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Supply Risk Management Is Back
Supply Risk Management Is Back
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January 2020
Today’s complex and long supply chains are such as 2019, global losses due to earthquakes,
almost inevitably subject to disruption. But floods, fires and the like reached $150 billion. But
the stakes seem to have risen, whether due to dramatic spikes are happening more often, with
intensifying trade disputes and political upheavals nearly $350 billion in losses recorded in 2017
(of which Brexit is only one example), or to high-cost (marked by Hurricanes Irma in the continental US
natural disasters plaguing more of the world. and Maria in Puerto Rico) and in 2011 (Thai floods
and the Fukushima earthquake-tsunami).
As a result, we hear more global companies
questioning how to assess and manage these risks These high costs, in combination with long
and prepare their supply chains accordingly. Which recovery times, have triggered many companies
precautionary measures make sense, and how to reassess their supply-chain strategies and
much do they differ by industry? We conducted footprints to make them more resilient to any
research by interviewing supply-chain managers kind of disruption (Exhibit 1).
across Europe to understand how they assess risks,
what they do to prepare, and how they respond to Geopolitical uncertainty has further accelerated
disruptions. the need for thoughtful, regular review of supply
chains. Over the past two years, new tariffs have
been imposed with scant notice, raising input
Risks on the rise costs by 15 percent or more almost overnight.
Natural disasters are particularly dramatic Unsurprisingly, in the quarterly Economic
illustrations of the difficulties facing supply-chain Conditions Snapshot survey by McKinsey,
managers. Even in a comparatively benign year, “changes in trade policy” spent most of 2019 as
Web 2019
Supply risk management is back
Exhibit 1 of 5
Exhibit 1
Noneconomic shocks
Noneconomic shocks areare increasing
increasing in frequency
in frequency and inand in impact
impact on
on supply-chain cost and
supply-chain
performance. cost and performance.
Hurricane Irma,
61 33
USA
Laredo border closing,
n/a 24
USA & Mexico
Hurricane Maria,
69 23
USA
Winter storms,
3 23
USA
Hurricane Harvey,
95 17
USA
Exhibit 2
Brexitmay
Brexit maycause
cause major
major disruptions
disruptions toflows
to trade tradebetween
flows between
the UK andthe
EU.UK and EU.
Higher Additional
prices storage Paperwork, border
delay ~2 days
?% UK import tariff
Customer Wholesaler Additional
and dealer storage Additional
warehouse storage
Paperwork, border Tier 1 OEM
Seat delay ~2 days
component
?% EU import tariff
Tier 2 Storage
Additional
storage
warehouse JIS1 seat Car
Border delay assembly production
~2days
Possible implications of a hard Brexit for an OEM
• Lead time increase
Tier 3 Tier 3 • Additional administrative burden
• Additional inventory
• Import tariffs for components and vehicles
• Higher end-customer price
1 Just in sequence
Companies
Exhibit 3 with high exposure focus on short-term measures to prepare for
Companies with high exposure
Brexit, while US-China tariffsfocus
are on short-term
causing measures to prepare
a fundamental forsupply-chain
review of Brexit,
while US-China
footprints. tarrifs are causing a fundamental review of supply-chain footprints.
• No-deal “hard” Brexit is the planning focus • The majority of companies are still in wait-
High • Emphasis on short-term measures and-see mode
exposure — Build up inventory • Systematically review supply-chain setup
to risk — Reconfigure transport, phase out UK • Localize supplier footprint
as POE1 • Relocate production facilities
— Build distribution or return centers
— Prepare for customs/admin requirements
— Postpone long-term investment decisions
1 Port of Entry
to supply-chain disruptions. That said, almost But relatively few invest much time and money
all of the companies that we surveyed diversify in automating any of these activities. When hit
their operations and implement multi-sourcing by sudden supply-chain disruptions, they build
strategies wherever feasible and economically temporary task forces to manage the issue on an
justifiable. Working closely together with their ad hoc basis. In some cases, precious time is lost
suppliers and performing regular supplier audits due to insufficient preparedness.
is part of their general business practice. On an
ongoing basis, they monitor the most relevant More advanced companies have permanent
risks—such as regulatory changes or changing supply-chain risk-management teams and
customer demand. processes in place. The leading automotive OEMs,
Exhibit 4
A simple classification of supply-chain risks helps in defining response
A simple classification of supply-chain risks helps in defining response strategies.
strategies.
A systematic classification of risks, and For each of the quadrants, a specific set of
development of a related response strategy, is response strategies can be developed. A
essential to improve supply-chain resilience reactive risk-management approach should
strategically—while keeping required investment be taken for risks that are difficult to predict,
to a minimum. A simple framework can help by and a more proactive approach for those with
classifying risks on two axes: the vertical estimates higher predictability (Exhibit 5).
to what extent a risk can be anticipated, while the
horizontal quantifies the risk’s expected impact —— Low-impact risks that are hard to
(Exhibit 4). anticipate, such as the bankruptcy of an
individual supplier or a localized conflict in
—— “Manageable surprises” are difficult to a country without major operations, can
anticipate but manageable in terms of impact. be accepted or avoided to a certain extent
by diversifying operations. Systematically
—— “Black swans” are hard to anticipate and severe implementing a dual-sourcing strategy,
in terms of impact. through nominating new suppliers or
negotiating a second source of supply from
—— “Brewing storms” can be anticipated and will the same supplier, help mitigate this risk
have a high impact once they materialize. category
—— “Business challenges” are typically low-impact —— High-impact risks that are hard to
risks that can be both anticipated and managed anticipate, including natural disasters,
quite easily. terrorist attacks, or cyberattacks, can
Each
Exhibit 5category of risk implies multiple responses.
Each category of risk implies multiple responses.
Medium High
Magnitude of risk impact
During the fourth quarter of 2019, we conducted deep structured interviews with 25 European supply-chain executives from
a representative set of leading companies in the fast-moving consumer goods, retail, chemicals, pharma, and discrete-manu-
facturing industries. The questions focused on the respondents’ general supply-chain risk-management practices and specific
response strategies to geopolitical risks such as Brexit and the US-China trade dispute.
Knut Alicke is a partner in McKinsey’s Stuttgart office, and Anna Strigel is an associate partner in the Berlin office.