History of ESP (stages) 4.

The Future (2011- Now) :

1. Demands of Brave New World a. Focuses primarily on Specific Skills,
a. End of World War II(Technology and Language and genres of particular
Commerce) disciplines
b. Oil Crisis, which leads to “Western b. Closely connected to the teaching of
Expertise” the subjects itself
2. A Revolution in Linguistics : from ELT to c. Integrates discursive competence,
ESP disciplinary knowledge and
3. Focus on the Learner : Different professional practice
learners with different needs and
interests Expectation toward Future ESP teachers:
a. International Authorships
The Development of ESP b. Researcher roles
1. The Early Stages ( 1962-1981) : c. Varied methodologies and triangulation
a. grammar approach / English d. Multimodalities
Language Teaching e. Varied locales
b. Centralized English Science and
Technology and authors purposes
c. Language of Science
d. Edition of Science and Technology
collections (books, journals)
2. The Recent Past (1981-1990) : needs
assessment, linguistics, technology and
rhetorical purposes, error analysis, need
analysis
3. The Modern Era (1990-2011) : English
for Academic Purposes; English for
Occupational Purposes, English for
Nursing, English for Medical, English for
Aviation, English for Business, etc.
Considerations in Designing an ESP Course

A. Hutchinson and Waters (1987)

1. Students needs
2. Learning Model
3. Ways of Describing the Language
B. Dudley-Evan & St. John (1998)
1. Discipline
2. Teaching situation, age and socio-cultural status
3. Proficiency Level
C. Long (2005)
1. Language that student need (domain)
2. Tasks that they will perform in L2
D. Fortanet-Gomez & Raisanen (2008)
1. Nationality
2. Experience (students and teachers)
3. Language proximity
E. Basturkmen (2010) : Pre-experience, during experience, post experience