;多批次形成多个带
Fluid release during brittle failure
脆性断裂过程中流体得到释放
• Fracturing of the carapace allows metal‐bearing fluids and melt to escape
壳层的破裂使得含矿流体和熔体逃逸
• Rapid under‐cooling and magma devolatilisation causes aplite crystallisation
Magnetite USTs cut by 下部岩浆在迅速冷却和挥发分分离的条件下结晶出细晶岩
qz‐bn veins, Ridgeway
• Sealing of fractures – growth of the next UST layer
裂隙封闭‐生长下一个UST层
Magmatic‐hydrothermal transition 岩浆-热液过渡
USTs Vein‐dykes
North Parkes, NSW (Lickfold et al. 2003)
Environments of Philippine
Sea
formation
• Shallow crustal (<3 km)
magmatic‐hydrothermal
ore deposits
Boyongan/Bayugo
Porphyry Complex
• Associated with arc‐
oblique and/or arc‐ 0 5 km
parallel fault systems
• Genetically associated
with skarns and L. Mainit
epithermal deposits Bohol
Sea
• Form in settings that
promote rapid uplift and
exhumation
N Image courtesy of David
Braxton and Anglo American
Porphyry ore genesis
斑岩矿床成因
• Tectonic trigger (e.g., ridge subduction)
大地构造引发
Outflow and
• Incompatible behaviour of metals and volatiles allows magmatic
mineralisation
transport of metals and sulfur
金属和挥发份的不兼容性使得岩浆能搬运金属和硫 Episodic fluid
accumulation and
• Multiple phases of intrusive activity – one or more of which release
efficiently concentrates and releases metals
Several kms
多相侵入活动 – 其中的一或多期有效聚集和释放金属
• Fluid exsolution may be triggered by mafic magma
underplating of felsic magma chamber
流体分离可以由长英质岩浆房下的镁铁质岩浆
垫托诱发 Volatile
migration
• Cycles of volatile accumulation and release at
the apex of the mineralizing intrusion (multiple
seismic events)
Felsic
多周期挥发份聚积和释放发生在成矿岩体 magma
的顶部(多次地震)
Mafic magma (?)
Porphyry deposits:
Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation
斑岩型矿床:热液蚀变和矿化
David R Cooke
Quartz‐magnetite‐chalcopyrite veins in potassic‐altered monzodiorite, Grasberg
The porphyry Cu model ‐ 2010
斑岩铜矿地质模型 高硫型浅成低温热液
Au±Ag±Cu矿化
中硫型浅成低温
热液Au-Ag矿化
高硫型浅脉状
Cu-Au±Ag矿化
交代碳酸盐型Zn-
次浅成低温脉状 Pb-Ag±Au矿化
Zn-Cu-Pb±Ag±Au
矿化
岩盖的底部 远端Au/Zn-Pb矽卡岩
沉积岩控矿的
Au-As±Sb±Hg
矿化
高硫型浅脉状
Cu-Au±Ag矿化 近端CU-Au矽卡岩
Geology
Sillitoe (2010)
The porphyry Cu model ‐ 2010 孔洞状石英/硅化
斑岩铜矿蚀变分带模型
蒸汽加热
石英‐高岭石
石英‐明矾石
石英‐叶腊石 中级泥化
脱钙
氧化的 更还原的
矽卡岩 矽卡岩
弱蚀变
块状硫
化物
新鲜岩石
钾化
青盘岩化
Alteration
Sillitoe (2010)
钠‐钙蚀变
Alteration
mineralogy:
Temperature –
pH controls
advanced potassic
argillic / silicic
± Lz argillic skarn
± Lz inner / outer
phyllic
propylitic
Abbreviations:
Ab – albite I – illite
Act – actinolite I‐Sm – illite‐
Ad – adularia smectite
Al – alunite K – kaolinite
And – andalusite Lau – laumontite
Bio – biotite Lz – luzonite
Cb – carbonate Mt – magnetite
± En Ch – chlorite Mor – mordenite
± En Chab – chabazite Nat ‐ natrolite
Ch‐Sm – chlorite‐ op – opal
smectite Pyr‐ pyrophyllite
Chd – chalcedony Q – quartz
Cor – corundum Ser ‐ sericite
Cpx – clinopyroxene Sid – siderite
Cr – cristobalite Sm – smectite
Ct – calcite Stb – stilbite
± Tm Dik – dickite Tm – tourmaline
Do – dolomite Tr – tremolite
Dp – diaspore Tri – tridymite
± Tm Ep – epidote Ves –vesuvianite
En – enargite Ser – sericite
Fsp – feldspar Wai – wairakite
