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Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer

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 A Project’s Report on

Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer

Submitted by:

1- Hosam Magdy Abd El-Latif Amer 101601439

2- Mahmoud Bassiony Atef El-Mokadem 101600623

3- Mohamed Samy Abd El-Motalib Ahmed 101603636

4- Osama Mohamed Mostafa Mahmoud 101603417

5- Zeyad Ayman Fathala Ibrahaim 101700882

Control of Hydraulic Systems - ENM EM05

Spring 2020

i
 Table of Contents
S. No. Section Page No.
1 Table of Contents 1
2 List of Figures 2
3 List of Attachments 3
4 Abstract 3
5 Keywords 3
6 Introduction 4
7 Review of Literature 4
8 Automatic Forging Hammer 5
8.1 What is it? 5
8.2 How it works 5
9 Advantages & Disadvantages of Automatic Forging Hammer 6
10 Applications of Automatic Forging Hammer 6
11 Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer Design 7
12 Project Components 7
12.1 Directional Control Valves 7
12.2 Check Valves 8
12.3 Two-Way Valve with Lever 8
12.4 Fixed-Displacement Hydraulic Pump 8
12.5 Hydraulic Oil Filter 9
12.6 Double-acting cylinder 10
12.7 Pressure Relief Valve 10
12.8 Sequence Valve 10
13 Working Principle & The Hydraulic Circuit 11
41 Design Calculations & Component Specifications 13
14.1 Hydraulic Cylinder 14
14.2 Hydraulic Pump 14
14.3 Electric Motor 15
14.4 Hydraulic Oil 15
14.5 Sequence valves 16
15 Conclusion 17
16 References 18

1
 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Page No.
1 Old Mechanical Hammer 4
2 Automatic Forging Hammer Hydraulic Model 5
3 Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer Model’s Front 5
4 Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer 6
5 Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer Model Section View 6
6 ISO, ASME Standard Communities Logos 7
7 (4/2 DCV) with Double External Hydraulic Pilots 7
8 Check Valve 8
9 Two-Way Valve with Lever 8
10 Fixed-displacement pump 8
11 Oil Filter 9
12 Double-acting cylinder 10
13 Pressure Relief Valve 10
14 Sequence & Pressure Relief Valves 10
15 Hydraulic Circuit Diagram 11
16 Hydraulic Circuit Diagram with Work Steps 12

2
 List of Attachments
For All Attached Project Data Please Refer to the following Link:
mega.nz/folder/0R8jnBIS#u5Amdr8yQBLJ699jvRkd7Q

No. Attachment
1 SolidWorks Parts & Assembly Files
2 SolidWorks Graphics (Rendered Video & Pics)

3 Components Data Sheets PDFs from Manufacturer’s Websites

4 Automation Studio Project Simulation Files

Abstract
In the Field of Metallurgy and Manufacturing, Utilizing Hydraulic and
Pneumatic Mechanisms makes Capital Cost more, which makes it easier only for large
scale Industries. In order to reduce the Initial Cost, an “Automatic Hammer” has been
made using simple Hydraulic or Pneumatic Control and Drive System that can aid the
small-scale Industries and as well as making it possible to employ a semi-skilled labor.
This can be a boon for Blacksmiths who undergoes Immense manual labor and cannot
afford Automations either. So, with a view of reducing the Burdens of the Blacksmiths
an Automatic hammer has been fabricated which functions simply by a Hydraulic
Control and Power Piston Circuit Designed on Various Standards Communities Rules
like ISO, ASME…etc. to meets the Perfect Specification and Efficiency Rates with
the Massive Design Weight of 10 Tons and to be a suitable product for local Society.

Keywords
Hydraulic Hammer – Reciprocating Cylinder – Directional Control Valve
- Sequence Valve – Hydraulic Pump.

3
Introduction
We have realized the Importance of Modern Machinery in our Lives, with the
development of Science and Industry. It has become one of the basic Equipment in
any Factory that relies on Blacksmithing or Casting is the Automatic hammer, as it
works in the Drop Shape, Forging Hammers are used to mold the Metal between two
Dies. The Second Part of the Die is set on the Hammer and an Anvil. The Product is
placed in the lower Die which is in common a Lifting Table that is Shock resistant and
has different heights to reach with the work piece to the appropriate Distance to the
Hammer Ram and then hammered with the upper. Fundamentally it constitutes a
complete Hydraulic or pneumatic system with Directional Control Valve, Piston
Accumulator (in case of Pneumatic) and Sequence Valve which can realize mutual
Feedback Control between Control Valve and Impact Piston, automatically Switching
the straight Line of reciprocating movement of the piston in the cylinder by Sending
a Hydraulic Pilot Signal to the Directional Control Valve. Which is what we will
address in this Research in detail from a Drawing of the Hydraulic Circuit for this
Machine and the 3D CAD Drawings and the Way it works by Automation Studio
Simulation and Animation.

