Flexible Learning A.Y.

2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

COURSE CODE &

EMA100 : ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY
TITLE
MODULE 1: 10 hrs. ALGEBRAIC AND RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Course Instructor Marie Therese Bernadette F. Sales, PhDTM

FM
Messenger
Tashie Sales
Contact Details Email Ad tashie.sales@usls.edu.ph
Phone
No./s
+639687717731
Consultation Hours MWF 9:30-11:30 (MW) TTH 7:30 – 9:30 AM (TH)

Part I: TARGETED COURSE OUTCOMES

1. Demonstrate the operations for algebraic and rational expression.

Learning Objectives
1. Familiarize with the different properties of algebraic expressions.
2. Perform the different operations for algebraic and rational expressions.

Part II: ASSESSMENT/S

Learning Evidence

LE1: Problem Set

These are activities to measure student learning in a given module. This includes the
entry of worksheets and other classroom activities.

Rubric/Evaluation Tool
CRITERIA TARGET (5 PTS)
Includes a complete
ARTICULATES sketch of all the pertinent
data given in the problem.
Thorough understanding
of the concepts and
equations associated with
the known and unknown
ANALYZE & ASSESS variables.
Thoroughly identifies all
parameters that are
needed to solve for the
unknown variable.
Can thoroughly identify
each dimension of
measurement addressed
ASCERTAIN in the problem.
SOLUTION
Can thoroughly solve the
equation (mathematical or
science) with appropriate
units.
ACCEPTABLE (4 PTS) MARGINAL (3 PTS) UNACCEPTABLE (0 PTS)
Includes an acceptable Includes a marginal No sketch or articulates
sketch of some data sketch of a few data unacceptable number
given in the problem. given in the problem. of data points.
Acceptable Marginal
understanding understanding Unacceptable understanding
of the concepts and of the concepts and of the concepts and
equations associated equations associated equations associated with
with the unknown with the unknown the unknown variable.
variable. variable.
Acceptably identifies all Marginally identifies Cannot identify all parameters
parameters that are all parameters that are that are needed to solve for
needed to solve for
needed to solve for the the the unknown variable.
unknown variable. unknown variable.
Can acceptably identify Can marginally identify Cannot acceptably identify
each dimension of
each dimension of each dimension of measurement
measurement measurement
addressed addressed addressed in the problem.
in the problem. in the problem.
Can acceptably solve Can marginally solve Cannot acceptably solve
equation
equation (mathematical (mathematical equation (mathematical
or science) with or science) with or science) with
appropriate units. appropriate units. appropriate units.

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Part III: TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES (TLA)

The following are review materials needed to be read first before accomplishing the tasks
required from the student. The topics are arranged in such a way that you need to accomplish
the tasks in chronological order in order to master the operations of the algebraic and rational
expressions.

1. Familiarize with the different properties of algebraic expressions.

Let a, b and c be real numbers, variables or algebraic expressions.

PROPERTY EXPRESSION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Commutative Changing the order of
1. Property a+b=b+a addends x2+ 3x = 3x + x2
of Addition does not change the sum
Commutative Changing the order of the
2. Property factors
axb=bxa (x 3 - 2) · x = x · (x 3 - 2)
of does not change the
Multiplication product
Associative Changing the grouping of
3. Property of the
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (x 3 + 2 x) + x = x 3 + (2 x + x)
addends does not change
Addition the sum
Associative Changing the grouping of
4. Property of the
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c) factors does not change (x 2 · 5 x) · x = x 2 · (5 x · x)
Multiplication the
product
Multiplying a sum by a
number
is the same as multiplying
Distributive
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c each x · (x 4 + x) = x · x 4 + x · x
5. Property
addend by that number
and then
adding the two products
Identity Adding 0 and any number
6. Property for does
a+0=0+a=a 4x + 0 = 4x
Addition not change the value of the
number
Identity Multiplying 1 and any
7. Property for number
a×1=1×a=a does not change the value 27x5 · 1 = 27x5
Multiplication of
the number
Inverse The sum of any integer and
8. Property of a + (- a) = 0 its x + (- x ) = 0
Addition additive inverse is 0.
Zero Property The product of 0 and any
9. of a ·0=0 number 24 x · 0 = 0
Multiplication is 0.
Source: https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/integers.html

2. Algebraic Expressions

A polynomial in the variable x is an expression of the form,

anxn + a n-1x n-1 + …. + a1x + a0

The following are the rules used for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing polynomials.

Adding Polynomials with More Than One Variable

To add polynomials, you first need to identify the like terms in the polynomials and then combine
them according to the correct integer operations. Since like terms must have the same exact
variables raised to the same exact power, identifying them in polynomials with more than one

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variable takes a careful eye. Sometimes parentheses are used to distinguish between the addition
of two polynomials and the addition of a collection of monomials. With addition, you can simply
remove the parentheses and perform the addition.