Ga – garnet Wo – wollastonite
Hal – halloysite Zeo – zeolite
Heu – heulandite
Modified from Corbett and Leach (1998) – SEG special publication No 6
Alteration
mineralogy:
Temperature –
High sulfidation epithermal ores pH controls
sulfidation epithermal ores
advanced potassic
argillic / silicic
± Lz
Low‐intermediate
argillic skarn
± Lz inner / outer
phyllic
propylitic
Abbreviations:
Ab – albite I – illite
Act – actinolite I‐Sm – illite‐
Ad – adularia smectite
Al – alunite K – kaolinite
And – andalusite Lau – laumontite
Bio – biotite Lz – luzonite
Cb – carbonate Mt – magnetite
± En Ch – chlorite Mor – mordenite
± En Chab – chabazite Nat ‐ natrolite
Ch‐Sm – chlorite‐ op – opal
smectite Pyr‐ pyrophyllite
Chd – chalcedony Q – quartz
Cor – corundum Ser ‐ sericite
Cpx – clinopyroxene Sid – siderite
Porphyry ores
Cr – cristobalite Sm – smectite
Skarn ores
Ct – calcite Stb – stilbite
± Tm Dik – dickite Tm – tourmaline
Do – dolomite Tr – tremolite
Dp – diaspore Tri – tridymite
± Tm Ep – epidote Ves –vesuvianite
En – enargite Ser – sericite
Fsp – feldspar Wai – wairakite
Ga – garnet Wo – wollastonite
Hal – halloysite Zeo – zeolite
Heu – heulandite
Modified from Corbett and Leach (1998) – SEG special publication No 6
Alteration + mineralisation
蚀变和矿化
• Porphyry deposits are characterized
by several alteration assemblages:
斑岩矿床具有以下蚀变组合特征
• Potassic 钾化
• Propylitic 青盘岩化
• Phyllic (QSP) 绢英岩化
• Intermediate argillic 中级泥化
• Advanced argillic 高级泥化
• These assemblages form at discrete
points in space and time during the
formation of porphyry deposits
在斑岩矿床的行程过程中这些蚀
变组合形成于不同的地方和不同
阶段
• Understanding their spatial
Stockwork quartz veins overprinted by advanced distributions is vital for exploration
argillic alteration, Caspiche, Chile 理解他们的空间分布是找矿勘探
石英网脉叠加了高级泥化蚀变
的关键
Alteration and vein textures
蚀变和脉体的结构
Alteration intensity
蚀变强度
蚀变强度增加
Increasing alteration intensity
decreasing textural preservation
1a
成因序列建立于对穿插关系的仔细观察 2
Paragenesis constructed from careful observation of cross cutting relationships
The mineralised centres of porphyry deposits
斑岩矿床矿化中心
• High grade mineralisation typically occurs in the potassic‐
altered centre of the deposit
• 高品位的矿化通常产出在矿床的钾化蚀变中心
• Mineralisation is localised in and around the apex of the
intrusive complex
• 矿化位于侵入体顶部或顶部周围的围岩中
• Mineralisation is associated with abundant quartz ± magnetite
± orthoclase ± biotite ± anhydrite
• 矿化与大量的石英±磁铁矿±正长石±黑云母±
硬石膏关系密切
• Multiple generations of stockwork veins ± magmatic‐
hydrothermal breccia
• 多期次的网脉±岩浆-热液角砾
• Evidence for repeated cycles of fluid release from the
intrusive complex
• 是流体多次循环的从侵入体中出溶的证据
Potassic alteration associated with ‘stockwork’ vein arrays
与石英网脉有关的钾化蚀变
E26N E26N
MAX porphyry Mo deposit, British Columbia
Grasberg porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, Indonesia
Cu, Au and Mo assays (circa 2013)
Grasberg 斑岩Cu‐Au矿床的
Cu,Au和Mo的化验数据,印度尼西亚
Grasberg assay results
Leys et al. (2013)
Cu, Au and quartz veins, Grasberg, Indonesia
High grade Cu and Au coincide with abundant magnetite and quartz