Review of Literature
At First the Huge Blacksmith Hammers
were driven by Aid of Animal Movements and
some simple mechanical Mechanisms the by
the Industrial Revolution the Steam and
mechanical Power Hammers were made in the
United States. At the end of the 19th Century
the mechanical Power Hammer became
popular in smaller Blacksmith and Repair
Shops. These Machines may still be seen in
use in small Manufacturing and Artist-
Blacksmith Shops today. In the middle of the
20th century Power Hammers driven by
compressed Air also known as Pneumatic
began to gain popularity and several
Manufacturers are currently producing these
Hammers today. Until we reached the now a
Figure 1 – Old Mechanical Hammer
days Hydraulic & Pneumatic Hammer
4
 Automatic Forging Hammer
What is it?
Automatic Forging Hammer is a Machine
that uses the Hydraulic or Pneumatic Power
Source to raise the Hammer preparatory to
striking, and accelerate it onto the workpiece
being hammered. It’s also called "Power
Forging Hammers.", and it’s generally used in
Industrial Forging Processes and Massive
Production Metal Shaping starting from small
Machines with 10 Kg-Force to 15 Ton-Force
and varies in its Types to Different types such
as Hydraulic or Pneumatic which differ from
each other depending on the Power required to
lift the Ram Weight in the required Time.
Figure 2 – Automatic Forging Hammer
Hydraulic Model

How it works
Basic working Principle of Hydraulic
or Pneumatic Hammer is energy conversion
from pressurized (compressed) liquid or Gas
into a lifting Force for the Ram and from
Kinetic Energy of falling Ram into a Blow
Energy. Pressurized Oil from the Pump or
Compressed Gas from the Compressor
pushes the Piston upward to lift the Ram,
when the quick release Sequence Valve
fully opens, high pressure Oil or Gas pushes
the Piston down-ward rapidly and
accelerates the falling Ram during working
stroke as well as the Gravity Force pulling
the Ram Down , and a Hammer blow with
stipulated ,kinetic energy is formed.
Figure 3 – Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer
Model’s Front

5
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
Automatic Forging Hammer
-

The Automatic Forging Hammer has

Two main Types, Hydraulic and pneumatic
which are the best Solution for High Load
Forging and Industrial Manufacturing
because it’s available in a wide variety of
Sizes and Designs, it also Maintain the good
control, the required high Force, the high
instantaneous Velocity, high Blow Energy,
high Blow Rate, Accurate Repetition and
Impact leading high quality of forged Piece,
Easy Maintenance, and The most important
The Energy saving by giving more
possibility to complete the Forging with Figure 4 – Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer
one Heating Cycle. So, it saves Time as a
Result as well as The Time delay can be achieved easily leading to Mass production.
Although it has many Advantage it also has Disadvantages such as the Torque
Force required makes it more difficult to find the Motor to achieve the required
Torque, and also due to the Reciprocating Fast Movement it has little Wear Risk.

Applications of Automatic
Forging Hammer:
In Manufacturing Industries it performs
different Operations with different Ram
Designs as follows:
 To perform Smithy Operation ex.
Upset Forging.
 To perform the Punching Operation.
 To perform Filleting Operation as
Torque Force produces sufficient for
the Operation.
 To perform Riveting Operation etc...
Figure 5 - Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer
Model Section View
6
 Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer Design
As our Project’s Aim is to make a Full
Design of a 10-Ton Hydraulic Hammer Circuit
so the coming up we will present our Design and
the Standards we took in our mind while putting
the Main Design of Components and
Calculations based on various Standards Figure 6 – ISO, ASME Standard
Communities like ISO, ASME and TÜV. Communities Logos

To Design the Circuit of the Project we should first determine the Components which
we are going to use and the basic Idea of the Control and Power Hydraulic Circuits
within the Project and we are going to present our Project’s Components and its
working Concept in the coming up.

Important Note: Please See Attached Project’s

Project Components Graphics (Pics & Video), Simulation and Data Sheets!!

