1.

Hydrogen(H)- i t is used to make ammonia for agricultural fertiliser (the Haber

process) and cyclohexane and methanol, which are intermediates in the production of plastics and
pharmaceuticals. It is also used to remove sulfur from fuels during the oil-refining process.

2.SILICON(SI)- used to make dynamo and transformer plates, engine blocks, cylinder
heads and machine tools and to deoxidise steel. Silicon is also used to make silicones.

3.ALUMINUM(Al)-   used in a huge variety of products including cans, foils, kitchen

utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aeroplane parts. This is because of its particular
properties.

4. carbon(c)-  is used as a fuel. Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles,
dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant. Diamonds are used in jewelry and – because they are so
hard – in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.

5. phosphorus(p)-  used in the manufacture of safety matches (red phosphorus),

pyrotechnics and incendiary shells. Phosphorus is also used in steel manufacture and in the
production of phosphor bronze. Phosphates are ingredients of some detergents. Phosphorus is
used to make light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

6. sulfur(s)-  used in the vulcanisation of black rubber, as a fungicide and in black

gunpowder. Most sulfur is, however, used in the production of sulfuric acid, which is perhaps the
most important chemical manufactured by western civilisations.

7. chlorine(cl)- it is used to disinfect water and is part of the sanitation process for sewage
and industrial waste. During the production of paper and cloth, chlorine is used as a bleaching
agent. It is also used in cleaning products, including household bleach which is chlorine dissolved
in water.

8. argon(ar)- used when an inert atmosphere is needed. It is used in this way for the
production of titanium and other reactive elements. It is also used by welders to protect the weld
area and in incandescent light bulbs to stop oxygen from corroding the filament.

9. nitrogen(n)- it is used to make fertilisers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and explosives. To
make these products, nitrogen must first be reacted with hydrogen to produce ammonia.
10. arsenic(as)- used as a doping agent in semiconductors (gallium arsenide) for solid-
state devices. It is also used in bronzing, pyrotechnics and for hardening shot. Arsenic compounds
can be used to make special glass and preserve wood.

11. helium(h)-  used as an inert-gas atmosphere for welding metals such as aluminum;

in rocket propulsion (to pressurize fuel tanks, especially those for liquid hydrogen, because only
helium is still a gas at liquid-hydrogen temperature); in meteorology (as a lifting gas for instrument-
carrying balloons); in cryogenics (as a coolant because liquid helium is the coldest substance); and
in high-pressure breathing operations (mixed with oxygen, as in scuba diving and caisson work,
especially because of its low solubility in the bloodstream). Meteorites and rocks have been
analyzed for helium content as a means of dating.

12. oxygen(o)- common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles,
brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life
support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving.

13. boron(b)- is used for building strong bones, treating osteoarthritis, as an aid for
building muscles and increasing testosterone levels, and for improving thinking skills and muscle
coordination.

14. carbon(c)-  is used as a fuel. Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles,
dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant. Diamonds are used in jewelry and – because they are so
hard – in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing .

15. lithium(li)-  used to treat and prevent episodes of mania (frenzied, abnormally excited
mood) in people with bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder; a disease that causes episodes
of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods). Lithium is in a class of medications
called antimanic agents.
submitted by: Andrei a. ganio
submitted to: sir Julius ivann ebora