高品位Cu和Au与大量的磁铁矿和石英产出的位置重合
铜、金和石英脉, Magnetite Quartz stockwork > 20 vol %
Grasberg Magnetite > 10 vol %
> 4 vol %
Grasberg
igneous
complex
Carbonate
4 g/t Au
host rocks
4 g/t
Kavaleris, 1994
Metal zoning around porphyry deposits
斑岩矿床周围的金属分带
Hg
Sb
As
V
Pb
Zn
Mn
Fe
Modified after Emmons
Mo, Re (1927) and Jones (1992)
Ag
Au
Cu
近矿指示元素 Sn, W, Bi 远矿指示元素
Proximal pathfinder elements Distal pathfinder elements
‐ Deposited at high temperatures ‐ Deposited at moderate temperatures
‐ Do not migrate more than a few ‐ Can migrate several kilometres from
hundred metres from the intrusion the central intrusive complex
高温条件下沉淀 中温条件下沉淀
不会迁移距岩体超过几百米 可能迁移距岩体数公里
Alteration mineralogy:
Temperature – pH
controls
蚀变矿物:温
度和pH控制
advanced potassic
argillic / silicic
± Lz argillic skarn
± Lz inner / outer
phyllic
propylitic
Abbreviations:
Ab – albite I – illite
Act – actinolite I‐Sm – illite‐
Ad – adularia smectite
Al – alunite K – kaolinite
And – andalusite Lau – laumontite
Bio – biotite Lz – luzonite
Cb – carbonate Mt – magnetite
± En Ch – chlorite Mor – mordenite
± En Chab – chabazite Nat ‐ natrolite
Ch‐Sm – chlorite‐ op – opal
smectite Pyr‐ pyrophyllite
Chd – chalcedony Q – quartz
Cor – corundum Ser ‐ sericite
Cpx – clinopyroxene Sid – siderite
Cr – cristobalite Sm – smectite
alteration
Ct – calcite Stb – stilbite
Potassic
± Tm Dik – dickite Tm – tourmaline
Do – dolomite Tr – tremolite
Dp – diaspore Tri – tridymite
± Tm Ep – epidote Ves –vesuvianite
En – enargite Ser – sericite
Fsp – feldspar Wai – wairakite
Ga – garnet Wo – wollastonite
Hal – halloysite Zeo – zeolite
Heu – heulandite
Modified from Corbett and Leach (1998) – SEG special publication No 6
Potassic alteration
钾化蚀变有何特征?
• Weakly to intensely developed secondary alteration
assemblages that can destroy or preserve primary rock
textures 微弱到强烈的次生蚀变,可破坏或保留原岩结构
• Can occur as pervasive or selectively pervasive replacements,
or as vein halos 可以呈弥漫状、选择性弥漫状或脉的晕
• Associated veins have similar mineralogies
Mineralogy
Quartz SiO2
Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 (common in felsic rocks)
Biotite K(Mg,Fe2+)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 (mafic rocks)
Magnetite Fe3O4 (important for exploration)
Anhydrite CaSO4
Albite NaAlSi3O8
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Bornite Cu5FeS4
Biotite‐altered trachyandesite and Molybdenite MoS2
orthoclase‐altered monzonite
Biotite alteration (potassic)
黑云母蚀变(钾化)
钙碱性斑岩铜矿 碱性斑岩
不均匀黑云母蚀变
Selectively pervasive biotite 闪长岩中的黑云母磁铁矿团块
alteration, Ampucao, Philippines
K‐feldspar alteration (potassic)
钾长石蚀变(钾化)
钙碱性岩 PCD 碱性岩 PCD
Orthoclase alteration and hypersaline FIs,
钾长石蚀变和高盐度流体包裹体 Orthoclase and biotite alteration
Ampucao, Philippines 钾长石和黑云母蚀变 E27, NSW
K‐Feldspar alteration (potassic)
钾长石蚀变(钾化)
钾长石蚀变和石英网脉, Orthoclase alteration and quartz vein
Boyongan, 菲律宾 stockwork, Boyongan, Philippines
Potassic alteration
钾化蚀变
Orthoclase alteration and quartz
钾长石蚀变和石英网脉 vein stockwork, Cerro Casale, Chile
Calc‐potassic alteration
