Dilbilim: Avram Ekrari

Dilbilim
KAVRAM TEKRARI
Kamp programı
• Program
• Birinci gün 2 Ağustos 2021 – Pazartesi | 18.00 4 ders
• İkinci gün 3 Ağustos 2021 – Salı | 18.00 4 ders
• Üçüncü gün 4 Ağustos 2021 – Çarşamba 18.00 4 ders
• Akış
• Kavram tekrarı | Birinci ve ikinci gün (4-6 ders)
• Soru çözümü | İkinci ve üçüncü gün (6 ders)
Ünite adı
PART 1 WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
Ünite sırası PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE
Konu adı
ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

kavram grammatical competence
Sınavda sorulan kavram discourse competence

competence vs performance langue vs parole

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
grammatical competence
discourse competence
sociolinguistic competence
strategic competence

PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE
displacement
reflexivity
arbitrariness
productivity & creativity
cultural transmission
discreteness
duality

TYPES OF GRAMMARS
descriptive & prescriptive grammar

functional grammar
cognitive grammar
universal grammar
generative grammar
pedagogical grammar

SAPIR & WHORF HYPOTHESIS
strong hypothesis = linguistic determinism

weak hypothesis = linguistic relativity

PART 2 PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY
phonology
phonetics

PHONETICS
phonetics
articulatory phonetics

PHONETICS
consonants (C) vowels (V)
articulatory phonetics

PHONETICS
bilabial | labiodental | dental |

alveolar | palatal | velar | uvular
| glottal
place of articulation
stop/plosive | fricative |
consonants (C) manner of articulation affricate | nasal | approximant
voicing state
voiced | voiceless

PHONETICS
height of the tongue high/closed vs low/open
vowels (V) advancement of the tongue front vs back
lip position round vs unround
diphthongs ‘high’ [haɪ]
triphthongs ‘higher’ [haɪə]

PHONOLOGY
‘pin’ / p ɪ n /
phoneme
‘bin’ / b ɪ n /
phone
minimal pair minimal set ‘bin’ / b ɪ n /
‘bin’ / b ɪ n /
‘kin’ / k ɪ n /

PHONOLOGY
/p/
phoneme
‘pin’ [ ph ɪ n ]
‘spin’ [ s p ɪ n ] allophone
[p] [ph]

PHONOLOGY
syllable syllable σ
onset rhyme
nucleus coda
C V C
‘me’ /miː/
‘up’ /ʌp/
‘split’ /splɪt/

PHONOLOGY
phonotactics
assimilation ‘that pen’ | / ðæt pɛn / -> [ ðæp pɛn ]
elision ‘camera’ | / kæmərə / -> [ kæmrə ]
linking ‘computer is’ | / kəmpjuːtə ɪz / -> [ kəmpjuːtərɪz ]
intrusion ‘go out’ | / gəʊ aʊt / -> [ gəʊwaʊt ]
contraction ‘is not’ -> isn’t
geminates ‘social life’ -> socialife

PART 3 MORPHOLOGY & WORD FORMATION
MORPHOLOGY
talk-ed morpheme
allomorph
English past tense morpheme
/ɪd/ /t/ /d/
‘hated’ /heɪtɪd/
’picked’ /pɪkt/
wedged’ /wedʒd/

MORPHOLOGY
morpheme
free morpheme bound morpheme
lexical morpheme inflectional morpheme

functional morpheme derivational morpheme
prefix – suffix –infix - circumfix

WORD FORMATION
generification aspirin, nylon, vaseline

eponym boycott, pasteurization
borrowing yoğurt (TUR) -> yoghurt (ENG)
loan translation/calque skyscraper -> gökdelen
clipping doctor -> doc, advertisement -> ad
back-formation editor -> to edit, babysitter -> to babysit
conversion water (N) -> water (V)

blending breakfast + lunch = brunch, motor + hotel = motel
abbreviation Doctor -> Dr
WORD FORMATION
acronym Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome -> AIDS
orthographic abbreviation very important person –> VIP
compounding schoolbag, low-paid
hypocorism television -> telly, Johnny -> Joe
folk etymology thinking that the word ‘women’ is derived from ‘man’
metaphorical extension from ‘mouse’ (animal) to ‘mouse’ (pointing device)

PART 4 GRAMMAR & SYNTAX
GRAMMAR
mental grammar
I love ice cream.

topicalization
agreement Ice cream, I love.
I love ice cream.
syntactic operations cleft
It is ice cream that I love.
I love ice cream.
pseudocleft
What I love is ice cream.
Ice cream is what I love.

SYNTAX
phrases and phrase structure rules
NP ® Det N ‘the waiter’
VP ® V NP ‘broke the glass’
S ® NP VP ‘The waiter broke the glass.’
PP ® P NP ‘in the house’
AdjP ® Adv Adj ‘very good’
AdvP ® Adv Adv ‘very environmentally’

SYNTAX
deep and surface structure
structural ambiguity She ate the apples under the table.

There are many new shops and cafes on the street.
recursion She said that Jason killed the rat.

I want the apple and the banana.
universal grammar | principles & parameters

PART 5 SEMANTICS
conceptual (denotative) meaning

lexical semantics
associative (connotative) meaning
intensional and extensional meaning
affective (emotive) meaning
phrasal & sentential semantics
principle of compositionality (semantic) anomaly
lexical ambiguity The fishermen went to the bank.
entailment 1. Jason assassinated Mr President.

