A

Micro Project On

“Parallel operation of Transformers''

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILL FOR M.S.B.T.E. FOR
THE ACADEMIC YEAR
2020-21

FOR AWARD IN DIPLOMA IN

"ELECTRI CAL EN GI N EERI NG"

Su6mitted 6y..........

Mr. Nidal Shahid Kalab........ Roll No. 56

Mr. Saish Malekar....... Roll No. 60

Mr. Udit Shirke...... Roll No. 59
Mr. Ajinkya Bhoir........ Roll No.27
Mr. Shahid Hasan Kalab.... Roll No. 66

Under Guidance of
Mr. Siddharth Shirke

Department of Electrical Engineering

Smt. Geeta D. Tatkare Polytechnic Gove-Kolad 2020-21
 Annexure – I
Part A Plan
Subject: Electric Motor and Transformers
Title of Micro Project: Parallel Operation of Transformers

1.0 Rationale :

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a
varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical
energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive)
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831,
describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by
the coil.

2.0 Literature Review :

It is usually economical to install another transformer in parallel instead of replacing the

existing transformer by a single larger unit. The cost of a spare unit in the case of two
parallel transformers (of equal rating) is also lower than that of a single large transformer.
In addition, it is preferable to have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability. With
this at least half the load can be supplied with one transformer out of service.

3.0 Proposed Methodology :

For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, two or more
transformers may be connected in parallel with the existing transformer. The transformers
are connected in parallel when load on one of the transformers is more than its capacity.
The reliability is increased with parallel operation than to have single larger unit. The cost
associated with maintaining the spares is less when two transformers are connected in
parallel.
4.0 Action Plan:

S. No. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of

Start date Finish date Responsible
Team
Members

1 Discuss on topic 01.04.21 03.04.21 All team

Members
2 Buy material 05.04.21 08.04.21 Nidal

3 Collecting information 12.04.21 17.04.21 Udit

4 Prepare charts 19.04.21 24.04.21 Shahid

5 Draw diagrams 26.04.21 01.05.21 Ajinkya

6 Design chart 10.05.21 15.05.21 Nidal

7 Take printouts 24.05.21 29.05.21 Saish

8 Submitted 30.05.21 All Members

5.0 Resources Required:

S. No. Name of Resource/materi Specification s Qt Remarks

al y

1 Chart paper White in colour 1 Ok

2 Sketch pens High Quality 1 Ok

3 Marker Black in colour 1 Ok

 Annexture – I B

Part B – Plan

6.0 Course Outcome

Able to understand parallel operation of transformer.

7.0 Introduction
It is economical to install numbers of smaller rated transformers in parallel than installing a
bigger rated electrical power transformers.
8.0 : Advantages of Parallel Operation of Transformers :

1. To maximize electrical power system efficiency:

Generally electrical power transformer gives the maximum efficiency at full load. If we
run numbers of transformers in parallel, we can switch on only those transformers
which will give the total demand by running nearer to its full load rating for that time.
When load increases, we can switch none by one other transformer connected in
parallel to fulfill the total demand. In this way we can run the system with maximum
efficiency.

2. To maximize electrical power system availability:

If numbers of transformers run in parallel, we can shut down any one of them for
maintenance purpose. Other parallel transformers in system will serve the load
without total interruption of power.

3. To maximize power system reliability:

If any one of the transformers run in parallel, is tripped due to fault of other parallel
transformers is the system will share the load, hence power supply may not be
interrupted if the shared loads do not make other transformers over loaded.

4. To maximize electrical power system flexibility:

There is always a chance of increasing or decreasing future demand of power system. If

it is predicted that power demand will be increased in future, there must be a provision
of connecting transformers in system in parallel to fulfill the extra demand because, it
is not economical from business point of view to install a bigger rated single
transformer by forecasting the increased future demand as it is unnecessary
investment of money. Again if future demand is decreased, transformers running in
parallel can be removed from system to balance the capital investment and its return.

 
 9.0 Conditions for Parallel Operation of Transformers

When two or more transformers run in parallel, they must satisfy the following conditions for
satisfactory performance. These are the conditions for parallel operation of transformers.

1. Same voltage ratio of transformer.

2. Same percentage impedance.

3. Same polarity.

4. Same phase sequence

 Same Voltage Ratio

If two transformers of different voltage ratio are connected in parallel with same primary
supply voltage, there will be a difference in secondary voltages. Now say the secondary of
these transformers are connected to same bus, there will be a circulating current between
secondaries and therefore between primaries also. As the internal impedance of transformer
is small, a small voltage difference may cause sufficiently high circulating current causing
unnecessary extra I2R loss.