Directional Control Valves:

There are different types of DCVs are classified based on the fluid path like:
• Check valves • Three-way valves
• Shuttle Valves • Four-way valves
• Two-way valves
But we will use in the Hydraulic Circuits:
- 4/2 DCV with Double External Hydraulic Pilots
- Check Valves
- Two-way Valve with lever

4/2 Directional Control Valve

It controsls the direction of a Fluid isnide the
Hydraulic system passed through it. The device
changes the direction or stops the fluid flow with the
assistance of internal mechanism in the valve or with
the help of External Pilots. Valves have external ports
for fluid to enter and leave via Pipelines, The amount
of ports on a directional control valve (DCV ) called by
Figure 7 - (4/2 DCV) with Double
the term “ way”. External Hydraulic Pilots

7
Check Valves
Is a type of DCV allows flow only in one . Fluid
flows through the , a little is needed to the valve seat
in this direction. The valve opens when there is a flow
through the . Here in number (8) shown a ball check
valve.
Whenever there is an opposite fllow to the
direction of the valve shuts. The pressure presses the
Figure 8 – Check Valve
ball against the valve seat, thus closes the path

Two-Way Valve with Lever

It is a simple Two Ways ON/OFF Valves but
activated by Actuators such as Solenoid Actuators
and Hydraulic Actuators etc.… or manually actuated
just what we use. There is usually closed and normally
opened Two-Way Valves, external Actuation is
needed for doing the position change of the Valve
Actuator. A flow path is created or closed when the
Actuator is changed. These Valves are called as ON-
OFF valves.
Figure 9 – Two-Way Valve with Lever

Fixed-Displacement Hydraulic Pump:

When choosing a hydraulic pump solution, it is essential to determine the type
of work to be and the amount of pressure required. All hydraulic systems rely
upon pressurized fluid to create force in order to
perform work, such as lifting like using a
forklift. , systems can ei ther be “closed-loop” or
“open-loop”. In a “closed-lo op” system, the
fluid passes from the directly to the motor
before returning to the pump. In an “open-loop”
, the pump draws fluid from a / tank then
pumps it to a control where is directed
to the ser vices being operated before
returning to tank, and we will use Figure 10 – Fixed-displacement pump
8
 Closed-Loop and a fixed-displacement pump is one of pump solution. It has
several key benefits ove r v ariable pumps, including:

• Less Expensive • Simpler Design

• Easier to Maintain • Flow rates directly proportional to pump drive speed.

Fixed- displacement pumps are well suited fo r a wide range of functions

where the amount of pressure required to perform wor k is the same each
and every Two com mon types of fixed-displacement pumps are the bent axis
a nd the gear pu bent axis piston pump p es the added benefit of normally having
a capability than a gear pump.

Hydraulic Oil Filter :

Hydraulic Filters are very Because M hyd raulic systems

run at increasingly pressures and cycle times; as both of
these attrib utes increase e, so too do es the system's
sensitivity to . Fluid con taminants are a leading cause of
system failure and cause numerous problems,
including:

 Mixing of unintended fluids, causing fluid breakdown

and leading to acid corrosion.
Figure 11 – Oil Filter
 Internal , lowering things (pump, motor, valve) efficiency
and accuracy.
 Particle in crucial areas, leading to slu dge which causes parts to stick.
 Particle in close-tolera nce , le ading to component seizure.

The obvious reason to prevent these is to prevent contaminant from cycling and
going through the system. Therefore, a clean and efficient filter is utterly critical to
the hydraulic system

9
Double-acting cylinder
Double-acting cylinder transmit
hydraulic in two different directions, with
both pulling and pushing force. They are as a
piston sealed two chambers in the . The
power transfer of the cylinders compressive
chamber is in the cylinder tube area. The
force of area of the cylinders is inside the
cylinder pipe diameter area minus the rods -
area (out of the diameter). types of cylinders
are one oil connection to the ten sion side and
other to the pressure side. Figure 12 – Double-acting cylinder

Pressure Valves
Pressure Relief Valve
Another essential component is
the Pressure Relief Valve where the is
relieved by letting the pressurized fluid to
flow an auxiliary out of the system.
The relief valve is or set to open at a
ermined set to protect pressure vessels
and other equipment fro m being subj
ected to pressu res that surpass their
Figure 13 – Pressure Relief Valve
design limits.

Sequence Valve
A sequence valve is a Pressure valve
designed to open when its set sd pressure is
reached, a of flow and
to ths e primary circuit. In some w ays,
sequence valve is a direct valve, ad flow to occur.
, it's just a Figure 14 – Sequence & Pressure
Relief Valves
relief valve with some added features.