Caspiche, Chile
Alteration
mineralogy:
Temperature –
pH controls
advanced potassic
argillic / silicic
± Lz argillic skarn
± Lz inner / outer
phyllic
propylitic
Abbreviations:
Ab – albite I – illite
Act – actinolite I‐Sm – illite‐
Ad – adularia smectite
Al – alunite K – kaolinite
And – andalusite Lau – laumontite
Bio – biotite Lz – luzonite
Cb – carbonate Mt – magnetite
± En Ch – chlorite Mor – mordenite
± En Chab – chabazite Nat ‐ natrolite
Ch‐Sm – chlorite‐ op – opal
smectite Pyr‐ pyrophyllite
Chd – chalcedony Q – quartz
Cor – corundum Ser ‐ sericite
Cpx – clinopyroxene Sid – siderite
Calc‐silicate
Cr – cristobalite Sm – smectite
alteration
Ct – calcite Stb – stilbite
± Tm Dik – dickite Tm – tourmaline
Do – dolomite Tr – tremolite
Dp – diaspore Tri – tridymite
± Tm Ep – epidote Ves –vesuvianite
En – enargite Ser – sericite
Fsp – feldspar Wai – wairakite
Ga – garnet Wo – wollastonite
Hal – halloysite Zeo – zeolite
Heu – heulandite
Modified from Corbett and Leach (1998) – SEG special publication No 6
The porphyry Cu model
Sillitoe (2010)
Alteration
Garnet skarn in marble – Yerington, Nevada
Copper Casting skarn, Nevada
Calc‐silicate alteration and skarn mineralisation
• Skarn ore deposits occur at the contact of a felsic intrusive and a
reactive rock (e.g. limestone, calc. shale)
• High temperature, low pressure metasomatism
• Skarn deposits contain major concentrations of W,
Sn, Mo, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ag and Au
• Also industrial minerals such as asbestos,
wollastonite, magnesite, talc, and graphite
Calc‐silicate (skarn) alteration
Garnet‐pyroxene skarn
overprinted by epidote – chlorite
– quartz ‐ pyrite –chalcopyrite,
Bingham Canyon, Utah
Calc‐silicate (skarn) alteration
• Mineralogy: garnet, diopside, wollastonite, epidote, chlorite,
anhydrite, pyrite, magnetite, quartz, calcite, siderite, etc
• Protoliths: impure carbonates, ultramafic rocks
• Can be zoned: e.g., Iron – copper – gold (proximal) and zinc‐lead‐
silver (distal) skarn mineralisation
Garnet skarn, Schwaner Mountains,
Kalimantan, Indonesia
Alteration mineralogy:
Temperature – pH
controls
蚀变矿物:温
度和pH控制
advanced potassic
argillic / silicic
± Lz argillic skarn
± Lz Propylitic phyllic inner / outer
propylitic
Alteration Abbreviations:
青磐岩化蚀变 Ab – albite I – illite
Act – actinolite I‐Sm – illite‐
Ad – adularia smectite
Al – alunite K – kaolinite
And – andalusite Lau – laumontite
Bio – biotite Lz – luzonite
Cb – carbonate Mt – magnetite
± En Ch – chlorite Mor – mordenite
± En Chab – chabazite Nat ‐ natrolite
Ch‐Sm – chlorite‐ op – opal
smectite Pyr‐ pyrophyllite
Chd – chalcedony Q – quartz
Cor – corundum Ser ‐ sericite
Cpx – clinopyroxene Sid – siderite
Cr – cristobalite Sm – smectite
Ct – calcite Stb – stilbite
± Tm Dik – dickite Tm – tourmaline
Do – dolomite Tr – tremolite
Dp – diaspore Tri – tridymite
± Tm Ep – epidote Ves –vesuvianite
En – enargite Ser – sericite
Fsp – feldspar Wai – wairakite
Ga – garnet Wo – wollastonite
Hal – halloysite Zeo – zeolite