 Same Percentage Impedance

The current shared by two transformers running in parallel should be proportional to their
MVA ratings. Again, current carried by these transformers are inversely proportional to their
internal impedance. From these two statements it can be said that, impedance of transformers
running in parallel are inversely proportional to their MVA ratings. In other words, percentage
impedance or per unit values of impedance should be identical for all the transformers that
run in parallel.
  Same Polarity
Polarity of all transformers that run in parallel, should be the same otherwise huge circulating
current that flows in the transformer but no load will be fed from these transformers. Polarity
of transformer means the instantaneous direction of induced emf in secondary. If the
instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are opposite to each
other when same input power is fed to both of the transformers, the transformers are said to
be in opposite polarity. If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two
transformers are same when same input power is fed to the both of the transformers, the
transformers are said to be in same polarity.

 Same Phase Sequence

The phase sequence or the order in which the phases reach their maximum positive voltage,
must be identical for two parallel transformers. Otherwise, during the cycle, each pair of
phases will be short circuited.

The above said conditions must be strictly followed for parallel operation of transformers but
totally identical percentage impedance of two different transformers is difficult to achieve
practically, that is why the transformers run in parallel may not have exactly same percentage
impedance but the values would be as nearer as possible.

10.0 Other necessary condition for parallel operation

1.  All parallel units must be supplied from the same network.

2. Secondary cabling from the transformers to the point of paralleling has approximately
equal
length and characteristics.

3. Voltage difference between corresponding phase must not exceed 0.4%

4.  When the transformers are operated in parallel, the fault current would be very high on
the secondary side. Supposing percentage impedance of one transformer is say 6.25 %, the
short circuit MVA would be 25.6 MVA and short circuit current would be 35 kA.

5. If the transformers are of same rating and same percentage impedance, then the
downstream short circuit current would be 3 times (since 3 transformers are in Parallel)
approximately 105 kA. This means all the devices like ACBs, MCCBs, switch boards should
withstand the short-circuit current of 105 kA. This is the maximum current. This current will
 get reduced depending on the location of the switch boards, cables and cable length etc.
However this aspect has to be taken into consideration.

6. There should be Directional relays on the secondary side of the transformers.

7. The percent impedance of one transformer must be between 92.5% and 107.5% of the
other. Otherwise, circulating currents between the two transformers would be excessive.

11.0 Disadvantages of Transformer Parallel Operation:

 Increasing short-circuit currents that increase necessary breaker capacity.

 The risk of circulating currents running from one transformer to another Transformer.
Circulating currents that diminish load capability and increased losses.

 The bus ratings could be too high.

 Paralleling transformers reduces the transformer impedance significantly, i.e. the parallel
transformers may have very low impedance, which creates the high short circuit currents.
Therefore, some current limiters are needed, e.g. reactors, fuses, high impedance buses,
etc

 The control and protection of three units in parallel is more complex.

 It is not a common practice in this industry, since Main-tie-Main is very common in this
industry.

11.0 The combinations that will operate in parallel:

 Following Vector group of Transformer will operate in parallel.
 
Operative Parallel Operation
Sr.No Transformer-1 Transformer-2

1 ∆∆ ∆∆ or Yy
2 Yy Yy or ∆∆
3 ∆y ∆y or Y∆
 4 Y∆ Y∆ or ∆y

 Single-phase transformers can be connected to form 3-phase transformer banks for 3-

phase Power systems.

 Four common methods of connecting three transformers for 3-phase circuits are Δ-Δ, Y-Y,
Y-Δ, and Δ-Y connections.

 An advantage of Δ-Δ connection is that if one of the transformers fails or is removed from
the circuit, the remaining two can operate in the open-Δ or V connection. This way, the
bank still delivers 3-phase currents and voltages in their correct phase relationship.
However, the capacity of the bank is reduced to 57.7 % (1 3) of its original value.

 In the Y-Y connection, only 57.7% of the line voltage is applied to each winding but full line
current flows in each winding. The Y-Y connection is rarely used.

 The Δ-Y connection is used for stepping up voltages since the voltage is increased by the
transformer ratio multiplied by 3.

12.0 Conclusions:
 Loading considerations for paralleling transformers are simple unless kVA, percent
impedances, or ratios are different. When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent
impedances are the same, equal load division will exist on each transformer. When
paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the percent impedances are
different, then unequal load division will occur.

 The same is true for unequal percent impedances and unequal kVA. Circulating currents
only exist if the turn ratios do not match on each transformer. The magnitude of the
circulating currents will also depend on the X/R ratios of the transformers. Delta-delta to
delta-wye transformer paralleling should not be attempted.