Example
Problem Add. (4x2 – 12xy + 9y2) + (25x2 + 4xy – 32y2)
4x2 +(−12xy) + 9y2 + 25x2 + 4xy + (−32y2) Remove the parentheses
grouping the polynomial
and rewrite any
subtraction as addition of
the opposite.
(4x2 +25x2) +[(−12xy)+ 4xy] + [9y2+ (−32y2)] Group like terms using
commutative and
associative properties.
29x2 + (−8xy) +(−23y2) Combine like terms.
Answer The sum is 29x2 – 8xy – 23y2. Rewrite as subtraction.
Source:http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2

Subtracting Polynomials with More Than One Variable

You can apply the same process used to subtract polynomials with one variable to subtract
polynomials with more than one variable. In order to remove the parentheses following a
subtraction sign, you must multiply each term by −1.

Example
Problem Subtract. (14x3y2 – 5xy + 14y) – (7x3y2 – 8xy + 10y)
14x3y2 – 5xy + 14y – 7x3y2 + 8xy – 10y Remove the parentheses. Notice the
signs!
14x3y2 – 7x3y2 – 5xy + 8xy + 14y – 10y Regroup to put like terms together.
When you regroup or rearrange
terms involving subtraction, think of
the subtraction as “adding the
opposite” and move the negative
sign along with the term.
7x3y2 + 3xy + 4y Combine like terms.
Answer The difference is 7x3y2 + 3xy + 4y.
Source:http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2

Multiplying Polynomials with More Than One Variable

Polynomials with more than one variable can also be multiplied by one another. You use the same
techniques you used when you multiplied polynomials with only one variable. Consider the
following example.

(4x2y3)(5x4y2)

This is an example of multiplication of two polynomials, specifically monomials, with two variables.
To do this multiplication, you multiply the coefficients and use the rules of exponents to find the
exponent for each variable in order to find the product

(4x2y3)(5x4y2) = (4 • 5)(x2+4)(y3+2) = 20x6y5

To multiply a monomial by a binomial, you use the distributive property in the same way as
multiplying polynomials with one variable.

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Example
Problem
Multiply.
Multiply, using the
distributive property.

Answer
The product is .

Source:http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2

To multiply two binomials containing more than one variable, you can still use the FOIL (First,
Outer, Inner, Last) method that works for binomials with one variable. After all, FOIL is simply a
shortcut for using the distributive property to multiply each term in one binomial by each term in
the other binomial. This process works for multiplying any two binomials.

Example
Problem Multiply. (4x – 7xy)(2y + 3x)
4x • 2y = 8xy First
4x • 3x = 12x2 Outer
−7xy • 2y = −14xy2 Inner
−7xy • 3x = −21x2y Last
Be careful about including
the negative sign
with −7xy, since this term
is being subtracted.
8xy + 12x2 – 14xy2 – 21x2y Combine terms into one
expression.
Answer The product is 8xy + 12x2 – 14xy2 – 21x2y.

Source:http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2

Special Products involving Squares

The following special products come from multiplying out the brackets. You'll need these often,
so it's worth knowing them well.
a(x + y) = ax + ay (Distributive Law)
(x + y)(x − y) = x2 − y2 (Difference of 2 squares)
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (Square of a sum)
(x − y)2 = x2 − 2xy + y2 (Square of a difference)

Special Products involving Cubes

The following products are just the result of multiplying out the brackets.
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 (Cube of a sum)
(x − y)3 = x3 − 3x2y + 3xy2 − y3 (Cube of a difference)
(x + y)(x2 − xy + y2) = x3 + y3 (Sum of 2 cubes)
(x − y)(x2 + xy + y2) = x3 − y3 (Difference of 2 cubes)

The next example shows the product of a binomial and a trinomial, each with two variables. Since
FOIL can only be used with the product of two binomials, you need to systematically multiply each
term in the binomial by each term in the trinomial.

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Example
Problem Multiply. (9b – ab)(5a2b + 7ab – b)
9b(5a2b + 7ab – b) Multiply 9b by each
45a2b2 + 63ab2 – 9b2 term in the trinomial,
paying attention to the
signs.

Multiply −ab by each

−ab(5a b + 7ab – b)
2
term in the trinomial,
−5a3b2 – 7a2b2 + ab2 paying attention to the
signs.

Combine the products.

45a2b2 + 63ab2 – 9b2 – 5a3b2 – 7a2b2 + ab2
45a2b2 + 63ab2 – 9b2 - 5a3b2 – 7a2b2 + ab2 Combine like terms.
38a2b2 + 64ab2 – 9b2 – 5a3b2
Answer The product is 38a2b2 + 64ab2 – 9b2 – 5a3b2.
Source:http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2

Dividing Polynomials with More Than One Variable

The fourth arithmetic operation is division. Polynomials with more than one variable can also be
divided. When dividing monomials with more than one variable, you divide the coefficients and
then divide variables. When there are exponents with the same base, the law of exponents says
you divide by subtracting the exponents. Consider this example.

