Questions

Q1.
 
(a)  The diagram shows a ball of dough, of mass 580 g, held at a height of 92 cm above the floor.

Calculate the increase in gravitational potential energy (GPE) stored in the ball of dough when it is above the
floor.
(3)

GPE = ........................................................... J

(b)  The ball of dough hits the floor and does not rebound.
Describe the energy transfers taking place from when the dough is dropped to after it has hit the floor.
You should refer to energy stores as well as transfers between energy stores at these stages.

· before the dough is dropped

· just before the dough hits the floor
· after the dough has hit the floor 
(4)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)
 

Q2.
 
The circuit diagram shows a 9.0 V battery connected in series with a 250 Ω resistor
and another resistor, X.

(a)  Draw a voltmeter on the circuit diagram to measure the voltage of resistor X.

(2)
(b)  The current in the circuit is 0.012 A.
Calculate the resistance of resistor X.
(4)
 resistance = ........................................................... Ω

 
(Total for question = 6 marks)
 

Q3.
 
A 12 V battery is connected to a component, X, and a fixed resistor, R, as shown

(a)  (i)  State the name of component X.

(1)
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(ii)  Draw a voltmeter on the circuit diagram connected to show the voltage of component X.
(2)
(b)  The voltage across component X is 12 V.
The resistor R has a value of 840 Ω.
Show that the current in ammeter A1 is approximately 0.01 A.
Use the equation
voltage = current × resistance
(2)
(c)  When the circuit is placed in daylight, the current in A2 is 0.011 A.
(i)  Calculate the value of the current through A3.
(1)

current = ........................................................... A
(ii)  Explain what happens to the current through A3 when the circuit is placed in a darkened room.
(2)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q4.
 
A light bulb used in homes converts electrical energy into light energy.

The input power of the light bulb is 52 W.

The efficiency of the light bulb is 5.0%.

Calculate the amount of light energy output by the lamp in 9.0 hours of use.

light energy output = ........................................................... J

 
(Total for question = 4 marks)
 

Q5.
 
This question is about stretching a spring.

(a)  The graph shows how the extension of a spring varies when a force is applied to the spring.
The line on the graph shows that the spring has been extended past its elastic limit.
The line has a straight section and a curved section.

(i)  Draw a cross on the line to show the elastic limit of the spring.
(1)
(ii)  Sketch another line to show how the extension will change when the force is decreased from its maximum
value back to 0.
(2)
(b)  (i)  State which energy store of the spring increases when it is stretched. Assume the spring does not reach its
elastic limit.
(1)
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(ii)  How is this energy transferred to the spring?
(1)
   A    electrically
   B    by heating
   C    mechanically
   D    by radiation

 
(Total for question = 5 marks)
 

Q6.
 
The graph shows how the distance travelled by an aeroplane changes during part of its journey.
(a)  (i)  State the formula linking average speed, distance moved and time taken.
(1)

(ii)  Calculate the average speed of the aeroplane during this part of its journey.
Give a suitable unit.
(4)

average speed = ................................... unit ........................

(b)  During the flight, the height of the aeroplane decreases.

As the height of the aeroplane decreases, the temperature outside the aeroplane increases.
Explain how the air pressure outside the aeroplane changes as the height of the aeroplane decreases.
(3)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q7.
 
A gas is contained inside a sealed syringe.

(a)  The plunger is pushed so that the gas is compressed and its volume reduces at constant temperature.
(i)  Before compression, the gas pressure is 100 kPa and the volume of the gas is 7.5 cm3.
After compression, the volume of the gas is 5.0 cm3.
Calculate the pressure of the gas after compression.
(3)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(ii)  Explain why decreasing the volume changes the pressure of the gas in the syringe.
You should use ideas about particles in your answer.
(3)
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(b)  The plunger of the syringe is released and the gas returns to its original pressure of 100 kPa.
The plunger is then held in position so that the volume of the gas cannot change.
The gas is now heated and its temperature increases.
(i)  Describe how the average kinetic energy of the gas particles changes when the temperature of the gas
increases.
(3)
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(ii)  The temperature of the gas increases from 20 °C to 65 °C.
Calculate the pressure of the gas after it is heated.
(4)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

 
(Total for question = 13 marks)
 

Q8.
 
