Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 1

To verify Kirchhoff s voltage law and

Kirchhoff s current law.

Date : - -

1
 Section Roll No
OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3
No. (A) (A) (A) (V) (V) (V)

SAMPLE CALCULATION :
For observation No. : ..............

V  V1  V2  V3 

 I  I1  I 2  I3 

CALCULATION TABLE :

Sr. V I
No. (V) (A)

7
RESULT :
Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchhoff’s current law are verified. In case of
discrepancies, the errors in the instruments is one of the reasons. Using
Kirchhoff’s laws, the currents and voltages in an electric circuit can be
calculated.
_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

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 Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 2

To study R – L – C series circuit.

Date : - -

9
the inductive reactance ( X L  2 f L ) and capacitive reactance

( X C  1 2 f C ) are equal in magnitude. The frequency at which this

occurs is known as resonance frequency f R . It is given by

1 1
fR 
2 LC
The phasor diagram at resonance is shown in Fig (c). It may be noted
that at series resonance, the circuit impedance is minimum and the

current is maximum. Further the current I is in phase with voltage

V  VR . Hence the power factor of the circuit is unity at resonance.

PROCEDURE :
1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2).Set the dimmerstat to zero output position and switch on the supply.
3) Adjust the dimmerstat to a suitable voltage and note V , I , VR , VL ,

VC , and P . Take four such readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. V I VR VL VC P
No. (V) (A) (V) (V) (V) (W)

4
 Section Roll No
SAMPLE CALCULATION :

For observation No. : ..............

P
cos   
VI

From the phasor diagram

V= and cos  

CALCULATION TABLE :

Observed Values From Phasor Diagram

Sr.
No. V V
cos  cos 
(V) (V)

PHASOR DIAGRAM :
Draw the phasor diagrams for all observations on the graph paper.

15
RESULT :
The phase relationship between voltage and current for R – L – C –
series circuit have been verified. In case of discrepancies, the errors in
the instruments and the assumption of ideal L and C components are
one of the reasons.
_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

Date Of Checking : Signature : ________________

 Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 3

To verify Superposition theorem.

Date : - -

17
 Section Roll No
source and note the three ammeter readings which gives I1a , I 2a

and I 3a [Fig. (a)].

5) Disconnect Va V source and replace it by a short circuit. Apply Vb V

source and note the three ammeter readings which gives I1b , I2b

and I 3b [Fig. (b)].

6) Algebrically add the currents in (4) and (5) above and compare with
the currents in (3) above to verify the Superposition theorem.
NOTE :- If the pointer is to the LHS of zero, then reading is negative
and it will positive if the pointer is to the RHS of zero .

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Va & Vb active Va active Vb active

I1  I1a  I1b 

I2  I 2a  I 2b 

I3  I3a  I3b 

CALCULATION TABLE :

Calculated Values Using

Observed Values
Superposition Theorem

I1  I1a  I1b  I1 

I 2  I 2a  I 2b  I2 

I3  I3a  I3b  I3 

21
RESULT :
It is verified that the algebraic sum of the currents I1a & I1b , I 2a &

I 2b , I 3a & I 3b are equal to I1 , I 2 and I3 respectively. In case of

discrepancies, the errors in the instruments is one of the reasons. Thus
the Superposition theorem is verified. Using Superposition theorem, the
currents and voltages in an electric circuit can be calculated.
_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

Date Of Checking : Signature : ________________

 Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 4

To study R – L – C parallel circuit.

Date : - -

23
The frequency at which this occurs is known as resonance frequency
f R . It is given by

1 1 R2
fR   2
2 LC L

The phasor diagram at resonance is shown in Fig (c). Since current is

minimum at resonance, the impedance of the circuit will be maximum.
Further, the current I is in phase with the voltage V . Hence power
factor of the circuit is unity at resonance.

PROCEDURE :
1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2).Set the dimmerstat to zero output position and switch on the supply.
3) Adjust the dimmerstat to a suitable voltage and note V (or VC ), I ,

I1 , I 2 , VR , VL , and P . Take four such readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. V  VC I I1 I2 VR VL P
No. (V) (A) (A) (A) (V) (V) (W)

4
 Section Roll No
SAMPLE CALCULATION :

For observation No. : ..............

P
cos   
VI

From the phasor diagram

V= ;I= ; cos  

CALCULATION TABLE :

Observed Values From Phasor Diagram

Sr.
V I V I
No. cos  cos 
(V) (A) (V) (A)

PHASOR DIAGRAM :
Draw the phasor diagrams for all observations on the graph paper.

29
RESULT :
The phase relationship between voltage and current for R – L – C
parallel circuit have been verified. In case of discrepancies, the errors in
the instruments and the assumption of ideal L and C components are
one of the reasons.
_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

Date Of Checking : Signature : ________________

 Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 5

To study balanced three phase star (Y)

connected load.

Date : - -

31
5) Note down line current, power, phase voltage and line voltage. Take
such four readings for different phase currents.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. VL VPH I L  I PH P
No. (V) (V) (A) (W)

SAMPLE CALCULATION :

For observation No. : ..............