Heu – heulandite
Modified from Corbett and Leach (1998) – SEG special publication No 6
Early potassic and propylitic alteration ‐ Batu Hijau
钾化和青磐岩化蚀变 – Batu Hijau
From Garwin (2000)
Propylitic alteration
青磐岩化蚀变有何特征
• Weakly to moderately developed secondary alteration
assemblage that typically preserves primary rock textures
微弱到中等发育的次生蚀变,一般保留原岩结构
• Can occur as pervasive or selectively pervasive replacements,
or as vein halos 可以呈弥漫状、选择性弥漫状或脉的晕
• Associated veins have similar mineralogy
相关的脉体有相似的矿物组合
Mineralogy
Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH)2
Epidote Ca2(Al,Fe3+)3Si3O12(OH)
Calcite / Mn‐calcite Ca(Mn)CO3
Albite NaAlSi3O8
Chlorite (Mg,Fe2+)6Al Si3O10(OH)8
Prehnite Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
Laumontite CaAl2Si4O12 ∙ 4 H2O
Propylitic alteration, Pyrite FeS2
Mankayan, Philippines
Hematite Fe2O3
Vein
epidote
Batu Hijau, Indonesia
Replacement‐style epidote
Batu Hijau, Indonesia
Porphyry – epithermal environments
Epidote alteration
Biotite alteration Orthoclase alteration
Chlorite alteration
Hornblende‐quartz diorite Quartz‐chalcopyrite veins in
porphyry, Santo Tomas II, dacite porphyry, Ampucao,
Pseudomorphs after plagioclase and hornblende
Chlorite‐altered plagioclase‐phyric basalt, Pugo Formation,
Baguio district Philippines
phenocrysts, Black Mountain, Baguio district
Camp 4 prospect, Baguio district, Philippines
Calc‐sodic alteration
Yerington, Nevada
Late‐stage alteration assemblages
Early quartz stockwork and potassic alteration strongly
overprinted by advanced argillic alteration, Caspiche, Chile
The porphyry Cu model ‐ 2010 孔洞状石英/硅化
斑岩铜矿蚀变分带模型
蒸汽加热
石英‐高岭石
石英‐明矾石
石英‐叶腊石 中级泥化
脱钙
氧化的 更还原的
矽卡岩 矽卡岩
弱蚀变
块状硫
化物
新鲜岩石
钾化
青盘岩化
Alteration
Sillitoe (2010)
钠‐钙蚀变
Late stage alteration ‐ Batu Hijau
晚期蚀变
From Garwin (2000)
Alteration mineralogy:
Temperature – pH
controls
蚀变矿物:温
度和pH控制
Argillic advanced potassic
argillic / silicic
泥化
Intermediate argillic
± Lz argillic skarn
± Lz inner / outer
phyllic
Silicic
propylitic
Abbreviations:
Ab – albite I – illite
Act – actinolite I‐Sm – illite‐
Ad – adularia smectite
Al – alunite K – kaolinite
And – andalusite Lau – laumontite
Bio – biotite Lz – luzonite
Cb – carbonate Mt – magnetite
± En Ch – chlorite Mor – mordenite
± En Chab – chabazite Nat ‐ natrolite
Advanced Ch‐Sm – chlorite‐ op – opal
smectite Pyr‐ pyrophyllite
argillic Phyllic Chd – chalcedony Q – quartz
Cor – corundum Ser ‐ sericite
高级泥化 绢英岩化 Cpx – clinopyroxene
Cr – cristobalite
Sid – siderite
Sm – smectite
Ct – calcite Stb – stilbite
± Tm Dik – dickite Tm – tourmaline
Do – dolomite Tr – tremolite
Dp – diaspore Tri – tridymite
± Tm Ep – epidote Ves –vesuvianite
En – enargite Ser – sericite
Fsp – feldspar Wai – wairakite
Ga – garnet Wo – wollastonite
Hal – halloysite Zeo – zeolite
Heu – heulandite
Modified from Corbett and Leach (1998) – SEG special publication No 6
Phyllic alteration 绢英岩化蚀变
碱性岩 PCD 碱性岩 PCD
碱性岩 PCD
Pervasive phyllic Sericitic vein halo, Goonumbla,
Carbonate – base metal vein with phyllic
