AR 175-1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

CITIZEN’S PARTICIPATION
8 – LADDER OF
CITIZEN’S
PARTICIPATION
1 Manipulation and
2 Therapy.

Both are non participative. The aim is to cure or

educate the participants. The proposed plan is
best and the job of participation is to achieve
public support through public relations.\

3 Informing.
A most important first step to legitimate
participation. But too frequently the emphasis
is on a one way flow of information. No channel
for feedback.
4. Consultation.
Again a legitimate step attitude surveys,
neighbourhood meetings and public enquiries.
But Arnstein still feels this is just a window
dressing ritual.

5 Placation.
For example, co-option of hand-picked ‘worthies’
onto committees. It allows citizens to advise or
plan ad infinitum but retains for power holders
the right to judge the legitimacy or feasibility of
the advice.
6 Partnership.
Power is in fact redistributed through negotiation
between citizens and power holders. Planning and
decision-making responsibilities are shared e.g. through
joint committees.

7 Delegation.
Citizens holding a clear majority of seats on committees
with delegated powers to make decisions. Public now has
the power to assure accountability of the programme to
them.

8 Citizen Control.
Have-nots handle the entire job of planning, policy
making and managing a programme e.g. neighbourhood
corporation with no intermediaries between it and the
source of funds.
AR 175-1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS
13 Most Important Elements Of A Community
Puja Modal https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/society/13-most-important-characteristics-or-elements-of-community/6231

A group of people –
most fundamental or essential characteristic
or element of community. This group may be
small or large but community always refers
to a group of people. Because without a
group of people we can’t think of a
community, when a group of people live
together and share a common life and
bonded by a strong sense of community
consciousness at that moment a community
is formed. Hence a group of people is the
first pre-requisites of community.
(2) A definite locality:
It is the next important characteristic of a
community. Because community is a territorial
group. A group of people alone can’t form a
community. A group of people forms a
community only when they reside in a definite
territory. The territory need not be fixed
forever. A group of people like nomadic
people may change their habitations. But
majority community are settled and a strong
bond of unity and solidarity is derived from
their living in a definite locality.
(3) Community Sentiment:
It is another important characteristic or element of
community. Because without community sentiment a
community can’t be formed only with a group of people
and a definite locality. Community sentiment refers to a
strong sense of awe feeling among the members or a
feeling of belonging together. It refers to a sentiment of
common living that exists among the members of a
locality. Because of common living within an area for a
long time a sentiment of common living is created
among the members of that area. With this the
members emotionally identify themselves. This
emotional identification of the members distinguishes
them from the members of other community.
(4) Naturality:
Communities are naturally organized. It is neither
a product of human will nor created by an act of
government. It grows spontaneously. Individuals
became the member by birth.
(5) Permanence :
Community is always a permanent group. It refers
to a permanent living of individuals within a
definite territory. It is not temporary like that of a
crowd or association.
(6) Similarity:
The members of a community are similar in a number of ways. As
they live within a definite locality they lead a common life and share
some common ends. Among the members similarity in language,
culture, customs, and traditions and in many other things is observed.
Similarities in these respects are responsible for the development of
community sentiment.
(7) Wider Ends:
A community has wider ends. Members
of a community associate not for the
fulfillment of a particular end but for a
variety of ends. These are natural for a
community.
(8) Total organized social life
A community is marked by total
organized social life. It means a
community includes all aspects of social
life. Hence a community is a society in
miniature.
(9) A Particular Name :
Every community has a particular name by which it is known to the world.
Members of a community are also identified by that name. For example people
living in Odisha is known as odia.

(10) No Legal Status:

A community has no legal status because it is not a legal person. It has no rights
and duties in the eyes of law. It is not created by the law of the land.
(11) Size of Community:
A community is classified on the basis of it’s size. It
may be big or small. Village is an example of a small
community whereas a nation or even the world is an
example of a big community. Both the type of
community are essential for human life.
(12) Concrete Nature:
A community is concrete in nature. As it refers to a
group of people living in a particular locality we can
see its existence. Hence it is concrete.
(13) A community exists within society and possesses
distinguishable structure which distinguishes it from
others.
AR 175-1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
the process of coming into existence or of creating something new or more
advanced:https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/development
the act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more
advanced. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/development