10
Working Principle & The Hydraulic Circuit
The Hydraulic that produces continuous reciprocation of a Hydraulic
Cylinder works by using two valves, each one them senses a s completion by the
corresponding buildup s pressure. And each valve and corresponding pilot line
prevents of the four-way valve the particular stroke of a cylinder has been
completed. The valves are needed to permit pilot oil to leave either end of the DCV
while pilot pressure is to the opposite end. This the spool of the DCV to shift as
required.
The Circuit describes the mentioned in Steps, the Circuit Components is designed
by the calculations and The Circuit was created by Automation Studio V5.2 Program:
-

Figure 15 – Hydraulic Circuit Diagram

11
 1

3 4
2

5 6

Figure 16 – Hydraulic Circuit Diagram with Work Steps

And as shown the Cycle continues to Work as long as the Lever is Pushed…...
12
 Design Calculations & Component Specifications

∵ Required Weight Force = 10 Ton-Force

∵ 𝐹 = 𝑚 × 𝑎, For free fall (𝐹 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 )
∴ 𝐹 = 𝑚 ram × 𝑔 = 10,000 × 9.81 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑵
1
∵ ∆ 𝐾𝑒 = 𝑊 = [𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡] = [ 𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑚 × 𝑉 2 ]
2

∵ From Design (displacement / Stroke) = 1.4 m (Ram reflection is Neglected)

10,000 × 1.4 = 0.5 × 1.019 × 𝑉2
2× 1.4× 10,000
𝑉2 = = 27.47 → ∴ Speed at impact for ram (V) = √27.47 = 5.24 m/s
1 ,019

To calculate Falling Time we refer to kinematic equations (Motion Law)

𝑉f = 𝑉 i + 𝑔 𝑡
5.24 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 + 9.81 𝑡
5.24
𝒕 = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
9.81

-To calculate ram caring rod’s required diameter, we apply the following :
To guarantee safety we take (3) as Safety Factor and we choose [Mild steel 1090]
which is most suitable as Rod material and has yield tensile stress =247 MPa
Calculations :
𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙
Fs = 3 , Fs = , 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 247 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑤

247
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑤 = = 82.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3
𝐹 10,000
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑤 = = = 82.33 × 106
𝐴 𝐴

98,100
A= 6
= 1.19 × 10−3 𝑚2
82.33 × 10

4𝐴 4 × 1.19 × 10−3
𝑹𝒐𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒅 = √ =√ = 0.039 𝑚 = 𝟑𝟗 𝒎𝒎
𝜋 𝜋

13
**Hydraulic Cylinder
Thus, Hydraulic Manufacturers have standards tables for cylinder selection we choose
the nearest higher value for the calculations from Eaton Inc.[ Metric Mill Type
Hydraulic Cylinders ] Table with *ISO 6022 standard :

- Cylinder type: Mill type MF-3 with front cylinder flange to

ensure little misalignment tolerance.
- Max Stroke : 3150 ± 4 𝑚
- Cylinder Bore Size : 80 𝑚𝑚
- Piston Rod : 40 𝑚𝑚 (𝑁𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 )
- Max Pull Force at 25 MPa : 46.52 𝐾𝑁
- Seal type: 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑠.

To Estimate the Pressure Required to Lift the Ram:

𝐹 98,100 98,100
𝒑= = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒓
𝐴 ( ) (𝐷 2 − 𝑑 2 ) ( ) (0.082 − 0.042 )
4 4
To estimate The Flow rate at retraction:

Lift time for ram (𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 ) Desired is = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒌𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒎 >>>>>>>>>>>>> 𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔

𝜋
Q = AV = = (𝐷 2 − 𝑑 2 ) × 𝑉 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
4

= 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 𝑳 / 𝒎𝒊𝒏

**Hydraulic Pump
Based on the Pressure Valve Result we select the pump with a safety Factor (1.75)
According to The
*ISO 5198 * ISO/ASME 14414
*ISO 3555 *ASME (EA- 2/2G)
Standards to Overcame the pressure Drop in The Hydraulic circuit and the losses
so the required pump must satisfy Max Pressure more than (455 bar), with a
specification of the following: -
14
 Based on Parker Inc. Pumps catalogue and the pervious standards we choose:
-An Axial Pump of type (𝐹12 − 125) with (45 𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑒𝑦)
- Displacement: 125 𝑐𝑐/𝑟𝑒𝑣 = (1.25𝑥10−4 𝑚3 /𝑟𝑒𝑣)
-Max Pressure: 480 𝐵𝑎𝑟
-Max Operation speed: 4200 𝑟𝑝𝑚

And From the specification above we determine the pump power to select a suitable
motor
[𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓] 𝑷𝑾 = 1.75 × 𝑃 × Q = 1.75 × 26.02 × 106 × 5.27 × 10−3
= 𝟐𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑾

**Electric Motor
And to select the Motor With ~ 240 KW we should calculate the Operating speed
(rpm) to choose wisely the lowest price motor. So, to Determine The operation
speed required we calculate the following :
Q (Volume Flow Rate) = Pump Displacement (𝑚3 /𝑟𝑒𝑣) × 𝑟𝑝𝑠 (𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠)
5.27 × 10−3 = 1.25 × 10−4 × 𝑟𝑝𝑠
(5.27∗10−3 )
𝒓𝒑𝒔 = (1.25∗10−4 )
= 𝟒𝟑 𝒓𝒑𝒔 ≈ 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎

So, chosen Motor should be approximately 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎 and can carry 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑾 load.