Example
Problem

Divide.
To make it easier, you can
break up the coefficients
and variables into numeric
and variable factors.

Divide the coefficients, and

divide the variables by
subtracting the exponents
with like bases.

Rewrite with positive

exponents.

Answer

The quotient is .

Source:http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2

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Now let’s look at an example of dividing a trinomial with more than one variable by a monomial
with more than one variable. This follows the same procedure as when you have one variable,
but you need to pay attention to distinguishing between the variables.

Example
Problem

Divide.
To make it easier, you
can break the division
out by the terms in the
polynomial since each
term is being divided
by 2x2y.

Perform the division of

each term by dividing
the coefficients and
dividing the variables
by subtracting the
exponents of
variables with like
bases.
Answer
The quotient is .
Source:http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2

Factoring

Factoring is a common mathematical process used to break down the factors, or numbers, that
multiply together to form another number. This is useful in resolving various numbers-related
problems.

Greatest Common Factor

Look for the greatest factor common to every term. Look at the example shown.
Ex. x2 – (r + s)x + rs = (x – r)(x – s)
Grouping
Oftentimes when there is no factor common to all terms of a polynomial there will be factors
common to some of the terms. A second technique of factoring called grouping is illustrated in
the following example.
Ex. 3ax + 6ay + 4x + 8y = 3a ( x + 2y) + 4( x + 2y)
= (x + 2y ) ( 3a + 4)
Difference in Two Squares
A difference in two perfect squares by definition states that there must be two terms, the sign
between the two terms is a minus sign, and each of the two terms contain perfect squares. The
answer after factoring the difference in two squares includes two binomials. One of the
binomials contains the sum of two terms and the other contains the difference of two terms.
General Formula: a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
Ex. 9x2 – 16y4 = (3x – 4y2) (3x + 4y2)
Difference of Cubes
Factoring the sum or difference in two perfect cubes is our next technique. As with squares, the
difference in two cubes means that there will be two terms and each will contain perfect cubes
and the sign between the two terms will be negative. The sum of two cubes would, of course,
contain a plus sign between the two perfect cube terms. The follow formulas are helpful for
factoring cubes:
General Formula: Sum of Cubes: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
Difference of cubes: a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Ex. 8x3 + 27y3 = (2x + 3y) (4x2 – 6xy + 9y2)

Trinomials
Before factoring a trinomial, examine the trinomial to be sure that terms are arranged in
descending order. Most of the time trinomials factor to two binomials in product form. The
method of trial and error will be used to mentally determine the factors that satisfy the trinomial.
Ex. x2 – 4x – 12 = ( x – 6 ) ( x + 2)

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Rational Expressions
A rational expression is a fractional expression in which both the numerator and the
denominator are polynomials.
Simplifying Rational Expressions:
Step 1: Factor both the numerator and denominator of the fraction. Remember to write
the expressions in descending order, to factor out a negative number if the
leading coefficient is a negative number, and use various factoring techniques to
factor each expression.
Step 2: Reduce the fraction. To reduce the fraction, cancel out expressions in the
numerator and denominator that are exactly the same.
Step 3: Rewrite any remaining expressions in the numerator and denominator.

Example 1 – Simplify:

Step 1: Factor both the numerator and

denominator of the fraction.

Step 2: Reduce the fraction.

Step 3: Rewrite any remaining

expressions in the numerator and
denominator.
Source: https://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/

Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

Rational expressions are multiplied and divided the same way numeric fractions are. To
multiply, first find the greatest common factors of the numerator and denominator. Next, regroup
the factors to make fractions equivalent to one. Then, multiply any remaining factors.

Example
Problem

Solve
Determine if there are excluded
10a3 = 0 values, values of a which result in 0
as a denominator—14 cannot equal
a=0 0, 10a3 can

The domain is all a 0

Multiply the numerators together,
and multiply the denominators
together
Simplify by finding common factors
in the numerator and denominator

Use the common factors to rewrite

as multiplication by 1

Simplify

Answer
, a 0

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Example
Problem

Divide
(x +2) = 0 Determine the excluded values that
x = -2 make the denominators & the
numerator of the divisor equal to 0.

x = -3 or -2

6x4 = 0
x=0

0, -2 and -3 are excluded

values.
Rewrite division as multiplication
by the reciprocal.

Factor the numerators and

denominators.

Reorder factors and express as

multiplication by 1.

Simplify
Answer
,x 0, -2, or -3

If the two rational expressions that you want to add or subtract have the same denominator you
just add/subtract the numerators which each other.

Example

When the denominators are not the same in all expressions that you want to add or subtract as
in the example below you have to find a common denominator.

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Example

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