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of
physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. https://sid-israel.org/en/what-
is-development/
UNITED NATIONS (UNDP)CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION OF THE AGENDA the Agenda for Development (A/RES/51/240) states:
"Development is one of the main priorities of the United Nations. Development is a multidimensional
undertaking to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Economic development, social
development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components
of sustainable development. "Sustained economic growth is essential to the economic and social
development of all countries, in particular developing countries. Through such growth, which should
be broadly based so as to benefit all people, countries will be able to improve the standards of living
of their people through the eradication of poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy, the provision of
adequate shelter and secure employment for all and the preservation of the integrity of the
environment.
"Democracy, respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to
development, transparent and accountable governance and administration in all sectors of society,
and effective participation by civil society are also an essential part of the necessary foundations for
the realization of social and people-centred sustainable development.
"The empowerment of women and their full participation on a basis of equality in all spheres of
society is fundamental for development."
https://research.un.org/en/docs/dev
• Development- a process where the
conditions of social and economic progress
are created through participation within
the community and reliance on community
initiatives. Different communities tend to
use different means to achieve this, but it
is generally a universal concept
regardless.
https://www.universalclass.com/articles/business/the-definition-of-
community-development.htm
"a process where community members come together to
take collective action and generate solutions to common
problems”
It is a broad concept, applied to the practices of civic leaders,
activists, involved citizens, and professionals to improve various
aspects of communities, typically aiming to build stronger and
more resilient local communities.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development
COMMUNITY DEVELOMENT

1. NEED/ ISSUE
2. CHANGE FOR THE BETTER
3. PROCESS
4. PEOPLE INVOLVEMENT TO ACHIEVE CHANGE
United Nations set of guidelines/principles in community development based on the definition
CD is the process involving the integration of 2 forces:
1. citizen involvement
2. government involvement

CD Principles : https://www.jstor.org/stable/43613175
1. activities based on basic needs of the community
2. Local empowerment
3. changed attitude of the community during the initial stage of the development
4. Increase better participation of people in community affairs
5. Revitalization of existing forms of local government and transmission toward effective local
administration where it is not yet functioning
6. Identification, encouragement and training of local leadership should be done
7. participation./involvement of women
8. Encourage self-help approach for projects to lessen assistance from the government
Community development is a holistic approach grounded in principles 1.
empowerment,
2. human rights,
3. inclusion,
4. social justice,
5. self-determination and
6. collective action (Kenny, 2007).
Community development considers community members to be experts in their lives
and communities, and values community knowledge and wisdom. Community
development programs are led by community members at every stage - from
deciding on issues to selecting and implementing actions, and evaluation.
Community development has an explicit focus on the redistribution of power to
address the causes of inequality and disadvantage.
live in society and with each other, as well as their relationship with the State
and the obligations that the State have towards them. https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-
convention/what-are-human-rights

Empowerment -Empowerment is the degree of autonomy and self-

determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent
their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own
authority. Wikipedia
Human rights- standards that recognize and protect the dignity of all human
beings. Human rights govern how individual human beings
Basic Human Rights
1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a
spirit of brotherhood.
2. Everyone belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under
any other limitation of sovereignty.
3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
4. . Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,
jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person
very or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their
forms.
Article 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the
law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and
against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 13
1.Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
2.The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by
society and the State.
Article 17
1.Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
2.No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to
change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or
private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold
opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any
media and
Article 20
1.No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21
1.Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
2.Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

Article 24
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of
working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
1.Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-
being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care
and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of
unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control.
Article 26
1.Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.
Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
2.Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
3.Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests
resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 29
1.Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full
development of his personality is possible.
2.In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to
such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due
recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the
just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a
democratic society.
3..
Social justice Social justice is fairness as it manifests in society. That includes fairness in
healthcare, employment, housing, and more. ... Now, social justice applies to all aspects of
society, including race and gender, and it is closely tied to human rights
https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/what-does-social-justice-
mean/#:~:text=Social%20justice%20is%20fairness%20as,employment%2C%20housing%2C%20and%20more.&text=Now%2C%20
social%20justice%20app
 Inclusive community https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/culture/cultural-
competence/inclusive-communities/main
What is an inclusive community?
An inclusive community:
Does everything that it can to respect all its citizens, gives them full access to resources, and promotes
equal treatment and opportunity.
Works to eliminate all forms of discrimination.
Engages all its citizens in decision-making processes that affect their lives.
Values diversity.
Responds quickly to racist and other discriminating incidents.
Why is building an inclusive community important?
1. Acts of exclusion and injustice based on group identity and other factors should not be allowed to
occur and/or continue.
2. All people have the right to be part of decisions that affect their lives and the groups they belong to.
3. Diversity enriches our lives, so it is worth our while to value our community's diversity.
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Straza Consulting.
https://www.consultstraza.com/community-development-what-it-is-its-importance-and-how-to-contribute-in-your-city/

