Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Unit II
Instruction Set and
Assembly Language Programming of 8086:
Part 1

B.Tech, ETM,
II Year, II Semester

N.Ramakrishna
Dept. of Electronics and Telematics
GNITS, Hyderabad
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 Syllabus
Unit II
Instruction Set and
Assembly Language Programming of 8086:
• Instruction formats
• Addressing modes
• Instruction set
• Assembler directives
• Macros
• Simple programs involving logical, branch and
call instructions, sorting,
evaluating arithmetic expressions,
string manipulations.

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 Instruction Format
Instructions
• Need opcode and operands
• Opcode – operation code
Specifies the operation to be performed
• Operand
- Data on which the opcode operates
• Example
opcode operand
Addition - needs two operands
Shift - needs one operand

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 Instruction Format
Memory organization – Quick review
• Data stored in byte
• Each byte location has an address
• Word (2 bytes) stored in two consecutive addresses
Example ADDRESS DATA
To store 34E6H 60088H E6H
60089H 34H
(Intel) Little Endian format – Lower byte in lower address
Upper byte in higher address
(Motorola) Big Endian - Upper byte in lower address
Lower byte in higher address
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 Addressing Modes
Addressing modes
• The way in which the operands are specified
in an assembly language instruction
• Example :
MOV destination, source
Assumptions
• Operands in registers, memory or in instruction
Both operands can not be in memory (for 8086)
• Two operands – one in memory, other in register
• Data types should match – byte or word

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 Addressing Modes
1. Register addressing
Both source and destination – registers
No memory access involved

Examples:
MOV AL, AH MOV SI, BX
MOV CH, BL MOV ES, AX

Are these correct?

MOV AX, BL
MOV BL, AX
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 Addressing Modes
2. Immediate addressing
Source – constant data, provided in instruction

Example:
MOV AL, 45H MOV BX, 34E3H
MOV CL, ‘Q’ MOV PRICE, 40H

Is this correct?
MOV DS, 2300H
(Segment registers are not allowed to be used)

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 Addressing Modes
3. Direct addressing
Source or destination – a memory address

Example:
MOV AX, [2345H] Offset in DS
MOV [1089H], AL How many bytes of data?

Also
MOV AX, PRICE
MOV COST, AL

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 Addressing Modes
4. Register Indirect addressing
Address of data held in register
Address registers allowed : BX, SI, DI
Effective address EA = {[BX]/[DI]/[SI]}
Example:
MOV AL, [BX]
MOV [SI], CL
MOV [DI], AX
 How many Bytes?
AL moved to address pointed by DI
AH moved to address pointed by DI+1
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 Addressing Modes
5. Register relative addressing
Number or displacement
is a part of effective address
Effective address EA = {[BX]/[DI]/[SI]/[BP]}
+ 8-bit or 16-bit displacement

Example:
MOV CL, 10[BX] or MOV CL, [BX+10]
MOV CL, [BX][10]
MOV CL, PRICE[BX]
PRICE defined earlier as 10

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 Addressing Modes
6. Based indexed mode
Base register and index register together
carry effective address
Example:
MOV AL, [BX][SI]
Effective Address EA = [BX]+[SI]
MOV [BX][DI], CX
 How many Bytes?

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 Addressing Modes
7. Relative Based Indexed mode
Effective address
= base register + index register + displacement

Example:
MOV DL, 5[BX][DI] ; EA = 5 + BX + DI
MOV 5[BP][SI], AX ; EA = 5 + BP + SI
MOV CL, COST[BX][SI] ;EA = COST + BX + SI

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 Text Books
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals – A. K.
Ray and K.M. Bhurchandi, Tata-McGraw Hill, 2nd
edition 2006.
2. D. V. Hall, Microprocessors and Interfacing, Tata-
McGraw Hill, 2nd edition 2006.
3. Kenneth. J. Ayala, The 8051 microcontroller , 3rd
edition, Cengage learning, 2010
4. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, Lyla B.Das,
Pearson, 2012

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 References
REFERENCES:
1. The 8051 Microcontrollers, Architecture and programming and
Applications -K.Uma Rao, Andhe Pallavi, , Pearson, 2009.
2. The 8051 Microcontoller and Embedded Systems Using
Assembly and C, Second Edition, Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice
Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, Prentice Hall
3. Micro Computer System 8086/8088 Family Architecture,
Programming and Design - Liu and GA Gibson,
Prentice Hall India, 2nd Ed.
4. Microcontrollers and application, Ajay. V. Deshmukh,
Tata-McGraw Hill, 2005
5. The 8085 Microprocessor: Architecture, programming and
Interfacing – K. Uday Kumar, B.S. Umashankar, 2008, Pearson

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