A gas is contained inside a sealed syringe.

(a)  The plunger is pushed so that the gas is compressed and its volume reduces at constant temperature.
Explain why decreasing the volume changes the pressure of the gas in the syringe.
You should use ideas about particles in your answer.
(3)
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(b)  The plunger of the syringe is released and the gas returns to its original pressure of 100 kPa.
The plunger is then held in position so that the volume of the gas cannot change.
The gas is now heated and its temperature increases.
Describe how the average kinetic energy of the gas particles changes when the temperature of the gas increases.
(3)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)
 

Q9.
 
This is a question about nuclear energy.

(a)  Nuclear fusion can take place between different isotopes of hydrogen to produce an isotope of helium.
(i)  Complete the nuclear equation for this process.
(2)
 (ii)  This process also results in the release of energy.
State where the fusion process takes place naturally.
(1)
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(iii)  Explain why the isotopes of hydrogen must be heated to a very high temperature for fusion to take place.
(3)
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(b)  Nuclear fission also results in a release of energy.

Explain how nuclear fission differs from nuclear fusion.
(2)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q10.
 
Technetium-99m is an isotope of the element technetium.

(a)  Technetium-99m has a half-life of 6 hours.

A sample of technetium-99m has an initial activity of 160 Bq.
Complete the graph to show how the activity of this sample of technetium-99m changes over a period of 24
hours.
(3)
(b)  Technetium-99m has a half-life of 6 hours and can be used as a medical tracer.
It is injected into a patient's blood and moves around the patient's body.
Technetium-99m emits gamma radiation, which is used to locate the position of the tracer in the patient's body.
(i)  Technetium-99m does not exist naturally.
Suggest why technetium-99m is usually made at the hospital where it is used.
(1)
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(ii)  Explain why technetium-99m is an effective isotope to use as a medical tracer.
(2)
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(c)  The gamma radiation emitted by technetium-99m is potentially harmful to humans.

Discuss the risks of using technetium-99m to doctors and to patients.
(3)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q11.
 
In 2011, a nuclear accident happened at Fukushima in Japan.

This released radioactive materials into the environment.

A month later, the radioactivity of seaweed on the west coast of USA was tested.

The seaweed was found to contain radioactive iodine-131.

The half-life of iodine-131 is 8.0 days.

(a)  Three samples of the same mass of seaweed were taken.

The number of counts in 10 minutes of the samples are shown in the table.

Explain why three separate samples were used.

(2)
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(b)  Iodine-131 emits beta particles.

There was not a high risk to the public from the iodine-131 in the seaweed.
Explain one reason why the risk was not high.
(2)
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(Total for question = 4 marks)
 

Q12.
 
A car driver sees a hazard on the road ahead.

The graph shows the velocity of the car from when the driver sees the hazard.

(a)  (i)  Use the graph to determine the reaction time of the driver.

(1)
reaction time = ........................................................... s
(ii)  Calculate the stopping distance of the car.
(4)

stopping distance = ........................................................... m

(iii)  Calculate the acceleration of the car when the car is braking.
(3)

acceleration = ........................................................... m/s2

(b)  The speed of the car affects the thinking distance and the braking distance.
Discuss other factors that affect the thinking distance and the braking distance of the car.
(4)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)
 

Mark Scheme

Q1.
 
 

Q2.
 
 

Q3.
 
 
(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q4.
 
 

Q5.
 
 

Q6.
 
 

Q7.
 
 
 (Total for question = 13 marks)
 

Q8.
 

Q9.
 
 
(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q10.
 
 

Q11.
 
 

Q12.