**Hydraulic Oil
For the pervious pump a suitable Hydraulic Oil should be used and satisfy the
*ISO VG-32 * ISO 2186 *ISO 5167
Standards and according to the pervious standards, we have chosen and Oil from
EXXON MOBILE EGYPT Product Data sheet with the following
characteristic:

Specific Density at 15 𝐶 𝑜 = 0.871

Dynamic Viscosity (𝑣) = 68 𝑐𝑆𝑡 (at 40𝑜 𝐶)
8.53 𝑐𝑆𝑡 (at 100𝑜 𝐶)
Flash point = 204𝑜 𝐶

15
**Pressure Relief Valve
To guarantee safety of the machine against any problems or failures we use a
Pressure Relief Valve within the circuit to protect it from over pressure and to
protect the pump from Overloading as we can calculate its cracking pressure by
taking a (1.5) Factor of the Pressure required to lift the Ram according to the
*ISO 5208 & *ISO 5209 Standards so:
-

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑅 = 1.5 × 𝑃 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝑩𝒂𝒓

**Sequence valves
According to *ISO/DIS 23632 standards, we can calculate the sequence valves
cracking pressure by adding 30% Over the Pressure required to lift the Ram so:

𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑃𝑠)

= 0.3 × 260 + 260 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖 ≈ 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝑩𝒂𝒓

16
Conclusion

The Hydraulic System transfers power through incompressible Oil where the
pump pushes the Oil through Directional Control Valve to a Hammer piston . when
the Oil Pressure increases in the pipe and Vessels the Relief valve opens to release the
Pressure. The Directional Control Valve has 2 lines directions at where the Oil Flows,
the Hammer Piston or the Tank. When the Pressure increases in Hammer piston
Cylinder there is a Sequence Valves on the System Sides which Pilot the Directional
Control Calve to change the Oil Flow to the Reverse Way to the Tank and the Pump
to the Cylinder’s other Side Pipe to Reverse the Cylinder Movement and to create a
Reciprocating Movement Keeps on while the Lever Arm of the Two-Way Valve is
Pushed so at the End of Our Report we have Created a Simple Model Design for an
Automatic Hydraulic Forging Hammer which can be used in various Industrial
Sectors whether Large or Small and it has many benefits for saving Time, Money and
Efforts done in the Industrial Process in General or in Forging Process Specially.

17
 References
1. Prof. Dr. Saber Abdrabbo, “Control of Hydraulic Systems Lectures”
Mechatronics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sinai University, Egypt,
Spring 2020.
2. R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta, “Machine Design”, 2nd edition, S.Chand, 2005.

3. M. Galal Rabie, “Fluid Power Engineering” McGraw-Hill, 2009.

4. Arthur Akers, Max Gassman, Richard Smith, “Hydraulic Power System
Analysis” CRC Pres, 2006.
5. James Johnson, “Introduction to Fluid Power”1st Edition, Cengage-Learning,
2002.

6. www.iso.org/en/ics/23.html
7. www.crownoil.co.uk/guides/hydraulic-oil-guide
8. www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/25967/hydraulic-oil-lubrication-
viscosity
9. https://www.asme.org/publications-submissions/books/find-book/hydraulic-
fluids-guide-selection-test-methods-use
10. cstools.asme.org/csconnect/CommitteePages.cfm?Committee=N10062200
11. www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/piston-area
12. www.anyanghammer.com/products/Close-Die-Forging-Machine/C86YT-
Fully-Hydraulic-Forging-Hammer-Power-Head.html
13. www.anyangforginghammer.com/10-ton-closed-die-forging-hammer-
supplier-5933737.html
14. womackmachine.com/engineering-toolbox/data-sheets/automatic-reversing-
circuits-for-presses
15. mobil.com/en/lubricants/for-
businesses/industrial/lubricants/products/products/mobil-dte-26 .
16. slideserve.com/felix/hydra-pneumatic-hammers .
17. https://www.asme.org/publications-submissions/books/find-book/hydraulic-
fluids-guide-selection-test-methods-use

18

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