Philosophical

and
Sociological
Bases of
Education

S. Samuel Ravi
Philosophical and Sociological
Bases of Education
Philosophical and Sociological
Bases of Education

S. SAMUEL RAVI
Assistant Professor
N.M. Christian College
Marthandam, Tamil Nadu

Delhi-110092
2015
PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL BASES OF EDUCATION
S. Samuel Ravi

© 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without
permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-5113-4

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Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111,
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 Philosophers shape education into a
powerful tool for man-making but
governments and individuals use it for
money making.

— S. Samuel Ravi
 Contents

Preface ..................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ xix

1. MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY ..................................... 1–18

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
Meaning of Philosophy .................................................................................. 1
Definition of Philosophy ................................................................................ 2
Meaning of Education .................................................................................... 4
Definitions of Education ................................................................................ 4
Meaning of Educational Philosophy ............................................................ 5
Definitions of Educational Philosophy ......................................................... 6
Scope of Educational Philosophy ................................................................. 6
Objectives of Studying Educational Philosophy ......................................... 7
Need and Importance of Educational Philosophy ....................................... 7
Relationship between Philosophy and Education ....................................... 9
Impact of Philosophy on Education (Relation of Philosophy
with Education) .......................................................................................... 12
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 18
Questions ........................................................................................................ 18

2. IDEALISM .................................................................................................. 19–32

Introduction .................................................................................................... 19
Protagonists of Idealism ............................................................................... 19
Meaning of Idealism ..................................................................................... 19
Definitions of Idealism .................................................................................. 20
Features of Idealism ...................................................................................... 21
Forms of Idealism .......................................................................................... 22
Idealism in Education ................................................................................... 23
Idealism and Aim of Education ................................................................... 23
Idealism and Curriculum ............................................................................... 25
Idealism and Method of Teaching .............................................................. 27
Idealism and Teacher .................................................................................... 27
Idealism and Student ..................................................................................... 28
Idealism and Discipline ................................................................................ 28
vii
viii • Contents

Idealism and School ...................................................................................... 29

Contributions of Idealism to Education
(Impact of Idealism on Education) .......................................................... 29
Merits of Idealism ......................................................................................... 30
Demerits of Idealism ..................................................................................... 31
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 32
Questions ........................................................................................................ 32

3. NATURALISM ............................................................................................ 33–49

Introduction .................................................................................................... 33
Protagonists of Naturalism ............................................................................ 33
Meaning of Naturalism ................................................................................. 33
Definitions of Naturalism ............................................................................. 34
Forms of Naturalism ...................................................................................... 34
Principles of Naturalism ............................................................................... 36
Naturalism in Education ............................................................................... 38
Characteristics of Naturalistic Education .................................................... 38
Naturalism and Aim of Education ............................................................... 40
Naturalism and Curriculum .......................................................................... 41
Naturalism and Method of Teaching .......................................................... 42
Naturalism and Teacher ................................................................................ 43
Naturalism and Student ................................................................................. 44
Naturalism and Discipline ............................................................................ 44
Naturalism and School .................................................................................. 45
Contribution of Naturalism to Education
(Impact of Naturalism on Education) ...................................................... 45
Merits of Naturalism ..................................................................................... 47
Demerits of Naturalism .................................................................................. 48
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 49
Questions ........................................................................................................ 49

4. PRAGMATISM ........................................................................................... 50–70

Introduction .................................................................................................... 50
Protagonists of Pragmatism .......................................................................... 50
Meaning of Pragmatism ................................................................................ 51
Definitions of Pragmatism ............................................................................ 51
Forms of Pragmatism ..................................................................................... 52
Principles of Pragmatism .............................................................................. 52
Pragmatism in Education .............................................................................. 55
Characteristics of Pragmatic Education ...................................................... 55
Pragmatism and Aim of Education ............................................................. 57
Pragmatism and Curriculum ......................................................................... 59
Pragmatism and Method of Teaching ......................................................... 60
Pragmatism and Discipline ........................................................................... 61
Pragmatism and Teacher ............................................................................... 62
 Contents • ix

Pragmatism and Student ............................................................................... 63

Pragmatism and School ................................................................................. 63
Contribution of Pragmatism to Education ................................................. 63
Merits of Pragmatism .................................................................................... 65
Demerits of Pragmatism ................................................................................ 65
Comparison of Idealism, Naturalism and Pragmatism ............................... 66
Principles of Education ................................................................................. 67
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 70
Questions ........................................................................................................ 70

5. ECLECTIC TENDENCY IN EDUCATION ................................................. 71–76

Introduction .................................................................................................... 71
Meaning of Eclectic Tendency .............................................................. 71
Characteristics of Eclectic Tendency in Education ............................. 72
Need for Eclectic Tendency ................................................................... 72
Eclectic Tendency in Modern Education .............................................. 74
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 76
Questions ........................................................................................................ 76

6. RABINDRANATH TAGORE (1861–1941) .............................................. 77–95

Introduction .................................................................................................... 77
Life of Rabindranath Tagore ........................................................................ 77
Tagore’s Philosophy of Life ......................................................................... 78
Educational Philosophy of Tagore .............................................................. 80
Basic Educational Thoughts of Tagore ...................................................... 82
Meaning of Education .................................................................................. 83
Aim of Education .......................................................................................... 83
Curriculum ...................................................................................................... 85
Methods of Teaching .................................................................................... 86
Discipline ........................................................................................................ 87
Teachers .......................................................................................................... 88
School and Student ....................................................................................... 88
Contribution of Tagore to Education ......................................................... 88
Note on Shantiniketan .................................................................................. 90
Vishwa Bharathi ............................................................................................. 92
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 95
Questions ........................................................................................................ 95

7. MAHATMA GANDHI (1869–1948) ....................................................... 96–118

Introduction .................................................................................................... 96
Life of Mahatma Gandhi .............................................................................. 96
General Philosophy of Gandhi ..................................................................... 98
Educational Philosophy of Gandhi ........................................................... 100
Features of Gandhian Educational Philosophy ........................................ 100
 Philosophical And Sociological Bases Of
Education

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