1. it provides the foundation a city builds off of to improve the lives of its citizens.
2. It creates strong, diverse communities that are able to attract and keep talent, start and
grow businesses, and overcome issues that arise.
3. Empowers the citizen
4. Citizens will be happier, healthier, richer, and live longer lives.
5. Businesses will have a larger base of customers who can purchase their products and
services, and the city will earn tax income to continue to support important programs and
reduce debt.
6. Projects are more likely to be implemented successfully due to the active involvement of the
citizens
AR 175-1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
HISTORICAL ASPECT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY
In sociology, we define community as a group
who follow a social structure within a
society (culture, norms, values, status). They may
work together to organize social life within a
particular place, or they may be bound by a
sense of belonging sustained across time and
space.
A nineteenth century sociologist, F. Tonnies, who
has been described as the founder of the theory
of community, defined ‘community in his book
Geminschaft and Gesalbchaft (Community and
Society) “as an organic, ‘natural’ kind of social
collectivity whose members are bound together
by a sense of belonging, created out of everyday
contacts covering the whole range of human
activities”. Tonnies contrasted this type of
collectivity with another, called an association,
which is consciously organised for specific
purposes and whose members are bound
together by common regulations or interests.

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/community-definitions-bases-and-
changing-concept-of-community/35065
In nineteenth century thought this form of social
association was characterized by
a high degree of personal intimacy, emotional
depth, moral commitment, social cohesion, and
continuity in time.
It was feared that these were precisely the
features which were disappearing in the
transition from a rural-based to urban industrial
society.
As R.E. Park (1921) writes:
“Community, in the broadest sense of the term,
has a spatial and a geographical connotation.”
This geographical conception of community
involves the idea of a definite and permanent
occupation of a given territory. But community is
not a mere geographical expression.
By ‘community’, Weber meant that members
“known each other” and have a degree of
common consciousness and identity and exclude
those unlike themselves.
HISTORY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
1930s - Kenya and British East Africa-Involvement
with the local communities is solving local issues
With less involvement of the colonial masters
1960s-70s-alleviating poverty by involving less
disadvantaged people in analyzing the root of
poverty. Oxam, UNICEF, Feed the Hunger
foundation were some of the organizations which
used community development to carry out the
malnutrition program
In the 19th century, the work of the Welsh
early socialist thinker Robert Owen (1771–1851),
sought to create a more perfect community.
At New Lanark and at later communities such
as Oneida in the USA and the New Australia
Movement in Australia, groups of people came
together to create utopian or intentional
communities, with mixed success.
In the United States in the 1960s, the term
"community development" began to
complement and generally replace the idea
of urban renewal, which typically focused on
physical development projects often at the
expense of working-class communities. One of
the earliest proponents of the term in the United
States was social scientist William W. Biddle
In the late 1960s, philanthropies such as the Ford
Foundation and government officials such as
Senator Robert F. Kennedy took an interest in
local nonprofit organizations. A pioneer was
the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration
Corporation in Brooklyn, which attempted to
apply business and management skills to the
social mission of uplifting low-income residents
and their neighborhoods. Eventually such groups
became known as "Community development
corporations" or CDCs. Federal laws beginning
with the 1974 Housing and Community
Development Act provided a way for state and
municipal governments to channel funds to CDCs
and other nonprofit organizations.
 Another alternative to "top down" government
programs is the participatory government
institution. Participatory governance institutions
The main objective of community development are organizations which aim to facilitate the
in India remains to develop the villages and to participation of citizens within larger decision
help the villagers help themselves to fight making and action implementing processes in
against poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, etc. The society. A case study done on municipal councils
beauty of Indian model of community and social housing programs in Brazil found that
development lies in the homogeneity of the presence of participatory governance
villagers and high level of participation. institutions supports the implementation of
poverty alleviation programs by local
governments.[27]