VL
 
VPH

PCalculated  3 VL I L 

PObserved  3  P 
 Section Roll No
CALCULATION TABLE :

Total Power
Sr. VL
No. Observed Calculated VPH
(W) (W)

RESULT :
In a balanced star connected system, it is verified that I L  I PH and

VL  3 VPH .
_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

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39
 Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 6

To find transformation ratio , regulation,

and efficiency of a single phase
transformer by direct loading.

Date : - -

41
 Section Roll No
OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. V1 I1 P1 V2 I2 P2
No. (V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W)

1 230 V2'  0 0

2 230

3 230

4 230

5 230

6 230

7 230

8 230

9 230

SAMPLE CALCULATION :

For observation No. : ..............

47
 V2
K  
V1

V2'  V2
% Regulation =  100   100 
V2'
P2
%   100   100 
P1

CALCULATION TABLE :

Sr.
% Regulation % Efficiency
No.

1 0 0

9
 Section Roll No
GRAPH :
1) Plot percentage regulation on the Y – axis and load current I 2 on the
X – axis.
2) Plot percentage efficiency on the Y – axis and load current I 2 on the
X – axis.
3) Plot secondary terminal voltage V2 on the Y – axis and load current

I 2 on the X – axis.

RESULT :
The regulation varies with the load. Here % regulation increases as load
on the transformer increases. The efficiency increases upto some extent
of output and then it decreases. The above performance also depends
on the power factor of the load.
_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

Date Of Checking : Signature : ________________

49
 Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 7

To study balanced three phase delta (Δ)

connected load.

Date : - -

51
5) Note down phase current, line current, power, phase voltage (= line
voltage). Take such four readings for different phase currents.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. VL  VPH IL I PH P
No. (V) (A) (A) (W)

SAMPLE CALCULATION :

For observation No. : ..............

IL
 
I PH

PCalculated  3 VL I L 

PObserved  3  P 
 Section Roll No
CALCULATION TABLE :

Total Power
Sr. IL
No. Observed Calculated I PH
(W) (W)

RESULT :
In a balanced delta connected system, it is verified that I L  3 I PH

and VL  VPH .
_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

Date Of Checking : Signature : ________________

59
 Section Roll No

EXPERIMENT No. : 8

To perform
Open circuit test & Short circuit test
on a single phase transformer.

Date : - -

61
3) With rated current in primary (h.v. winding will be the primary side),
note the readings of the wattmeter, voltmeter and the two ammeters.

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Open Circuit Test (with meters in l. v. side) :
Vo Io Pi
(V) (A) (W)

230

Short Circuit Test (with meters in h. v. side) :

Vsc I sc Pc, fl

(V) (A) (W)

4.545

CALCULATION :
V
A) Transformation ratio K  2
V1
V 230
As it is a step down transformer, K  2   0.5227
V1 440
B) From open circuit test:
During the test, the meters are connected in l.v. side. Hence following
parameters are referred to l.v. side.
Pi
cos  o   
Vo I o
 Section Roll No
Vo
Ro,lv    
I o cos  o
Vo
X o,lv    
I o sin  o
Above parameters, when referred to h.v. side, are
2 2
   
Ro,hv  Ro,lv        
   
2 2
   
X o,hv  X o,lv        
   
C) From short circuit test:
During the test, the meters are connected in h.v. side. Hence following
parameters are referred to h.v. side.
Vsc
Z e,hv    
I sc
Pc, fl
Re,hv  2
  
I sc

X e,hv  Z e2,hv  Re2,hv   

Above parameters, when referred to l.v. side, are
2 2
   
Re,lv  Re,hv        
   
2 2
   
X e,lv  X e,hv        
   
D) Load VA for maximum efficiency :

Pi
 max. 
Load VA  VARated   2000  =
Pc, fl

69
 Iron Copper Input
Output
Load loss loss (P1) % % Voltage
Load P2
p.f. (Pi) (PC) P2+Pi+Pc Efficiency Regulation
(W)
(W) (W) (W)

Unity

0.8
E) Efficiency and regulation:

100%
(lagging)

0.8
(leading)

Unity

0.8
50%
(lagging)
Rated Volt - Ampere of transformer = ( VA )Rated = 2KVA = 2000 VA

0.8
(leading)
 Section Roll No
RESULT :
The open circuit test on the transformer gives the parameters Ro,lv and

X o,lv (referred to l.v. side) and the short circuit test gives Re, hv and

X e,hv (referred to h.v. side). From these values, equivalent circuits of the

transformer as referred to primary (Fig. 3) and secondary (Fig. 4) are

drawn. The values of circuit constants referred to l.v. side are:

Ro,lv   Re,lv  

X o,lv   X e,lv  

and referred to h.v. side are :

Ro,hv   Re,hv  

X o,hv   X e,hv  

Further the efficiency and regulation at various loads are as follows:

At 100% load :

% Voltage
Power factor % Efficiency
Regulation

Unity

0.8 lagging

0.8 leading

71
At 50% load :

% Voltage
Power factor % Efficiency
Regulation

Unity

0.8 lagging

0.8 leading

The load for maximum efficiency is found to be ...........................VA

_________________________________________________________

Date Of Performance : Signature : ________________

Date Of Checking : Signature : ________________