2. Mr President is dead.

PART 5 SEMANTICS
broadening & narrowing

lexical meaning change
amelioration (elevation) & pejoration (degradation)
semantic features
thematic (semantic/theta) roles

agent | experiencer | patient | theme | instrument |
source | goal | location | force | recipient | beneficiary

PART 5 SEMANTICS
LEXICAL RELATIONS
synonym happy/joyful/glad
antonym
gradable good-bad, wide-narrow
non-gradable (complementary/binary) true-false, dead-alive
relational (converse) husband-wife, give-receive
hyponym rose-flower, dog-animal

prototype dove-bird
homophone (heterograph) ‘dual’ /djuːəl/ and ‘duel’ /djuːəl/
homograph (heteronym) ‘dual’ /djuːəl/ and ‘duel’ /djuːəl/

PART 5 SEMANTICS
LEXICAL RELATIONS
homonym bank
polysemy foot (of person, of bed, of mountain)
metonym bottle-water, car-wheels, the President-the White House
collocation ‘strong tea’ but not *’powerful tea’

PART 6 SOCIOLINGUISTICS
accent dialect idiolect
mutual intelligibility
dialect atlas
isogloss – dialect boundary – dialect continuum domain
bilingualism speech community

discourse community
diglossia
pidgin & creole
language contact
maintenance | shift | death | revival | revitalization

PART 6 SOCIOLINGUISTICS
speech style
formal vs informal style
vernacular
slang
argot
vulgar
taboo word
lingua franca
register & jargon
speech acommodation
convergence & divergence
hypercorrection

PART 7 PRAGMATICS & DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
PRAGMATICS
S L
speaker listener
context

PRAGMATICS
inference
S L
speaker listener
context context
physical & linguistic context
presupposition
1. The King of France is bald. deixis person | spatial | temporal
2. In France, there is a king.
reference
anaphoric reference
endophoric reference
cataphoric reference
expohoric reference

PRAGMATICS
speech act
direct & indirect speech act
locutionary | illocutionary | perlocutionary acts
co-operative principles
quality | quantity | relation (relevance) | manner
implicature
politeness

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
written vs spoken discourse
cohesion reference
substitution
coherence ellipsis
conjunction
lexical cohesion
conversation analysis hedge

interlocutor
turn
turn-taking
adjacency pair
discourse marker
conversational filler
backchannel sign

PART 8 NEUROLINGUISTICS & PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
NEUROLINGUISTICS
corpus callosum dyslexia
cerebellum dysgraphia
localization/localism
modularity
lateralization
aphasia
Broca’s aphasia | Wernicke’s aphasia | Conduction aphasia

NEUROLINGUISTICS
split-brain
contralateral
plasticity
instant speech errors

Tip-of-the-tongue
Malapropism
Slip-of-the-tongue (spoonerism)
Slip-of-the-ear

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
language production neurolinguistics vs psycholinguistics

1. conceptualization
2. formulation
3. articulation
4. self-monitor
language comprehension phoneme restoration effect
lexical probability
priming
garden-path sentence

Dilbilim: Avram Ekrari

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Dilbilim

Ünite sırası PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

competence vs performance langue vs parole

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

descriptive & prescriptive grammar

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

SAPIR & WHORF HYPOTHESIS

strong hypothesis = linguistic determinism

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

consonants (C) vowels (V)

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

bilabial | labiodental | dental |

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

height of the tongue high/closed vs low/open

vowels (V) advancement of the tongue front vs back

lip position round vs unround

diphthongs ‘high’ [haɪ]

triphthongs ‘higher’ [haɪə]

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

assimilation ‘that pen’ | / ðæt pɛn / -> [ ðæp pɛn ]

elision ‘camera’ | / kæmərə / -> [ kæmrə ]

linking ‘computer is’ | / kəmpjuːtə ɪz / -> [ kəmpjuːtərɪz ]

intrusion ‘go out’ | / gəʊ aʊt / -> [ gəʊwaʊt ]

contraction ‘is not’ -> isn’t

geminates ‘social life’ -> socialife

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

English past tense morpheme

/ɪd/ /t/ /d/

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

free morpheme bound morpheme

lexical morpheme inflectional morpheme

prefix – suffix –infix - circumfix

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

generification aspirin, nylon, vaseline

borrowing yoğurt (TUR) -> yoghurt (ENG)

loan translation/calque skyscraper -> gökdelen

clipping doctor -> doc, advertisement -> ad

back-formation editor -> to edit, babysitter -> to babysit

conversion water (N) -> water (V)

acronym Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome -> AIDS

orthographic abbreviation very important person –> VIP

compounding schoolbag, low-paid

hypocorism television -> telly, Johnny -> Joe

metaphorical extension from ‘mouse’ (animal) to ‘mouse’ (pointing device)

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

I love ice cream.

ÖABT2021 – Dilbilim | KAVRAM TEKRARI

phrases and phrase structure rules

NP ® Det N ‘the waiter’

VP ® V NP ‘broke the glass’

S ® NP VP ‘The waiter broke the glass.’

PP ® P NP ‘in the house’

AdjP ® Adv Adj ‘very good’

AdvP ® Adv Adv ‘very environmentally’