alteration, E48, NSW NSW
alteration halo in QMP, E27, NSW
Intermediate argillic alteration 碱性岩 PCD
中级泥化蚀变
钙碱性岩 PCD 钙碱性岩 PCD
Intermediate argillic altered
diorite cut by quartz – bornite
vein with illite alteration halo, Pervasive illite‐chlorite Chlorite – hematite‐altered matrix‐
FSE, Philippines alteration, Philex, Philippines rich breccia, Cadia Hill, NSW
Chlorite after hydrothermal biotite
绿泥石交代次生黑云母
Luoboling porphyry Cu_Mo
deposit, Zijin, China
Silicic and advanced argillic alteration
高级泥化蚀变
Lepanto – FSE, Philippines
钙碱性岩 PCD
Silicic alteration
高级泥化蚀变
钙碱性岩 PCD
Advanced argillic and silicic alteration, FSE, Philippines Vuggy quartz, Peru
Hypogene mineralisation
Main ore minerals: chalcopyrite, bornite, gold, molybdenite
• Gangue: quartz, orthoclase, anhydrite, magnetite, biotite ±
sericite ± pyrite
>2 g/t Au
0.5 – 1 % Cu
+ +
+ + +
• Outer pyrite‐rich halo + +
+ + +
• Cu‐Au rich core may be + +
surrounded by Mo annulus + + +
+ + +
• Late‐stage veins with + + + +
+ + +
abundant pyrite and base + + + +
metal sulfides can complicate + + +
+
zonation patterns + +
+
+
+
+
+
200 m
+ + + +
1% Cu
> 1.5% Cu
1% Cu
早期的黄铜矿-斑铜矿及与矿化密切的正长石和黑云母蚀变产于Rosario斑岩内部或周围的围岩
• Early chalcopyrite – bornite mineralisation associated with orthoclase and biotite alteration in and
around the Rosario porphyry (Collahuasi, Chile)
晚期的硫砷铜矿-辉铜矿-砷黝铜矿及与这类矿化密切的石英-明矾石蚀变通过断裂叠加与钾化带上
• Late enargite – chalcocite – tennantite mineralisation and quartz‐alunite alteration superimposed on
potassic alteration by the Rosario fault
Syn‐mineralization Rosario Porphyry, Collahuasi, Chile (Masterman et al., 2004)
Porphyry –
斑岩-浅成低温热液叠加系统
epithermal
superposition
逐步抬升和剥蚀促进了岩浆热液活动从静岩压力到静谁压力条件的转换和浅成低
温热液系统的叠加
Rosario HS
vein
LS Epithermal
Rosario overprint
Porphyry Seaward‐directed
sector collapse
Biotite
alteration
1 km
1 km
1 km 1 km
Lithocap
Low density, moderate
temperature boiling water
and steam 0 km
– site of high sulfidation
epithermal ore deposition
Groundwater
High temperature brines
and low density vapours ‐2 km
(subcritical fluids)
– site of porphyry ore Subvolcanic
Exsolved magmatic
deposition intrusions High temperature
brine and vapor
supercritical fluids
800ºC
‐4 km
Convecting
Magma
Bingham, Utah
Modified from Shinohara and Hedenquist (1997)
Summary
• Porphyry Cu, Au and Mo deposits are centred on
mineralising intrusive complexes and are classically zoned
斑岩Cu,Au,Mo矿床位于侵入体的中心并在通常
情况下具有经典的分带
• Alteration assemblages are distributed predictably in space and time
蚀变矿物组合在空间和时间上的分布具有可预见性
• Quartz stockwork veins and/or hydrothermal breccias
associated with potassic alteration typically host Cu‐Au
mineralization
石英网脉/热液角砾与钾化有关并在通常情况下
赋存Cu-Au矿化
• Replacement‐style mineralization predominates in some deposits
部分矿床以交代型矿化为主
• Propylitic alteration assemblages are zoned laterally outward
from the intrusive centre
青盘岩化蚀变矿物组合从侵入体中心向外具有
分带性
• actinolite epidote chlorite
• Alteration mapping is a key tool for exploration
Root zone of a porphyry ore deposit
Sodic‐calcic alteration, Yerington 蚀变填图是找矿勘探的关键手段